| 1. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(författare)
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- 2020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 18:5, s. 459-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 3. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 4. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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| 5. |
- Murray, Christopher J. L., et al.
(författare)
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Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1995-2051
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 6. |
- Amir, Omar A., 1963-
(författare)
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Biology, ecology and anthropogenic threats of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in east Africa
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines the biology, ecology and anthropogenic threats of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) off Zanzibar, Tanzania, based on research conducted and samples collected between 2000 and 2008. Distribution and occurrence are described based on incidental catches (bycatch) in gillnet fisheries. Biology and ecology are examined by ageing and studying the reproductive biology and stomach contents of collected specimens. The composition of organohalogen compounds is determined in blubber samples, and assessment and mitigation of bycatch are conducted using observers onboard fishing vessels. Fisheries bycatch data showed that Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins occur year round in all areas around Zanzibar. Sexual maturity was attained between 7 and 8 years and body length 190-200 cm in females and at 16 years and body length 213 cm in males. The gestation period was estimated to be 12.3 months, with calving occurring throughout the year, peaking November-March and with an interval of 2.7 years. The estimated pregnancy rate was between 0.10 and 0.58 depending on methods used. Stomach contents revealed a relatively large number of prey species, but that only a few small- and medium-sized neritic fish and cephalopods contribute substantially to the diet. Estimates of total annual bycatch were >9% which is not considered sustainable. An experiment showed that pingers can be a short term mitigation measure to reduce bycatch of dolphins in both drift- and bottom set gillnets. Methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Meo-BDEs) were found at higher concentrations than anthropogenic organic pesticides (OCPs), with only traces of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) detected. This study reveals the magnitude and apparent susceptibility of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off Zanzibar to anthropogenic threats, especially fisheries bycatch, and it is clear that immediate conservation and management measures are needed to reduce bycatch.
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| 7. |
- Amir, Omar A., et al.
(författare)
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Estimates of bycatch and field experiment using pingers to reduce bycatch of dolphins in drift- and bottom set gillnets in Menai Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to estimate the total bycatch in gillnet fisheries and to assess the impact on dolphin populations in the Menai Bay Conservation Area, a survey using independent observers aboard the fishing vessels was conducted in 2003/2004. The observer programme covered 23.6% and 24.5% of the drift- and bottom set gillnets effort, respectively. The estimated total bycatch was 13 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in drift gillnets and 4 humpback dolphins in bottom set gillnets representing 9.6% and 6.3%, respectively of the estimated 136 Indo-Pacific bottlenose and 63 humpback dolphins resident in the area in 2002. These bycatch levels were not considered sustainable. In 2007/2008 a second observer programme was conducted in the same area to investigate the effectiveness of acoustic alarms (pingers) in reducing the bycatch of dolphins in the drift- and bottom set gillnets. The observed effort in the drift gillnets was 257 sets without pingers and 251 sets with pingers representing 21% and 20% of the total recorded effort, respectively. Six dolphins were bycaught during the pinger experiment in the drift gillnets (1 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin in sets with pingers and 4 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and 1 spinner dolphin in the sets without pingers). In the bottom set gillnet fishery, the observed fishing effort was 236 sets without pingers and 224 sets with pingers, representing 28% and 27% of the total recorded effort, respectively. In the bottom set gillnets, one humpback dolphin was bycaught in the sets without pingers and no dolphin was bycaught in the sets with pingers. Pingers reduced the bycatch of dolphins in both drift- and bottom set gillnets, however the reduction was only significant in the drift gillnets. Estimates of the total bycatch in the sets without pingers in 2007/2008 fishing season were 16 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in drift gillnets and 3 humpback dolphins in the bottom set gillnet fishery, representing 11.8% and 4.8% of estimated population size for respective species in the area in 2002. Given the documented unsustainable removal levels in the drift- and bottom set gillnets, immediate management actions are needed to reduce dolphin bycatch in these fisheries.
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| 8. |
- Amir, Omar A., et al.
