| 1. |
- Ekblom, Robert, Docent, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Sample identification and pedigree reconstruction in Wolverine (Gulo gulo) using SNP genotyping of non-invasive samples
- 2021
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Ingår i: Conservation Genetics Resources. - : Springer Nature. - 1877-7252 .- 1877-7260. ; 13:3, s. 261-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For conservation genetic studies using non-invasively collected samples, genome-wide data may be hard to acquire. Until now, such studies have instead mostly relied on analyses of traditional genetic markers such as microsatellites (SSRs). Recently, high throughput genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has become available, expanding the use of genomic methods to include non-model species of conservation concern. We have developed a 96-marker SNP array for use in applied conservation monitoring of the Scandinavian wolverine (Gulo gulo) population. By genotyping more than a thousand non-invasively collected samples, we were able to obtain precise estimates of different types of genotyping errors and sample dropout rates. The SNP panel significantly outperforms the SSR markers (and DBY intron markers for sexing) both in terms of precision in genotyping, sex assignment and individual identification, as well as in the proportion of samples successfully genotyped. Furthermore, SNP genotyping offers a simplified laboratory and analysis pipeline with fewer samples needed to be repeatedly genotyped in order to obtain reliable consensus data. In addition, we utilised a unique opportunity to successfully demonstrate the application of SNP genotype data for reconstructing pedigrees in wild populations, by validating the method with samples from wild individuals with known relatedness. By offering a simplified workflow with improved performance, we anticipate this methodology will facilitate the use of non-invasive samples to improve genetic management of many different types of populations that have previously been challenging to survey.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Andrén, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Harvest models of small populations of a large carnivore using Bayesian forecasting
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ecological Applications. - : Wiley. - 1051-0761 .- 1939-5582. ; 30:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Harvesting large carnivores can be a management tool for meeting politically set goals for their desired abundance. However, harvesting carnivores creates its own set of conflicts in both society and among conservation professionals, where one consequence is a need to demonstrate that management is sustainable, evidence-based, and guided by science. Furthermore, because large carnivores often also have high degrees of legal protection, harvest quotas have to be carefully justified and constantly adjusted to avoid damaging their conservation status. We developed a Bayesian state-space model to support adaptive management of Eurasian lynx harvesting in Scandinavia. The model uses data from the annual monitoring of lynx abundance and results from long-term field research on lynx biology, which has provided detailed estimates of key demographic parameters. We used the model to predict the probability that the forecasted population size will be below or above the management objectives when subjected to different harvest quotas. The model presented here informs decision makers about the policy risks of alternative harvest levels. Earlier versions of the model have been available for wildlife managers in both Sweden and Norway to guide lynx harvest quotas and the model predictions showed good agreement with observations. We combined monitoring data with data on vital rates and were able to estimate unobserved additional mortality rates, which are most probably due to poaching. In both countries, the past quota setting strategy suggests that there has been a de facto threshold strategy with increasing proportion, which means that there is no harvest below a certain population size, but above this threshold there is an increasing proportion of the population harvested as the population size increases. The annual assessment of the monitoring results, the use of forecasting models, and a threshold harvest approach to quota setting will all reduce the risk of lynx population sizes moving outside the desired goals. The approach we illustrate could be adapted to other populations of mammals worldwide.
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| 5. |
- Andren, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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No Allee effect detected during the natural recolonization by a large carnivore despite low growth rate
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecosphere. - : Wiley. - 2150-8925 .- 2150-8925. ; 13:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have recently naturally recolonized southern Sweden. The first documented reproduction of lynx in recent times occurred in 2003, and the population increased from 2 to 48 family groups (the unit of measurement in Swedish monitoring) during its first 18 years (2003/2004–2020/2021). We did not detect any Allee effect, that is, lower growth rate at low population density, during the recolonization of southern Sweden, although our population simulations revealed a non-negligible (30%) chance that population observed development could include an Allee effect. The probable absence of an Allee effect was likely because colonizing females did not lack mating partners, as a larger number of wide-ranging males were established in the area before documented reproduction took place. Despite the absence of an Allee effect, the growth rate during recolonization was lower in southern Sweden (λ = 1.20) than in central Sweden (λ = 1.29). We have no evidence of higher mortality, including that from poaching, or lower reproduction in southern Sweden could explain the lower growth rate. Instead, we suggest that the lower growth rate during the recolonization of southern Sweden was explained by fewer immigrants arriving from central Sweden due to areas of less suitable habitat between central and southern Sweden, partially preventing immigration southward. From a conservation point of view, it is positive that this small population could recover without being negatively influenced by an Allee effect, as small populations with an Allee effect experience lower viability than those without.
