| 1. |
- Andersson, Odd E., et al.
(författare)
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A study of temperature and pressure induced structural and electronic changes in SbCl5 intercalated graphite : Part II. Experimental data for c-axis resistivity
- 1992
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 7:11, s. 2989-3000
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experimental data for the c-axis resistivity ?c of stage s = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8, SbCl5 intercalated graphite, over the temperature range 40 to 300 K and the pressure range 0 to 0.8 GPa (0–8 kbar). For most specimens studied, resistance anomalies are observed below 230 K at atmospheric pressure and at pressures up to 0.5 GPa at 293 K. These anomalies are explained in terms of structural changes from a disordered or partly crystallized in-plane intercalate structure at atmospheric pressure and T > 230 K to an almost completely crystallized structure below this temperature, or at elevated pressures, as discussed in a companion paper. In the crystallized phases ?c is approximately linear in T except for stage 8, for which a nonlinear behavior, with a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity below 200 K, is observed. The results are compared with previously available literature data, and the p-T phase diagram is briefly discussed.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Odd E., et al.
(författare)
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A study of temperature and pressure induced structural and electronic changes in SbCl5 intercalated graphite : Part IV: Basal plane resistivity
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 10:7, s. 1653-1660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using an inductive technique, we have measured the in-plane resistivity rhoa of stages 2, 4, 5, and 8 SbCl5-GIC's versus temperature T and pressure p in the ranges 130–300 K and 0–0.85 GPa. The room temperature values of rhoa range from 4.0 µOcm for the stages 5 sample to 7.7 µOcm for the stage 8 sample. At all pressures, rhoa shows a metallic temperature dependence rhoa ~ Ta, with 1 < a < 2, but in contrast to the c-axis resistivity rhoc, it depends only very weakly on pressure and/or intercalate structural order. We show that the behavior observed is consistent with a band conduction model.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Odd E., et al.
(författare)
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C-axis resistance of HgCl2 intercalated graphite as a function of temperature and pressure
- 1989
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Ingår i: Synthetic Metals volume 34. - Lausanne : Elsevier Sequoia SA. ; , s. 485-490
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The c-axis resistance of stage 3 HgCl2 intercalated graphite has been measured as a function of temperature T and pressure p in the range 40 to 300 K and up to 1 GPa (10 kbar). The absolute resistivity and its T- and p- dependence are all in good agreement with data for other acceptor compounds. The measurements show that a previosly unknown phase transformation occurs above 0.4 GPa. Below 250 K the high pressure phase is metastable down to zero pressure, and an x-ray diffraction analysis of metastable material shows that no stage change occurs. The transition thus probably leads to a different in-plane structure characterized by a more densely packed intercalate layer.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Odd E., et al.
(författare)
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Low temperature calibration of Manganin pressure gauges
- 1997
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 68:2, s. 1344-1345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High pressures are often measured using the resistance of Manganin wires. However, the pressure coefficient of resistance is known to depend on temperature. We have measured this temperature dependence by comparing the output from a Manganin gauge with that of a well calibrated Zeranin gauge and determined a correction factor which enables us to measure the pressure at any temperature between 150 and 300 K with a temperature dependent error well below 0.5%.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Odd E., et al.
(författare)
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Pressure-induced modifications of structural and transport properties in SbCl5 intercalated graphite
- 1992
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum volumes 91-93, Part I. - Zürich : Trans Tech Publications. - 0878496394 ; , s. 301-306
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure and the c-axis resistivity of SbCl5 intercalated graphite have been studied as functions of T and p, over the ranges 40 to 295 K and 0 to 0.7 GPa. Slow cooling or slow application of pressure p > 0.4 GPa lead to states of complete but different crystallization of the intercalate, but after rapid cooling or pressurization any crystallization is incomplete. The resistivity of the high pressure crystallized phase is about 50% lower than that of the low T, low p phase under identical p-T conditions. No significant difference is seen between the behaviour of HOPG-based and single crystal based materials.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Odd E., et al.