(författare)
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Feeding ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in the gillnet fisheriesoff Zanzibar, Tanzania
- 2005
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Ingår i: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7714 .- 1096-0015. ; 63:3, s. 429-437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stomach contents of 26 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in gillnet fisheries aroundUnguja Island (Zanzibar) between February 2000 and August 2002 were examined. The relative importance of each prey species wasassessed through indices of relative importance. In total, 1403 prey items comprising 50 species of bony fish and three species ofsquid were identified from food remains. Five species of fish, Uroconger lepturus, Synaphobranchus kaupii, Apogon apogonides,Lethrinus crocineus, Lutjanus fulvus, and three species of squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Sepia latimanus and Loligo duvauceli, werethe most important prey species. Based on an index that included frequency of occurrence, percentage by number and by weight,Uroconger lepturus proved to be the most important prey species of mature dolphins whereas Apogon apogonides was the preferredprey of immature dolphins. These results indicate that Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the coast of Zanzibar forage ona relatively large number of prey species, but that only a few small- and medium-sized neritic fish and cephalopods contributesubstantially to the diet. Further, the ecology and behavior of the preferred fish prey species indicate that the dolphins forage overreef or soft bottom substrata and near the shore.
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| 9. |
- Amir, Omar A., et al.
(författare)
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Growth and reproduction of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in gillnets off Zanzibar, Tanzania
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life history parameters of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) were examined in 69 specimens incidentally caught in gillnet fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania between 2000 and 2008. Calves were born at a body length of 103 cm and a weight of 12-15 kg. Sexual maturity in females was reached at 7-8 years and body length 190-200 cm. Sexual maturity in males was attained at 16 years and a body length of 213 cm. Calving occurred throughout the year with a peak November-March, after a gestation period of 12.3 months. The estimated pregnancy rate was 0.10 based on the proportion pregnant mature females in the sample and 0.58 based on the occurrence of Corpora Lutea in the ovaries. The average calving interval was calculated to 2.7 years. The results are important for assessment of fisheries bycatch mortality and conservation and management of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in western Indian Ocean
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| 10. |
- Amir, Omar A., et al.
(författare)
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The occurrence and distribution of dolphins in Zanzibar, Tanzania, with comments on the differences between two species of Tursiops
- 2005
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Ingår i: Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science. - 0856-860X .- 2683-6416. ; 4:1, s. 85-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Incidental catches (bycatch) in gillnet fisheries off Zanzibar (Unguja Island), as asource of mortality among several species of dolphins, were reported in a questionnaire surveyconducted in 1999. As a follow-up to that survey, from January 2000 to August 2003, wemonitored the incidental catches of dolphins collected from 12 fish landing sites. Six species ofdolphins were recorded from 143 specimens retrieved from bycatches in drift- and bottom setgillnets. Of these, 68 (48%) were Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), 44 (31%) spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris), 12 (8%) Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), 11 (8%) Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), 6 (4%) Pan-tropical spotted dolphins(Stenella attenuata) and 2 (1%) common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Most of thebycatches (71%) were in nets set off the north coast of Unguja Island. In this paper, bycatchrecords are examined to describe the occurrence and distribution of dolphin species in UngujaIsland coastal waters. The relatively large numbers of bycatch dolphins recorded indicate thatbycatch may be a potential threat to local populations that need to be addressed in futureconservation and management efforts in the region.