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| 6. |
- Andren, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Season rather than habitat affects lynx survival and risk of mortality in the human-dominated landscape of southern Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Wildlife Biology. - : Wiley. - 0909-6396 .- 1903-220X. ; 2022
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landscapes are mosaics of habitat associated with different risks and resources, including human activities, which can affect individual survival in wildlife. Different relationships between habitat characteristics and human-caused and natural mortality can result in attractive sinks. We used individual-based data from 97 Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx monitored for 160 exposure-years to link adult survival and the risk of mortality to home range habitat characteristics in the human-dominated landscape of southern Sweden. Human-caused mortality (i.e. legal hunting, poaching and vehicle accidents) dominated mortality causes (24 out of 37 deaths). We did not detect any strong effects of habitat characterises explaining the variation in mortality risk in lynx. Although the density of roe deer affects several aspects of lynx ecology, we could not detect any effects of roe deer density on lynx survival, probably because roe deer density was sufficiently high in our study area. Instead, seasonal variation was the main factor influencing mortality in lynx. Mortality was highest during the hunting season for lynx (16 February-31 March), as well as during autumn and winter, probably because lynx poaching occurs opportunistically during the hunting season for moose and roe deer. We did not find any indication that human activity created attractive sinks for lynx, since there were no contrasting patterns between human-caused and natural mortality in terms of habitat characteristics. One explanation for the limited influence of the home range characteristics may be that lynx in our study died from multiple causes. Therefore, it is less likely that one or a few habitat characteristics could explain the risk of mortality at the home range scale. There is strong evidence that lynx can coexist with humans in multi-use and human-dominated landscapes, even without large protected areas, if the management regimes are favourable.
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| 7. |
- Aronsson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorus load in outdoor areas for laying hens and capacity of phosphorus retaining materials to reduce the environmental impact
- 2022
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Ingår i: Organic Agriculture. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 1879-4238 .- 1879-4246. ; 12:3, s. 325-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated manure loads in outdoor paddocks for laying hens and the capacity of two phosphorus (P) retaining materials for reducing leaching from manure in areas with high hen density. Inventories on two commercial farms during 2 years (2017 and 2018) of the impact of hens (groups of 3000 hens) on vegetation, as a proxy for land use by hens, showed that 16–21% of outdoor area in grassland paddocks and 22–39% of area in a forest paddock were used by the hens. Sand and limestone were tested as P retention materials in areas with high manure load in a field study during the outdoor season for laying hens (May 1 to October 31 in 2018). The materials were placed on the ground (0.2 m deep bed, 3.3 m wide) outside the pop-hole in paddocks with 76 hens. The average numbers of hens outdoors were recorded at 9 am and 3 pm daily. There was no significant difference between the materials concerning distribution of hens, and they seemed not to prefer any material more than the other. When cylinders containing the spent materials were exposed to simulated rainfalls in a laboratory study, the P concentrations in drainage water were high for all materials, including a control with gravel (58–136 mg PO4-P L−1 and 130–197 mg total-P L−1). On average, 14% of manure P retained in the sand and limestone materials was leached after 100 mm of simulated rainfall. Thus, these materials may act as physical filters for P in manure, but to reduce the risk of P losses to waters during the following winter, they need to be removed from the paddocks and preferably used as potential P fertilizers on arable land. © 2021, The Author(s).
