| 1. |
- Bertrand, Sebastien, et al.
(författare)
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Inorganic geochemistry of lake sediments : a review of analytical techniques and guidelines for data interpretation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Earth-Science Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0012-8252 .- 1872-6828. ; 249
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inorganic geochemistry is a powerful tool in paleolimnology. It has become one of the most commonly used techniques to analyze lake sediments, particularly due to the development and increasing availability of XRF core scanners during the last two decades. It allows for the reconstruction of the continuous processes that occur in lakes and their watersheds, and it is ideally suited to identify event deposits. How earth surface processes and limnological conditions are recorded in the inorganic geochemical composition of lake sediments is, however, relatively complex. Here, we review the main techniques used for the inorganic geochemical analysis of lake sediments and we offer guidance on sample preparation and instrument selection. We then summarize the best practices to process and interpret bulk inorganic geochemical data. In particular, we emphasize that log-ratio transformation is critical for the rigorous statistical analysis of geochemical datasets, whether they are obtained by XRF core scanning or more traditional techniques. In addition, we show that accurately interpreting inorganic geochemical data requires a sound understanding of the main components of the sediment (organic matter, biogenic silica, carbonates, lithogenic particles) and mineral assemblages. Finally, we provide a series of examples illustrating the potential and limits of inorganic geochemistry in paleolimnology. Although the examples presented in this paper focus on lake and fjord sediments, the principles presented here also apply to other sedimentary environments.
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| 2. |
- Blouin, Arnaud, et al.
(författare)
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User interface design smell : Automatic detection and refactoring of Blob listeners
- 2018
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Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 102, s. 49-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. User Interfaces (UIs) intensively rely on event-driven programming: interactive objects send UI events, which capture users' interactions, to dedicated objects called controllers. Controllers use several UI listeners that handle these events to produce UI commands. Objective. First, we reveal the presence of design smells in the code that describes and controls UIs. Second, we demonstrate that specific code analyses are necessary to analyze and refactor UI code, because of its coupling with the rest of the code. Method. We conducted an empirical study on four large Java software systems. We studied to what extent the number of UI commands that a UI listener can produce has an impact on the change- and fault-proneness of the UI listener code. We developed a static code analysis for detecting UI commands in the code. Results. We identified a new type of design smell, called Blob listener, that characterizes UI listeners that can produce more than two UI commands. We proposed a systematic static code analysis procedure that searches for Blob listener that we implement in InspectorGuidget. We conducted experiments on the four software systems for which we manually identified 53 instances of Blob listener. InspectorGuidget successfully detected 52 Blob listeners out of 53. The results exhibit a precision of 81.25% and a recall of 98.11%. We then developed a semi-automatically and behavior-preserving refactoring process to remove Blob listeners. 49.06% of the 53 Blob listeners were automatically refactored. Patches have been accepted and merged. Discussions with developers of the four software systems assess the relevance of the Blob listener. Conclusion. This work shows that UI code also suffers from design smells that have to be identified and characterized. We argue that studies have to be conducted to find other UI design smells and tools that analyze UI code must be developed.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Burcea, Razvan, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Generated Defects by Ar Implantation on the Thermoelectric Properties of ScN
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 5:9, s. 11025-11033
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, making thermoelectric materials more efficient in energy conversion is still a challenge. In this work, to reduce the thermal conductivity and thus improve the overall thermoelectric performances, point and extended defects were generated in epitaxial 111-ScN thin films by implantation using argon ions. The films were investigated by structural, optical, electrical, and thermoelectric characterization methods. The results demonstrated that argon implantation leads to the formation of stable defects (up to 750 K operating temperature). These were identified as interstitial-type defect dusters and argon vacancy complexes. The insertion of these specific defects induces acceptor-type deep levels in the band gap, yielding a reduction in the free-carrier mobility. With a reduced electrical conductivity, the irradiated sample exhibited a higher Seebeck coefficient while maintaining the power factor of the film. The thermal conductivity is strongly reduced from 12 to 3 W.m(-1). K-1 at 300 K, showing the influence of defects in increasing phonon scattering. Subsequent high-temperature annealing at 1573 K leads to the progressive evolution of these defects: the initial dusters of interstitials evolved to the benefit of smaller dusters and the formation of bubbles. Thus, the number of free carriers, the resistivity, and the Seebeck coefficient are almost restored but the mobility of the carriers remains low and a 30% drop in thermal conductivity is still effective (k(total) similar to 8.5 Wm(-1).K-1). This study shows that control defect engineering with defects introduced by irradiation using noble gases in a thermoelectric coating can be an attractive method to enhance the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials.