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| 11. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 12. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 13. |
- Berggren, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Dolphin Tourism in East Africa
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The MASMA sustainable dolphin tourism project was a collaborative research effort conducted between 2003 and 2006 with participants from Mozambique, South Africa, Sweden and Zanzibar. The objectives were to build the capacity for sustainable dolphin tourism in the East African region. Both basic and applied research was conducted to assess status and promote effective conservation and management of dolphin populations and tourism activities while accounting for local socio-economic aspects. In order to implement this, an interdisciplinary approach provided scientific information on the animals’ distribution, abundance, mortality, genetic population structure, biology, ecology, behaviour, and information on human social and socio-economic structure. The project was conducted in two geographical areas where dolphin tourism activities are ongoing in East Africa; south coast of Zanzibar and Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique. Additional studies were also conducted at Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Questionnaires were used to collect data from stake-holders and local communities, boat based surveys to collect data and samples on local dolphin populations and observer programmes to investigate fisheries mortalities. The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) was the focal species in the studies because it is the target species for the tourism, however Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) were also considered in the research conducted.Photographic identification data of individual dolphins showed limited distribution of small resident populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose and humpback dolphins off the south coast of Zanzibar, and humpback dolphins at Inhaca. Residency was determined based on high percentages of within and between year resightings. The latest population size estimates were: 136 Indo-Pacific bottlenose and 63 humpback dolphins off the south coast of Zanzibar, and 165 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins off Inhaca. No estimate of population size is available for the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off Ponta do Ouro. Both Indo-Pacific bottlenose and humpback dolphins off the South coast of Zanzibar had very restricted distributions and only used limited parts of the 26 km2 study area. The results also showed that the bottlenose dolphins were socializing and foraging to a larger extent in particular areas. This indicates that these higher density areas may be important to the population, particularly for breeding and foraging activities.Genetic analyses showed a clear indication of a genetic break in the mtDNA sequence data which isolated Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins sampled off the north and south coasts of Zanzibar. This result was also supported by preliminary microsatellite analyses of a sub-set of the samples available from Zanzibar. Therefore, until additional data from nuclear DNA are available, it is appropriate to treat the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins found off northern and southern Zanzibar as separate management units when assessing the impact from bycatch, dolphin tourism and other anthropogenic threats.The life history characteristics of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off Zanzibar were similar to that of bottlenose dolphins from other geographical areas. This indicates that the annual population growth is limited and based on results from other geographical areas likely less than 4%. Sexual maturity, as judged by ovarian activity, developed in females older then 6 years of age and at a body length of about 200 cm. Males exhibited testicular activity when they reached an age of 13 years and at a body length of about 202 cm. Both females and males may live longer than 36 years, based on counts of growth layer groups in teeth. The observed maximum body length for females and males were 233 and 238 cm, respectively.Investigation of fisheries bycatch showed that dolphins were caught in gillnets at sites all round Unguja Island, in the Zanzibar Channel and along the coast of northern Tanzania. Six species of dolphins were recorded from 187 specimens retrieved from bycatch in drift- and bottom set gillnets between 2000 and 2006. Of these, 87 (48%) were Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), 57 (31%) spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris), 15 (8%) Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), 15 (8%) Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), 7 (4%) pan-tropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), and 2 (1%) common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins were caught primarily in the inshore waters of all areas. Spinner and Risso’s dolphins were caught in areas of deeper waters (depth >100m). Two species not previously recorded in the area were also present in the bycatch, the pan-tropical spotted dolphin and common bottlenose dolphin.Observer programmes conducted onboard fishing boats were used to estimate and assess bycatch of dolphins in drift- and bottom set gill net fisheries operating in Menai Bay, Zanzibar. Six observers were randomly placed on 14 fishing vessels from Kizimkazi Mkunguni and Kizimkazi Dimbani. The observed effort represented 23.6% and 25% of the total annual effort in the driftnet and bottom set gillnet fisheries in the area, respectively. The total annual bycatch for the fisheries was estimated to 13 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in the driftnet fishery and 4 humpback dolphins in the bottom set gillnet fishery. The estimated annual bycatch represent an annual mortality of 9.6% of the estimated number (136) of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in the area and 6.3% of the estimated number (63) of humpback dolphins (4/63). These levels of anthropogenic mortalities are not considered sustainable.An investigation of the behaviour of female dolphins off the south coast of Zanzibar in