(författare)
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Structure, c-axis resistivity, and p-T phase diagram of SbCl5 intercalated graphite
- 1989
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Ingår i: Synthetic Metals volume 34. - Lausanne : Elsevier Sequoia SA. ; , s. 187-192
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental data are reported for the c-axis resistivity varrhoc of stages n = 3,4,5 and 8 SbCl5 intercalated graphite as a function of T and p, in the range 40 – 300 K and 0-0.5 GPa (5 kbar). varrhoc varied in a systematic way with p, T, and n. Well ordered low-T phases were obtained for all stages; disordering at 200 – 235 K gave rise to well defined multiple anomalies in varrhoc. We also report x-ray diffraction data on the stage 2 compound: evidence was found for large variations in the in-plane structure even for nominally identical samples.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Odd E., et al.
(författare)
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The c-axis resistivity for two HOPG-based, first stage CuAl2Cl8 and second stage CuCl2 - graphite intercalation compounds as a function of both pressure and temperature
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, volume 57, issues 6-8. - : Elsevier Ltd.. ; , s. 719-723
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we present data for the c-axis resistivity of first stage CuAl2Cl8 GIC and second stage CuCl2 GIC as functions of pressure, p, (0.0 < p < 1.5 GPa) and of temperature, T, (4 < T < 300 K). We show evidence of a possible new high-pressure phase above 1.0 GPa for the CuAl2Cl8 GIC and we show that the CuCl2 GIC is very stable at all pressures and temperature investigated. We make a comparison with previous results on SbCl5 GICs and other chloride intercalation compounds and with theories treating the temperature and pressure coefficients of transport parameters in layered solids.
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| 8. |
- Haug, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Stepped care versus face-to–face cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder and social anxiety disorder : Predictors and moderators of outcome
- 2015
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 71, s. 76-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To investigate predictors and moderators of treatment outcome by comparing immediate face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy (FtF-CBT) to a Stepped Care treatment model comprising three steps: Psychoeducation, Internet-delivered CBT, and FtF-CBT for panic disorder (PD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD).Method: Patients (N = 173) were recruited from nine public mental health out-patient clinics and randomized to immediate FtF-CBT or Stepped Care treatment. Characteristics related to social functioning, impairment from the anxiety disorder, and comorbidity was investigated as predictors and moderators by treatment format and diagnosis in multiple regression analyses.Results: Lower social functioning, higher impairment from the anxiety disorder, and a comorbidcluster C personality disorder were associated with significantly less improvement, particularly among patients with PD. Furthermore, having a comorbid anxiety disorder was associated with a better treatment outcome among patients with PD but not patients with SAD. Patients with a comorbid depression had similar outcomes from the different treatments, but patients without comorbid depression had better outcomes from immediate FtF-CBT compared to guided self-help.Conclusions: In general, the same patient characteristics appear to be associated with the treatment outcome for CBT provided in low- and high-intensity formats when treated in public mental health care clinics. The findings suggest that patients with lower social functioning and higher impairment from their anxiety disorder benefit less from these treatments and may require more adapted and extensive treatment.ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier: NCT00619138.
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| 9. |
- Lelaurain, Michelle, et al.
(författare)
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A study of temperature and pressure induced structural and electronic changes in SbCl5 intercalated graphite : Part I: Structural aspects
- 1992
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 7:11, s. 2978-2988
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have studied the effects of temperature (10 = T = 295 K) and pressure (0 = p = 0.8 GPa) on the state of intercalate layer crystallization in SbCl5 graphite intercalation compounds of stages 2, 4, and 8. At room temperature (RT), the intercalate layer may in some second stage compounds be fully crystallized and lowering the temperature creates no further modifications. In all other cases, i.e., those in which the intercalate layer has only partial crystallization at RT, lowering T leads to the formation of new in-plane unit cells, the final state depending on the kinetics. Applying pressure to above 0.3–0.5 GPa results in crystallization in all cases, different from that induced simply by lowering of the temperature. We discuss the unit cells observed and the relationships they bear to each other in the light of other works on similar compounds.
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| 10. |
- McRae, Edward, et al.
(författare)
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On the relevance of certain transport-structure correlations in SbCl5-intercalated graphite to our overall understanding of GIC c axis conductivity
- 1994
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Ingår i: Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Section A, volumes 244-245. - Yverdon : Gordon and Breach. ; , s. 61--66
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents some new data on the SbCl5-intercalated graphite family as concerns the relationships between c axis resistivity, ρc(T,p), and intercalate layer structure. Results on the influence of intercalate layer crystallization and the nature of the host graphite are discussed and compared with those on other GIC families. Certain data are examined in the light of available theories and such an analysis raises a number of questions.
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| 11. |
- McRae, Edward, et al.