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| 5. |
- Capo, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Lake sedimentary dna research on past terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity: Overview and recommendations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Quaternary. - : MDPI. - 2571-550X. ; 4:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of lake sedimentary DNA to track the long-term changes in both terrestrial and aquatic biota is a rapidly advancing field in paleoecological research. Although largely applied nowadays, knowledge gaps remain in this field and there is therefore still research to be conducted to ensure the reliability of the sedimentary DNA signal. Building on the most recent literature and seven original case studies, we synthesize the state-of-the-art analytical procedures for effective sampling, extraction, amplification, quantification and/or generation of DNA inventories from sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) via high-throughput sequencing technologies. We provide recommendations based on current knowledge and best practises.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Elie, Margaux, et al.
(författare)
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Designing NHC-Copper(I) Dipyridylamine Complexes for Blue Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2016
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 8:23, s. 14678-14691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents the influence of various substituents on the photophysical features of heteroleptic copper(I) complexes bearing both N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and dipyridylamine (dpa = dipyridylamine skeleton corresponding to ligand L1) ligands. The luminescent properties have been compared to our recently reported archetypal blue emitting [Cu(IPr)(dpa)][PF6] complex. The choice of the substituents on both ligands has been guided to explore the effect of the electron donor/acceptor and "push-pull" on the emission wavelengths and photoluminescence quantum yields. A selection of the best candidates in terms of their photophysical features were applied for developing the first blue light emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on copper(I) complexes. The device analysis suggests that the main concern is the moderate redox stability of the complexes under high applied driving currents, leading to devices with moderate stabilities pointing to a proof-of-concept for further development. Nevertheless, under low applied driving currents the blue emission is stable, showing performance levels competitive to those reported for blue LECs baged on iridium(III) complexes. Overall, this work provides valuable guidelines to tackle the design of enhanced NHC copper complexes for lighting applications in the near future.
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| 8. |
- Goesmann, Fred, et al.
(författare)
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The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Instrument : Characterization of Organic Material in Martian Sediments
- 2017
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Ingår i: Astrobiology. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. - 1531-1074 .- 1557-8070. ; 17:6-7, s. 655-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument onboard the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars rover (to launch in July, 2020) will analyze volatile and refractory organic compounds in martian surface and subsurface sediments. In this study, we describe the design, current status of development, and analytical capabilities of the instrument. Data acquired on preliminary MOMA flight-like hardware and experimental setups are also presented, illustrating their contribution to the overall science return of the mission..
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| 9. |
- Jenny, Jean Philippe, et al.
(författare)
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Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: Rapid degradation of the world's large lakes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Great Lakes Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0380-1330. ; 46:4, s. 686-702
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Authors Large lakes of the world are habitats for diverse species, including endemic taxa, and are valuable resources that provide humanity with many ecosystem services. They are also sentinels of global and local change, and recent studies in limnology and paleolimnology have demonstrated disturbing evidence of their collective degradation in terms of depletion of resources (water and food), rapid warming and loss of ice, destruction of habitats and ecosystems, loss of species, and accelerating pollution. Large lakes are particularly exposed to anthropogenic and climatic stressors. The Second Warning to Humanity provides a framework to assess the dangers now threatening the world's large lake ecosystems and to evaluate pathways of sustainable development that are more respectful of their ongoing provision of services. Here we review current and emerging threats to the large lakes of the world, including iconic examples of lake management failures and successes, from which we identify priorities and approaches for future conservation efforts. The review underscores the extent of lake resource degradation, which is a result of cumulative perturbation through time by long-term human impacts combined with other emerging stressors. Decades of degradation of large lakes have resulted in major challenges for restoration and management and a legacy of ecological and economic costs for future generations. Large lakes will require more intense conservation efforts in a warmer, increasingly populated world to achieve sustainable, high-quality waters. This Warning to Humanity is also an opportunity to highlight the value of a long-term lake observatory network to monitor and report on environmental changes in large lake ecosystems.
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| 10. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Le Febvrier, Arnaud, et al.
(författare)
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p-type behavior of CrN thin films via control of point defects
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 105:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study on nonstoichiometric CrN1+δ thinfilms grown by reactive magnetron sputtering on c-plane sapphire and MgO (100) substrates in an Ar/N2 gasmixture using different percentages of N2. There is a transition from n-type to p-type behavior in the layersas a function of nitrogen concentration varying from 48 to 52 at. % in CrN films. The compositional changefollows a similar trend for all substrates, with a N/Cr ratio increasing from approximately 0.7 to 1.06–1.11 byincreasing the percentage of N2 in the gas flow ratio. As a result of the change in stoichiometry, the latticeparameter and the Seebeck coefficient increase together with the increase of N in CrN1+δ ; in particular, theSeebeck value coefficient transitions from –50 μV K–1 for CrN0.97 to +75μV K–1 for CrN1.1. Density functionaltheory calculations show that Cr vacancies can account for the change in the Seebeck coefficient, since they pushthe Fermi level down in the valence band, whereas N interstitial defects in the form of N2 dumbbells are neededto explain the increasing lattice parameter. Calculations including both types of defects, which have a strongtendency to bind together, reveal a slight increase in the lattice parameter and a simultaneous formation of holesin the valence band. To explain the experimental trends, we argue that both Cr vacancies and N2 dumbbells,possibly in combined configurations, are present in the films. We demonstrate the possibility of controlling thesemiconducting behavior of CrN with intrinsic defects from n to p type, opening possibilities to integrate thiscompound in energy-harvesting thermoelectric devices.