relation to different levels of tourism activity showed that they spent more time travelling with tourist boats present. Further, the results showed that movement and dive patterns of dolphins were affected by the presence of many boats and swimmers and that the presence of a few (1-2) tourist boats (without swimmers) resulted in no detectable changes in movement or dive patterns, providing that the boats were driven with care and not interfering with the heading of the animals i.e. followed issued guidelines. These behavioural changes may be short-term responses to the tourism activities which, if continued, may lead to the long-term consequence that the dolphins leave the area where the dolphin tourism takes place. The apparent changes in dolphin behaviour due to the increased levels of tourism activities may reduce the available time for important behaviours such as foraging and nursing which ultimately may reduce fitness on both individual and population level. It is therefore important to stress the need for a precautionary approach and encourage that the already introduced guidelines, issued by the Department of Fisheries and Marine Products, Zanzibar, are implemented.A socio-economic survey of the dolphin tourism in Kizimkazi, Zanzibar, was conducted by interviewing 50 boat operators, 6 restaurant managers/hoteliers, 50 local residents, 3 diving business managers and 270 tourists. The survey showed that 6735 tourists were involved with dolphin-tourism activities in 2003 representing 10% of the total number of tourists who visited Zanzibar in that particular year. A large proportion of the tourists were Europeans predominantly from the United Kingdom and Italy. The operators were aware of the guidelines for the dolphin tourism, although only 60% said they followed the guidelines. They further admitted that they did not follow the guidelines all the time because when there were many boats on the same group of dolphins, some boat operators ignored the guidelines. About 165 jobs have been created from the dolphin tourism activity in Kizmkazi making it an important contributor to the local economy. However, a large portion (up to 80%) of the income generated was profiting tour companies and/or tourist guides outside the villages.A socio-economy survey was also conducted at Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique. Fifty workers, 50 tourists and 10 tourist resort owners/managers of tourist resorts (including those offering marine recreational services) were interviewed using questionnaires. Workers included those employed at the marine recreational resorts, managers of marine recreational resorts and other people living at Ponta do Ouro. The results showed that only half of jobs at the tourist resorts at Ponta do Ouro were held by native people, and most of these were trained locally by the employers. The majority of tourists frequenting Ponta do Ouro come from inland cities of South Africa and a small proportion where from overseas. A large number of tourists believed that the swim with dolphin activity was good for various reasons, but some recognized the existence of potential negative aspects of the activity. The workers perceived the social impact of marine recreational activities differently, although the majority of workers believed that the recreational activities may affect the environment negatively. The swim with dolphin tourism provided salaries at similar levels to the diving companies, but their contribution to the local economy was low because of the small number of operators.In both Ponta do Ouro and in Menai Bay guidelines have been issued to make the dolphin tourism activities less invasive to the dolphins. The guidelines in the two areas differ in the way that they were issued and how they were formulated. The guidelines in Ponta do Ouro were issued by the tourist operator and address how the activity should be conducted. In Menai Bay the guidelines were issued by the Department of Fisheries and Marine Products, Zanzibar, and these give instructions for how boats and swimmers should behave when interacting with the dolphins. The guidelines in Ponta do Ouro is in a way stricter
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ercan, Ayse Bahar, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical and biological landscape of constitutional mismatch-repair deficiency syndrome: an International Replication Repair Deficiency Consortium cohort study.
- 2024
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Ingår i: The Lancet Oncology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 1470-2045 .- 1474-5488. ; 25:5, s. 668-682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome is a rare and aggressive cancer predisposition syndrome. Because a scarcity of data on this condition contributes to management challenges and poor outcomes, we aimed to describe the clinical spectrum, cancer biology, and impact of genetics on patient survival in CMMRD.In this cohort study, we collected cross-sectional and longitudinal data on all patients with CMMRD, with no age limits, registered with the International Replication Repair Deficiency Consortium (IRRDC) across more than 50 countries. Clinical data were extracted from the IRRDC database, medical records, and physician-completed case record forms. The primary objective was to describe the clinical features, cancer spectrum, and biology of the condition. Secondary objectives included estimations of cancer incidence and of the impact of the specific mismatch-repair gene and genotype on cancer onset and survival, including after cancer surveillance and immunotherapy interventions.We analysed data from 201 patients (103 males, 98 females) enrolled between June 5, 2007 and Sept 9, 2022. Median age at diagnosis of CMMRD or a related cancer was 8·9 years (IQR 5·9-12·6), and median follow-up from diagnosis was 7·2 years (3·6-14·8). Endogamy among minorities and closed communities contributed to high homozygosity within countries with low consanguinity. Frequent dermatological manifestations (117 [93%] of 126 patients with complete data) led to a clinical overlap with neurofibromatosis type 1 (35 [28%] of 126). 