(författare)
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Transport study of (T,p) phase diagram in PdAl2Cl8 intercalated graphite
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, volume 57, issues 6-8. - : Elsevier Ltd.. ; , s. 827-831
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have examined the c-direction variations of resistance, Rc (or resistivity, varrhoc) over the 4.2–295 K. temperature range at ambient pressure, and over the 160–295 K range for pressures up to 1.5 GPa on first stage PdAl2Cl8 graphite intercalation compounds. All samples examined manifest a rapid, nonlinear decrease in Rc with pressure (maximum ¦dln Rc/dp¦ > 300 % GPa−1 at 0.4 GPa. The overall Rc decrease is around 90% by 1GPa, a value greater than that observed in any other GIC to date. Upon slow pressure release, the resistance increases linearly but to only about 20–25% of its initial (1 bar) value for HOPG-based materials: on the contrary, it returns along its initial R-p trajectory for GICs based on single crystal graphite. We discuss these data with reference to the X-ray diffraction results, to the significance of the residual resistivity and to studies on other similar lamellar solids.
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| 12. |
- Nordgreen, Tine, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of guided Internet-delivered treatment for major depression in routine mental healthcare - An open study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Internet Interventions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7829. ; 18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders and is estimated to become the leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030. Increasing access to effective treatment for depression is a major societal challenge. In this context, the increasing use of computers in the form of laptops or smartphones has made it feasible to increase access to mental healthcare through digital technology. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of a 14-week therapist-guided Internet-delivered program for patients with major depression undergoing routine care. From 2015 to 2018, 105 patients were included in the study. For depressive symptoms, we identified significant within-group effect sizes (post-treatment: d = 0.96; 6-month follow-up: d = 1.21). We also found significant effects on secondary anxiety and insomnia symptoms (d = 0.55–0.92). Clinically reliable improvement was reported by 48% of those undergoing the main parts of the treatment, whereas 5% of the participants reported a clinically significant deterioration. However, a large proportion of patients showed no clinically reliable change. In summary, the study identified large treatment effects, but also highlighted room for improvement in the usability of the treatment.
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| 13. |
- Nordgreen, Tine, et al.
(författare)
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Stepped Care Versus Direct Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder : A Randomized Effectiveness Trial
- 2016
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Ingår i: Behavior Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-7894 .- 1878-1888. ; 47:2, s. 166-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT) stepped care model (psychoeducation, guided Internet treatment, and face-to-face CBT) compared with direct face-to-face (FtF) CBT. Patients with panic disorder or social anxiety disorder were randomized to either stepped care (n = 85) or direct FtF CBT (n = 88). Recovery was defined as meeting two of the following three criteria: loss of diagnosis, below cut-off for self-reported symptoms, and functional improvement. No significant differences in intention-to-treat recovery rates were identified between stepped care (40.0%) and direct FtF CBT (43.2%). The majority of the patients who recovered in the stepped care did so at the less therapist-demanding steps (26/34, 76.5%). Moderate to large within-groups effect sizes were identified at posttreatment and 1-year follow-up. The attrition rates were high: 41.2% in the stepped care condition and 27.3% in the direct FtF CBT condition. These findings indicate that the outcome of a stepped care model for anxiety disorders is comparable to that of direct FtF CBT. The rates of improvement at the two less therapist-demanding steps indicate that stepped care models might be useful for increasing patients’ access to evidence-based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. However, attrition in the stepped care condition was high, and research regarding the factors that can improve adherence should be prioritized.
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| 14. |
- Nordgreen, Tine, et al.
(författare)
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The effectiveness of guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder in a routine care setting
- 2018
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Ingår i: Internet Interventions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7829. ; 13, s. 24-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common mental disorder with high persistence when untreated. As access to effective treatment is limited, guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) has been proposed as an effective alternative to face-to-face treatment. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of a 14-week therapist-guided ICBT program for patients with SAD undergoing routine care. From 2014 to 2017, 169 patients were included in the study, of which 145 started the treatment. The sample was all general practitioner-referred and had a lower educational level and higher rate of work absence compared to similar effectiveness studies. Regarding social anxiety symptoms, we identified significant within-group effect sizes (post-treatment: d = 1.00–1.10; six-month follow-up: d = 1.03–1.55). We also found significant effects on secondary depression symptoms (d = 0.67). Clinically significant improvement was reported by 66.2% of the participants, and 16.6% had a significant deterioration. Clinical implications of the current study are that guided ICBT for SAD is an effective treatment for the majority of the patients undergoing routine care. Future studies should explore interventions targeting non-responders and deteriorated patients.