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| 12. |
- Lin, Qi, et al.
(författare)
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Transient social-ecological dynamics reveal signals of decoupling in a highly disturbed Anthropocene landscape
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 121:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the transient dynamics of interlinked social-ecological systems (SES) is imperative for assessing sustainability in the Anthropocene. However, how to identify critical transitions in real-world SES remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we present an evolutionary framework to characterize these dynamics over an extended historical timeline. Our approach leverages multidecadal rates of change in socioeconomic data, paleoenvironmental, and cutting-edge sedimentary ancient DNA records from China's Yangtze River Delta, one of the most densely populated and intensively modified landscapes on Earth. Our analysis reveals two significant social-ecological transitions characterized by contrasting interactions and feedback spanning several centuries. Initially, the regional SES exhibited a loosely connected and ecologically sustainable regime. Nevertheless, starting in the 1950s, an increasingly interconnected regime emerged, ultimately resulting in the crossing of tipping points and an unprecedented acceleration in soil erosion, water eutrophication, and ecosystem degradation. Remarkably, the second transition occurring around the 2000s, featured a notable decoupling of socioeconomic development from ecoenvironmental degradation. This decoupling phenomenon signifies a more desirable reconfiguration of the regional SES, furnishing essential insights not only for the Yangtze River Basin but also for regions worldwide grappling with similar sustainability challenges. Our extensive multidecadal empirical investigation underscores the value of coevolutionary approaches in understanding and addressing social-ecological system dynamics.
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| 13. |
- Oldenhof, Martijn, et al.
(författare)
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Industry-Scale Orchestrated Federated Learning for Drug Discovery
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 37th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2023. ; 37, s. 15576-15584
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To apply federated learning to drug discovery we developed a novel platform in the context of European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) project MELLODDY (grant n°831472), which was comprised of 10 pharmaceutical companies, academic research labs, large industrial companies and startups. The MELLODDY platform was the first industry-scale platform to enable the creation of a global federated model for drug discovery without sharing the confidential data sets of the individual partners. The federated model was trained on the platform by aggregating the gradients of all contributing partners in a cryptographic, secure way following each training iteration. The platform was deployed on an Amazon Web Services (AWS) multi-account architecture running Kubernetes clusters in private subnets. Organisationally, the roles of the different partners were codified as different rights and permissions on the platform and administrated in a decentralized way. The MELLODDY platform generated new scientific discoveries which are described in a companion paper.
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| 14. |
- Yang, Weizhao, et al.
(författare)
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Population Genomics of Wall Lizards Reflects the Dynamic History of the Mediterranean Basin
- 2022
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Ingår i: Molecular biology and evolution. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0737-4038 .- 1537-1719. ; 39:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Mediterranean Basin has experienced extensive change in geology and climate over the past six million years. Yet, the relative importance of key geological events for the distribution and genetic structure of the Mediterranean fauna remains poorly understood. Here, we use population genomic and phylogenomic analyses to establish the evolutionary history and genetic structure of common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). This species is particularly informative because, in contrast to other Mediterranean lizards, it is widespread across the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas, and in extra-Mediterranean regions. We found strong support for six major lineages within P. muralis, which were largely discordant with the phylogenetic relationship of mitochondrial DNA. The most recent common ancestor of extant P. muralis was likely distributed in the Italian Peninsula, and experienced an "Out-of-Italy" expansion following the Messinian salinity crisis (∼5 Mya), resulting in the differentiation into the extant lineages on the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas. Introgression analysis revealed that both inter- and intraspecific gene flows have been pervasive throughout the evolutionary history of P. muralis. For example, the Southern Italy lineage has a hybrid origin, formed through admixture between the Central Italy lineage and an ancient lineage that was the sister to all other P. muralis. More recent genetic differentiation is associated with the onset of the Quaternary glaciations, which influenced population dynamics and genetic diversity of contemporary lineages. These results demonstrate the pervasive role of Mediterranean geology and climate for the evolutionary history and population genetic structure of extant species.
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