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| 2. |
- Lloyd, B., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of physics results from MAST
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 47:10, s. S658-S667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substantial advances have been made on the Mega AmpÚre Spherical Tokamak (MAST). The parameter range of the MAST confinement database has been extended and it now also includes pellet-fuelled discharges. Good pellet retention has been observed in H-mode discharges without triggering an ELM or an H/L transition during peripheral ablation of low speed pellets. Co-ordinated studies on MAST and DIII-D demonstrate a strong link between the aspect ratio and the beta scaling of H-mode energy confinement, consistent with that obtained when MAST data were merged with a subset of the ITPA database. Electron and ion ITBs are readily formed and their evolution has been investigated. Electron and ion thermal diffusivities have been reduced to values close to the ion neoclassical level. Error field correction coils have been used to determine the locked mode threshold scaling which is comparable to that in conventional aspect ratio tokamaks. The impact of plasma rotation on sawteeth has been investigated and the results have been well-modelled using the MISHKA-F code. Alfvén cascades have been observed in discharges with reversed magnetic shear. Measurements during off-axis NBCD and heating are consistent with classical fast ion modelling and indicate efficient heating and significant driven current. Central electron Bernstein wave heating has been observed via the O-X-B mode conversion process in special magnetically compressed plasmas. Plasmas with low pedestal collisionality have been established and further insight has been gained into the characteristics of filamentary structures at the plasma edge. Complex behaviour of the divertor power loading during plasma disruptions has been revealed by high resolution infra-red measurements.
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| 3. |
- Arvidson, K., et al.
(författare)
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Bone regeneration and stem cells
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Print). - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1582-1838 .- 1582-4934. ; 15:4, s. 718-746
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Bone fracture healing and healing problems Biomaterial scaffolds and tissue engineering in bone formation Bone tissue engineering Biomaterial scaffolds Synthetic scaffolds Micro- and nanostructural properties of scaffolds Conclusion Mesenchymal stem cells and osteogenesis Bone tissue Origin of osteoblasts Isolation and characterization of bone marrow derived MSC In vitro differentiation of MSC into osteoblast lineage cells In vivo differentiation of MSC into bone Factors and pathways controlling osteoblast differentiation of hMSC Defining the relationship between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation from MSC MSC and sex hormones Effect of aging on osteoblastogenesis Conclusion Embryonic, foetal and adult stem cells in osteogenesis Cell-based therapies for bone Specific features of bone cells needed to be advantageous for clinical use Development of therapeutic biological agents Clinical application concerns Conclusion Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), growth factors and osteogenesis PRP effects in vitro on the cells involved in bone repair PRP effects on osteoblasts PRP effects on osteoclasts PRP effects on endothelial cells PRP effects in vivo on experimental animals The clinical use of PRP for bone repair Non-union Distraction osteogenesis Spinal fusion Foot and ankle surgery Total knee arthroplasty Odontostomatology and maxillofacial surgery Conclusion Molecular control of osteogenesis TGF-beta signalling FGF signalling IGF signalling PDGF signalling MAPK signalling pathway Wnt signalling pathway Hedgehog signalling Notch signalling Ephrin signalling Transcription factors regulating osteoblast differentiation Conclusion Summary This invited review covers research areas of central importance for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone tissue repair, including normal fracture healing and healing problems, biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering, mesenchymal and foetal stem cells, effects of sex steroids on mesenchymal stem cells, use of platelet-rich plasma for tissue repair, osteogenesis and its molecular markers. A variety of cells in addition to stem cells, as well as advances in materials science to meet specific requirements for bone and soft tissue regeneration by addition of bioactive molecules, are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Rühm, W., et al.