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| 15. |
- Nordgreen, Tine, et al.
(författare)
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The implementation of guided Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder in a routine-care setting : effectiveness and implementation efforts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 47:1, s. 62-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Panic disorder is a common mental disorder. Guided Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (Guided Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT)) is a promising approach to reach more people in need of help. In the present effectiveness study, we investigated the outcome of guided ICBT for panic disorder after implementation in routine care. A total of 124 patients were included in the study, of which 114 started the treatment. Large within-group effect sizes were observed on the primary panic disorder symptoms (post-treatment: d = 1.24; 6-month follow-up: d = 1.39) and moderate and large effects on secondary panic disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms at post-treatment and follow-up (d = .55–1.13). More than half (56.1%) of the patients who started treatment recovered or improved at post-treatment. Among treatment takers (completed at least five of the nine modules), 69.9% recovered or improved. The effectiveness reported in the present trial is in line with previous effectiveness and efficacy trials of guided ICBT for panic disorder. This provides additional support for guided ICBT as a treatment alternative in routine care.
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| 16. |
- Nordgreen, Tine, et al.
(författare)
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Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder in a Routine Care Setting
- 2018
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Ingår i: Abstracts book. ; , s. 59-59
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Social anxiety disorder is a common mental disorder with high persistence when remained untreated. Access to effective treatment is scarce. Goals: In this study we examined the effectiveness of a 14 week therapist-guided ICBT for patients with social anxiety disorder in routine care. Results: From 2014 to 2017 a total of 169 patients were included in the study, of which 145 started the treatment. On the social anxiety symptoms we identified large within-group effect sizes. We also found moderate effects on the secondary depression symptoms. Significant improvement was reported by 66.2% of the participants and 16.6% had a significant deterioration. Conclusions: Clinical implications from the current study is discussed.
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| 17. |
- Nordmo, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy with and without an initial face-to-face psychoeducation session for social anxiety disorder : a pilot randomized controlled trial
- 2015
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Ingår i: Internet Interventions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7829. ; 2:4, s. 429-436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) is an effective treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, the treatment is not effective for all. The amount and type of therapist contact have been highlighted as a possible moderator of treatment outcome.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether treatment effects of ICBT are enhanced with an initial 90 min face-to-face psychoeducation (PE) session for university students with SAD.Method: University students with SAD (N = 37) were randomized into one out of two conditions: 1) an initial therapist-led face-to-face PE session followed by guided ICBT, 2) guided ICBT without an initial PE session. Data was analysed with an intent-to-treat approach.Results: Eight participants (21.6%) dropped out of treatment. A statistically significant reduction in symptoms was found for all outcome measures for both groups. There were no significant additional effects of adding the initial face-to-face PE. Moderate to large within-group effect sizes on self-rated social anxiety symptoms were found at post-treatment (d = 0.70–0.95) and at a six month follow-up (d = 0.70–1.00). Nearly half of the participants were classified as recovered.Conclusions: Notwithstanding limitations due to the small sample size, the findings indicate that guided ICBT is an effective treatment for students with SAD. Adding an initial face-to-face PE session to the guided ICBT did not lead to enhanced outcomes in the present study.
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| 18. |
- Sundqvist, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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A study of temperature and pressure-induced structural and electronic changes in SbCl5 intercalated graphite : Part III. Analysis of the T and p dependence of the c-axis resistivity
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 10:2, s. 436-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experimental data for the c-axis electrical resistivity of SbCl5 intercalated graphite between 20 and 300 K. The data are analyzed together with our previous results for these and other samples [O. E. Andersson et al., J. Mater. Res. 7, 2989 (1992)]. Before the analysis, we correct the experimental data to constant volume, as assumed by theorists. We show that the correction factor is much larger for these materials than for normal metals. Although the original data showed significant nonlinearities with T, the corrected data are linear in T to within the experimental accuracy for low-stage compounds below the intercalate crystallization temperature. We compare our results with several models and conclude that both the temperature dependence, the pressure dependence, and the relative changes in the in-plane and c-axis resistivities associated with intercalate crystallization can be best described by a band conduction model.
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