339 cancers were reported in 194 (97%) of 201 patients. The cumulative cancer incidence by age 18 years was 90% (95% CI 80-99). Median time between cancer diagnoses for patients with more than one cancer was 1·9 years (IQR 0·8-3·9). Neoplasms developed in 15 organs and included early-onset adult cancers. CNS tumours were the most frequent (173 [51%] cancers), followed by gastrointestinal (75 [22%]), haematological (61 [18%]), and other cancer types (30 [9%]). Patients with CNS tumours had the poorest overall survival rates (39% [95% CI 30-52] at 10 years from diagnosis; log-rank p<0·0001 across four cancer types), followed by those with haematological cancers (67% [55-82]), gastrointestinal cancers (89% [81-97]), and other solid tumours (96% [88-100]). All cancers showed high mutation and microsatellite indel burdens, and pathognomonic mutational signatures. MLH1 or MSH2 variants caused earlier cancer onset than PMS2 or MSH6 variants, and inferior survival (overall survival at age 15 years 63% [95% CI 55-73] for PMS2, 49% [35-68] for MSH6, 19% [6-66] for MLH1, and 0% for MSH2; p<0·0001). Frameshift or truncating variants within the same gene caused earlier cancers and inferior outcomes compared with missense variants (p<0·0001). The greater deleterious effects of MLH1 and MSH2 variants as compared with PMS2 and MSH6 variants persisted despite overall improvements in survival after surveillance or immune checkpoint inhibitor interventions.The very high cancer burden and unique genomic landscape of CMMRD highlight the benefit of comprehensive assays in timely diagnosis and precision approaches toward surveillance and immunotherapy. These data will guide the clinical management of children and patients who survive into adulthood with CMMRD.The Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Stand Up to Cancer, Children's Oncology Group National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program, Canadian Cancer Society, Brain Canada, The V Foundation for Cancer Research, BioCanRx, Harry and Agnieszka Hall, Meagan's Walk, BRAINchild Canada, The LivWise Foundation, St Baldrick Foundation, Hold'em for Life, and Garron Family Cancer Center.
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| 16. |
- Ghoran, Salar Hafez, et al.
(författare)
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Sappanin-type homoisoflavonoids from Scilla bisotunensis Speta. : Cytotoxicity, molecular docking, and chemotaxonomic significance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Structure. - : Elsevier. - 0022-2860 .- 1872-8014. ; 1273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytochemical investigation of the chloroform extract of Scilla bisotunensis Speta. bulbs led to the isolation and structure elucidation of six sappinane-4-one ( 1-4, 7, 9 ) and three 3,9-dehydrosappinan-4-one ( 5, 6, 8 ) homoisoflavonoids. The structures of compounds 1 -9 were established based on extensive NMR, ESIMS, UV, and ECD spectra, and also by comparison with the previously reported spectroscopic data. The in vitro cytotoxicity of sappanin-type homoisoflavonoids 1 -9 was assayed against HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells using sulforhodamine B assay. Compounds 8 and 9 showed higher cytotoxic effects with IC50 of 5.3 and 6.1 mu g/mL, respectively, while compounds 3, 5 , and 7 exhibited moderate activity with IC50 ranging from 25 to 37 mu g/mL. Interestingly, molecular docking studies revealed that compounds 1-9 could be potential sarcoma kinase domain inhibitors with binding energies ranging from -7.37 ( 6 ) to -8.34 ( 9 ) kcal/mol when compared with the native inhibitor, purvalanol A of -7.90 kcal/mol. All homoisoflavonoids, except 1 and 5 are reported for the first time in a member of the Scilla genus, while, to the best of our knowledge this is the first phytochemical and biological study on S. bisotunensis. The plant exhibited good chemotaxonomic relationships to the genus Eucomis L'Her. on the basis of comparing their chemical constituents with those reported in the related plant families.
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| 17. |
- Gray, Howard W. I., et al.
(författare)
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Comparative biogeography and the evolution of population structure for bottlenose and common dolphins in the Indian Ocean
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 0305-0270 .- 1365-2699. ; 48:7, s. 1654-1668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: In the marine environment, where there are few physical boundaries to gene flow, there is often nevertheless intraspecific diversity with consequences for effective conservation and management. Here, we compare two closely related dolphin species with a shared distribution in the Indian Ocean (IO) to better understand the biogeographic drivers of their population structure.Location: Global oceans and seas with a focus on the Indian OceanTaxon: Tursiops sp. and Delphinus sp.Methods: Bayesian, ordination, assignment, statistical and phylogenetic analyses to assess phylogeography, connectivity and population structure using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA genetic markers.Results: Both Tursiops sp. and Delphinus sp. showed population structure across the western IO and, in each case, populations in the Arabian Sea (off India, Pakistan and Oman) were most differentiated. Comparisons with other populations worldwide revealed independent lineages in this geographic region for both genera. For T. aduncus, (for which multiple sites within the IO could be compared), Bayesian modelling best supported a scenario of expansion southwards following a bottleneck event resulting in differentiation between the northern and western IO. For Delphinus, the same pattern is even more pronounced. Populations in the Arabian Sea region of the north-western IO show genetic isolation for each of the two genera, consistent with other studies of cetacean species in this region.Main conclusions: We propose that changes in the intensity of the southwest monsoon during the climate cycles of the Pleistocene could have affected regional patterns of productivity and represent an important biogeographic driver promoting the observed patterns of differentiation and population dynamics seen in our focal species. Patterns of population genetic structure are consistent with phenotypic differences, suggesting an influence from distinct habitats and resources, and emphasising the need for effective conservation measures in this geographic region.