(författare)
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Summary of the 2021 ICRP workshop on the future of radiological protection
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Radiological Protection. - : IOP Publishing. - 0952-4746 .- 1361-6498. ; 42:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a process to review and revise the current System of Radiological Protection ('the System'). To stimulate discussion, the ICRP published two open-access articles: one on aspects of the System that might require review, and another on research that might improve the scientific foundation of the System. Building on these articles, the ICRP organized a Workshop on the Future of Radiological Protection as an opportunity to engage in the review and revision of the System. This digital workshop took place from 14 October–3 November 2021 and included 20 live-streamed and 43 on-demand presentations. Approximately 1500 individuals from 100 countries participated. Based on the subjects covered by the presentations, this summary is organized into four broad areas: the scientific basis, concepts and application of the System; and the role of the ICRP. Some of the key topics that emerged included the following: classification of radiation-induced effects; adverse outcome pathway methodologies; better understanding of the dose–response relationship; holistic and reasonable approaches to optimization of protection; radiological protection of the environment; ethical basis of the System; clarity, consistency and communication of the System; application of the System in medicine and application of the principles of justification and optimization of protection.
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| 5. |
- Rühm, W., et al.
(författare)
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Vancouver call for action to strengthen expertise in radiological protection worldwide
- 2023
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Ingår i: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. - 0301-634X .- 1432-2099. ; 62:2, s. 175-180
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionising radiation has been used for over a century for peaceful purposes, revolutionising health care and promoting well-being through its application in industry, science, and medicine. For almost as long, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has promoted understanding of health and environmental risks of ionising radiation and developed a protection system that enables the safe use of ionising radiation in justified and beneficial practices, providing protection from all sources of radiation. However, we are concerned that a shortage of investment in training, education, research, and infrastructure seen in many sectors and countries may compromise society’s ability to properly manage radiation risks, leading to unjustified exposure to or unwarranted fear of radiation, impacting the physical, mental, and social well-being of our peoples. This could unduly limit the potential for research and development in new radiation technologies (healthcare, energy, and the environment) for beneficial purposes. ICRP therefore calls for action to strengthen expertise in radiological protection worldwide through: (1) National governments and funding agencies strengthening resources for radiological protection research allocated by governments and international organisations, (2) National research laboratories and other institutions launching and sustaining long-term research programmes, (3) Universities developing undergraduate and graduate university programmes and making students aware of job opportunities in radiation-related fields, (4) Using plain language when interacting with the public and decision makers about radiological protection, and (5) Fostering general awareness of proper uses of radiation and radiological protection through education and training of information multipliers. The draft call was discussed with international organisations in formal relations with ICRP in October 2022 at the European Radiation Protection Week in Estoril, Portugal, and the final call announced at the 6th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection of ICRP in November 2022 in Vancouver, Canada.
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| 6. |
- Bartlett, Sofia R., et al.
(författare)
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Sequencing of Hepatitis C Virus for Detection of Resistance to Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy : A Systematic Review
- 2017
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Ingår i: HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS. - : JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD. - 2471-254X. ; 1:5, s. 379-390
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The significance of the clinical impact of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) on treatment failure is unclear. No standardized methods or guidelines for detection of DAA RASs in HCV exist. To facilitate further evaluations of the impact of DAA RASs in HCV, we conducted a systematic review of RAS sequencing protocols, compiled a comprehensive public library of sequencing primers, and provided expert guidance on the most appropriate methods to screen and identify RASs. The development of standardized RAS sequencing protocols is complicated due to a high genetic variability and the need for genotype- and subtype-specific protocols for multiple regions. We have identified several limitations of the available methods and have highlighted areas requiring further research and development. The development, validation, and sharing of standardized methods for all genotypes and subtypes should be a priority.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Williams, C K, et al.
(författare)
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The collapse of cycles in the dynamics of North American grouse populations
- 2004
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 7:12, s. 1135-1142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclic dynamics of bird and mammal populations are commonly reported in northern latitudes throughout the world, and recent European observations on rodents and grouse suggest that cycle periods decline towards southern latitudes. To investigate latitudinal patterns of cyclic dynamics in North America, we assembled 27 long-term data sets collected between 1939 and 2001 for three grouse species. By fitting the data with autoregressive models to measure direct and delayed density dependence, we show that, in contrast to European studies, North American grouse exhibit period increases from north to south, with cycles collapsing via period lengthening. This occurs because delayed density dependence decreases in southern latitudes, whereas direct density dependence increases. These results show that cyclic dynamics can dissipate by period lengthening as well as the period shortening postulated for European grouse and rodents.
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