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- Arborelius, L, et al.
(författare)
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The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
- 1999
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Ingår i: The Journal of endocrinology. - : Bioscientifica. - 0022-0795 .- 1479-6805. ; 160:1, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a 41 amino acid-containing peptide, appears to mediate not only the endocrine but also the autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. Stress, in particular early-life stress such as childhood abuse and neglect, has been associated with a higher prevalence rate of affective and anxiety disorders in adulthood. In the present review, we describe the evidence suggesting that CRF is hypersecreted from hypothalamic as well as from extrahypothalamic neurons in depression, resulting in hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and elevations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CRF. This increase in CRF neuronal activity is also believed to mediate certain of the behavioral symptoms of depression involving sleep and appetite disturbances, reduced libido, and psychomotor changes. The hyperactivity of CRF neuronal systems appears to be a state marker for depression because HPA axis hyperactivity normalizes following successful antidepressant treatment. Similar biochemical and behavioral findings have been observed in adult rats and monkeys that have been subjected to early-life stress. In contrast, clinical studies have not revealed any consistent changes in CSF CRF concentrations in patients with anxiety disorders; however, preclinical findings strongly implicate a role for CRF in the pathophysiology of certain anxiety disorders, probably through its effects on central noradrenergic systems. The findings reviewed here support the hypothesis that CRF receptor antagonists may represent a novel class of antidepressants and/or anxiolytics.
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- Sonden, A, et al.
(författare)
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Trauma attenuating backing improves protection against behind armor blunt trauma
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Trauma. - 0022-5282 .- 1529-8809. ; 67:6, s. 1191-1199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Body armor is used by military personnel, police officers, and security guards to protect them from fatal gunshot injuries to the thorax. The protection against high-velocity weapons may, however, be insufficient. Complementary trauma attenuating backings (TAB) have been suggested to prevent morbidity and mortality in high-velocity weapon trauma. Methods: Twenty-four Swedish landrace pigs, protected by a ceramid/aramid body armor without (n = 12) or with TAB (n = 12) were shot with a standard 7.62-mm assault rifle. Morphologic injuries, cardiorespiratory, and electroencephalogram changes as well as physical parameters were registered. Results: The bullet impact caused a reproducible behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) in both the groups. The TAB significantly decreased size of the lung contusion and prevented hemoptysis. The postimpact apnea, desaturation, hypotension, and rise in pulmonary artery pressure were significantly attenuated in the TAB group. Moreover, TAB reduced transient peak pressures in thorax by 91%. Conclusions: Our results indicate that ordinary body armor should be complemented by a TAB to prevent thoracic injuries when the threat is high-velocity weapons.
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- Wretenberg, Per, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Rising from a chair by a spring-loaded flap seat : a biomechanical analysis
- 1993
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. - Oslo, Norway : Scandinavian University Press. - 0036-5505 .- 1940-2228. ; 25:4, s. 153-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nine healthy male subjects and 8 patients with unilateral knee osteoarthrosis were studied while rising from a chair with and without the aid of a spring-loaded flap seat. The seat force started at 216 N and decreased with increasing seat angle. Ground reaction forces and motion were recorded using a force plate and video. EMG of the left vastus lateralis muscle was recorded. The effort when rising was estimated by the Borg scale. The use of the flap seat reduced the mean peak knee moment for the healthy subjects from 73 to 41 Nm and for the patients from 55 to 33 Nm. The decreases were significant at a p < 0.001 level. The patients also reduced their hip moment significantly from 50 to 35 Nm (p < 0.005). The muscle activity in the vastus lateralis was also significantly lower when the flap seat was used (p < 0.005). When the theoretically maximal friction force between seat and subject was added, the effective seat force decreased more slowly, and the relation between its horizontal and vertical force components was more advantageous. The patients estimated greater effort reduction than the healthy subjects comparing the ordinary chair and the flap seat.Conclusion: a spring-loaded flap seat can reduce knee and hip load and can thus be useful for people with knee osteoarthrosis.
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