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| 18. |
- Mendez, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating multiple lines of evidence to better understand the evolutionary divergence of humpback dolphins along their entire distribution range : a new dolphin species in Australian waters?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Molecular Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0962-1083 .- 1365-294X. ; 22:23, s. 5936-5948
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conservation of humpback dolphins, distributed in coastal waters of the Indo-West Pacific and eastern Atlantic Oceans, has been hindered by a lack of understanding about the number of species in the genus (Sousa) and their population structure. To address this issue, we present a combined analysis of genetic and morphologic data collected from beach-cast, remote-biopsied and museum specimens from throughout the known Sousa range. We extracted genetic sequence data from 235 samples from extant populations and explored the mitochondrial control region and four nuclear introns through phylogenetic, population-level and population aggregation frameworks. In addition, 180 cranial specimens from the same geographical regions allowed comparisons of 24 morphological characters through multivariate analyses. The genetic and morphological data showed significant and concordant patterns of geographical segregation, which are typical for the kind of demographic isolation displayed by species units, across the Sousa genus distribution range. Based on our combined genetic and morphological analyses, there is convincing evidence for at least four species within the genus (S.teuszii in the Atlantic off West Africa, S.plumbea in the central and western Indian Ocean, S.chinensis in the eastern Indian and West Pacific Oceans, and a new as-yet-unnamed species off northern Australia).
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| 19. |
- Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, et al.
(författare)
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Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- 2017
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Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 1468-2060 .- 0003-4967. ; 76, s. 1365-1373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 to report the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).METHODS: The burden of musculoskeletal disorders was calculated for the EMR's 22 countries between 1990 and 2013. A systematic analysis was performed on mortality and morbidity data to estimate prevalence, death, years of live lost, years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).RESULTS: For musculoskeletal disorders, the crude DALYs rate per 100 000 increased from 1297.1 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 924.3-1703.4) in 1990 to 1606.0 (95% UI 1141.2-2130.4) in 2013. During 1990-2013, the total DALYs of musculoskeletal disorders increased by 105.2% in the EMR compared with a 58.0% increase in the rest of the world. The burden of musculoskeletal disorders as a proportion of total DALYs increased from 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.0) in 1990 to 4.7% (95% UI 3.6-5.8) in 2013. The range of point prevalence (per 1000) among the EMR countries was 28.2-136.0 for low back pain, 27.3-49.7 for neck pain, 9.7-37.3 for osteoarthritis (OA), 0.6-2.2 for rheumatoid arthritis and 0.1-0.8 for gout. Low back pain and neck pain had the highest burden in EMR countries.CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high burden of musculoskeletal disorders, with a faster increase in EMR compared with the rest of the world. The reasons for this faster increase need to be explored. Our findings call for incorporating prevention and control programmes that should include improving health data, addressing risk factors, providing evidence-based care and community programmes to increase awareness.
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| 20. |
- Mwevura, Haji, et al.
(författare)
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Organohalogen compounds in blubber of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) and spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) from Zanzibar, Tanzania
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 158:6, s. 2200-2207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blubber samples of Indo-Pacific bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus) and spinner (Stenella longirostris) dolphins from Zanzibar, East Africa, were analysed for a wide range of organohalogen compounds. Methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs), presumably biogenic, were found at higher concentrations than anthropogenic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Only traces of industrial pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, were detected. The OCP levels found off Zanzibar were lower than those reported from other regions while MeO-BDE levels were higher. The relative composition of the OCPs indicated recent use of lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) and aged residues of DDT and technical HCH. Placental transfer was estimated to 2.5% and 0.5% of the total burden of OCPs and MeO-BDEs, respectively. Overall transfer from mother to calf in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins was estimated to 72% and 85% for the OCPs and MeO-BDEs burdens, respectively. Health effects of MeO-BDEs are not known, but structural similarities with well-known environmental toxins are cause for concern.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Särnblad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogenetic placement and population structure of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) off Zanzibar, Tanzania, based on mtDNA sequences
- 2011
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Ingår i: Marine mammal science. - : Wiley. - 0824-0469 .- 1748-7692. ; 27:2, s. 431-448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phylogenetic placement of bottlenose dolphins from Zanzibar, East Africa and putative population differentiation between animals found off southern and northern Zanzibar were examined using variation in mtDNA control region sequences. Samples (n= 45) from animals bycaught in fishing gear and skin biopsies collected during boat surveys were compared to published sequences (n= 173) of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus, from southeast Australian waters, Chinese/Indonesian waters, and South African waters (which recently was proposed as a new species) and to published sequences of common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses indicated a close relationship between Zanzibar and South African haplotypes, which are differentiated from both Chinese/Indonesian and Australian T. aduncus haplotypes. Our results suggest that the dolphins found off Zanzibar should be classified as T. aduncus alongside the South African animals. Further, analyses of genetic differentiation showed significant separation between the T. aduncus found off northern and southern Zanzibar despite the relatively short distance (approximately 80 km) between these areas. Much less differentiation was found between southern Zanzibar and South Africa, suggesting a more recent common evolutionary history for these populations than for the northern and southern Zanzibar populations.
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| 23. |
- Särnblad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Population structure and diversity of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the western Indian Ocean
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) populations often show small-scale genetic differentiation and have a capacity to adapt both their social strategies and structure to local environmental conditions. Here we investigate population structure and genetic diversity of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the western Indian Ocean, with special reference to Zanzibar, Tanzania. The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off Zanzibar were previously hunted and are subject to high levels of bycatch and negative impact from tourism. A recent study has indicated a limited exchange of reproducing females between northern and southern Zanzibar. Mitochondrial DNA sequence (mtDNA 429bp) variation and autosomal genotypes (7 microsatellite loci) was used to assess genetic variation and differentiation among tissue samples from Zanzibar (n=91) Mayotte (n=12) and Oman (n=4). The results showed a much higher amount of differentiation for mtDNA than autosomal DNA between northern and southern Zanzibar suggesting female philopatry with greater dispersal by males than females. Genetic diversity levels were relatively high in all areas and there were no indications of any recent reduction in effective population size, except in Mayotte where indications of a recent bottleneck encourage further analyses. Further, the close relationship and lack of clear structuring, with several shared haplotypes among regions, suggest a relatively recent common founder population for the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in the western Indian Ocean. Based on the high differentiation in mtDNA between northern and southern Zanzibar and that local growth rates in large part will be determined by female breeding success, we suggest that the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off northern and southern Zanzibar should be treated as separate management units.
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| 24. |
- Van Loon, Anne F., et al.
(författare)
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Streamflow droughts aggravated by human activities despite management
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 17:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human activities both aggravate and alleviate streamflow drought. Here we show that aggravation is dominant in contrasting cases around the world analysed with a consistent methodology. Our 28 cases included different combinations of human-water interactions. We found that water abstraction aggravated all drought characteristics, with increases of 20%-305% in total time in drought found across the case studies, and increases in total deficit of up to almost 3000%. Water transfers reduced drought time and deficit by up to 97%. In cases with both abstraction and water transfers into the catchment or augmenting streamflow from groundwater, the water inputs could not compensate for the aggravation of droughts due to abstraction and only shift the effects in space or time. Reservoir releases for downstream water use alleviated droughts in the dry season, but also led to deficits in the wet season by changing flow seasonality. This led to minor changes in average drought duration (-26 to +38%) and moderate changes in average drought deficit (-86 to +369%). Land use showed a smaller impact on streamflow drought, also with both increases and decreases observed (-48 to +98%). Sewage return flows and pipe leakage possibly counteracted the effects of increased imperviousness in urban areas; however, untangling the effects of land use change on streamflow drought is challenging. This synthesis of diverse global cases highlights the complexity of the human influence on streamflow drought and the added value of empirical comparative studies. Results indicate both intended and unintended consequences of water management and infrastructure on downstream society and ecosystems.
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