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| 8. |
- Aronsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Användning av kamerastationer för järv : individbestämning, könsbestämning samt förekomst av lakterande honor
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kamerastationerna fungerar bra för att fotografera järv, majoriteten av alla bilder från kamerastationerna vi använt har varit av järv. Det kan däremot ta ett tag innan järven börjar använda kamerastationen. Bilderna från kamerastationerna har fungerat bra för att könsbestämma järvarna samt se om honor är lakterande. Det har i viss mån även gått att identifiera olika järvindivider genom att titta på teckning på bröstet. Det är viktigt att betet sitter så högt att järven behöver använda klätterstödet med bakbenen för att den ska gå att könsbestämma. Kamerastationen bör sitta 1.5-2.5 m över marken/snötäcket för att minimera bilder på andra djur. Vi har använt både sågat virke och bakar till kamerastationen och båda verkar fungera lika bra. Vid kamerastationerna har vi använt två kameror, en fäst vid ett träd mitt emot ställningen (kamera 1) som fotograferar ett område från överdelen av plattformen till nederdelen av betet och en som fotograferar hela kamerastationen (kamera 2). Det är viktigt att kamera 1 tar bilder av bra kvalitet och att rörelsesensorn utlöses snabbt vid rörelse på stationen. Vid placering av kamerastationen tänk på att motljus, drevsnö, grenar som rör sig i vinden försämrar bilderna och ökar risken för ”tomma bilder”. Mycket fukt i luften eller att solen står lågt är andra faktorer som påverkar bildkvalitén men som är svåra att komma ifrån. På våra kamerastationer i Dalarna har kontrasten i framförallt nattbilder försämrats avsevärt av att klätterstöden var för ljusa. Vi har provat att beta kamerastationer med både kött och doftmedel. För att järven ska hitta kamerastationen är det bra att använda bete med stark doft och järvarna verkar gilla bäver. I början kan bete också sättas högre upp i angränsande träd för att öka doftspridning samt läggas löst på plattformen så att järven motiveras att klättra upp. Betet ovanför kamerastationen måste sitta så högt att järven måste använda klätterstödet med bakbenen, men inte så högt att järven ger upp eller försöker nå det på annat sätt, vi rekommenderar att sätta betet 40-60 cm ovanför klätterstödet. Betet måste sitta ordentligt fast så att järven inte kan dra ner allt direkt. Vi ser flera potentiella användningsområden för kamerastationer i dagens inventering, framförallt i södra delen av järvens utbredningsområde med begränsade förutsättningar för snöspårning. Kamerastationerna kan användas för att dokumentera förekomst av järv, könsbestämning, val av områden för riktade insatser att hitta lyor utifrån foton av honor samt dokumentation av lakterande honor. Järvprojektet planerar att arbeta vidare med en eventuell användning av kamerastationer för att dokumentera föryngring av järv på ett kostnads- och tidseffektivt sätt som minskar störningen vid lyplatser. Kamerastationen skulle även kunna användas för insamling av hår för DNA-analys som tillsammans med bilderna kan identifiera järvindivider för lokala populationsuppskattningar med fångst-återfångst beräkningar. Slutligen så vill vi poängtera vikten av att hela järvens utbredning inventeras eftersom både mål för populationsstorlek och förvaltningsbeslut bygger på den totala populationsstorleken. Antalet järvar utanför renskötselområdet ha stor påverkan på utrymmet för förvaltningsåtgärder inom renskötselområdet.
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| 9. |
- Aronsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Avstandskriterier for beregning av antall jerveynglinger : en evaluering av avstand mellom yngleobservasjoner uten tilknytting til hiplass
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bestandsstørrelse og bestandsutvikling hos jerv i Skandinavia overvåkes gjennom registrering av antall ynglinger og ved hjelp av DNA. I overvåkingen av ynglinger er det viktig å kunne vurdere om observasjoner av yngleaktivitet er fra den samme jervetispa eller fra to ulike tisper. I dagens overvåkingsinstruks finnes det ingen avstandskriterier (AK) for å skille mellom to ulike observasjoner av yngleaktivitet der ingen av observasjonene er knyttet til en hiplass, dvs. observasjoner av lakterende tisper, og spor- eller synsobservasjoner av jervevalper. AK på 10 km mellom hiplasser blir derfor brukt. Målet med denne rapporten er å analysere forflytningsmønsteret hos GPS merkete ynglende jervetisper og undersøke sannsynligheten for at to posisjoner tilhører den samme jervetispa vs. sannsynligheten for at de to posisjonene tilhører to forskjellige jervetisper ved forskjellige statiske AK. Vi har all brukt alle tilgjengelige GPS data på jerv fra Skandinavia, både fra barskog og fjellområder.Distansene mellom to daglige posisjoner for den samme tispa (forflyttingsdistanse) varierte ikke mye med antall dager mellom posisjonene (1-150 dager). Når tidsdifferanse ble begrenset til < 15 dager, var distansene større tidlig i februar og sank mot første halvdel av mars, grunnet jervetispas tilknytning til hiet, før de igjen steg utover våren og var stabile utover sommeren. Det var en tydelig sammenheng mellom størrelsen på hjemmeområde og distansen som en tispe beveger seg, men det var ikke noen tydelig relasjon mellom andelen skog eller fjell i hjemmeområdet og størrelsen på hjemmeområdet eller forflyttingsdistansene. Ved dagens AK på 10 km var det 36 % sannsynlighet at to posisjoner kom fra to ulike jervetisper med én dag mellom posisjonene og 46 % med 150 dager mellom posisjonene. Samtidig var 21 % av distansene mellom to daglige posisjoner for samme tispe over 10 km.Når et AK skal fastsettes er det to typer feil vi ønsker å unngå; feilaktig slå sammen to observasjoner av ulike ynglende jervetisper til én yngling (underestimere) og feilaktig splitte to observasjoner av den samme ynglende jervetispa til to ulike observasjoner (overestimere). Intet AK vil være feilfritt og vil kunne inkludere en risiko for overestimering og/eller underestimering. Hvilket AK man velger er avhengig av hvordan risikoen for overestimering og underestimering av antall ynglinger vektlegges. Vår vurdering er at et AK på rundt 15 km mellom to observasjoner som ikke er knyttet til en hiplass vil være et konservativt avstandskriterium som balanserer risikoen for over eller underestimering av antall ynglinger. Sannsynligheten for at to posisjoner fra den samme jervetispa er lenger enn 15 km er liten (0,03) selv om over 80 % av de ynglende jervetispene hadde forflyttingsdistanser som var lengre enn 15 km. Samtidig er det mest sannsynlig at to posisjoner 15 km i fra hverandre tilhører to ulike jervetisper (73-79%). Vi argumenterer for at et AK på 10km har for stor risiko for å overestimere antall ynglinger og at et AK på 20 km har for stor risiko for å underestimere antall ynglinger.
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| 10. |
- Aronsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Female breeding dispersal in wolverines, a solitary carnivore with high territorial fidelity
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals' fidelity to an area provides insight into the stability of the spatial and temporal organisation of animals. Territorial fidelity is often influenced by reproductive success, age, the dispersion and predictability of resources, and intraspecific competition. We examined between-year territorial fidelity in wolverines (Gulo gulo), using location data from 47 individuals collected during 1993-2013 in northern Sweden, to assess the stability of the spatial organisation of this solitary carnivore. For females, we also determined residency status from 1 year to the next. The study population is characterized by a stable distribution of resident individuals, with both males and females showing higher fidelity at the total territory level compared to more intensively used core areas. In 86% of the yearly residency status estimates (n = 122), the female remained stationary. In the remaining 14% of the cases, females either vacated their territory (8% of residency statuses), or expanded into a neighbouring territory (6% of residency statuses). We documented six cases of breeding dispersal, representing one of the few known cases of breeding dispersal in longlived large mammals. We suggest that this high territorial fidelity is enabled by wolverines' caching and scavenging behaviours, which buffer the unpredictable and large spatiotemporal variation in resource abundance in this low-productivity area. Breeding dispersal may occur due to competition for high-quality territories in this saturated population, where females are forced to abandon their territory by competitors or bequeath territories to offspring. This study further highlights the complexity of the social and spatial dynamics for solitary carnivores.
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| 11. |
- Aronsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Intensity of space use reveals conditional sex-specific effects of prey and conspecific density on home range size
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 6, s. 2957-2967
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Home range (HR) size variation is often linked to resource abundance, with sex differences expected to relate to sex-specific fitness consequences. However, studies generally fail to disentangle the effects of the two main drivers of HR size variation, food and conspecific density, and rarely consider how their relative influence change over spatiotemporal scales. We used location data from 77 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from a 16-year Scandinavian study to examine HR sizes variation relative to prey and conspecific density at different spatiotemporal scales. By varying the isopleth parameter (intensity of use) defining the HR, we show that sex-specific effects were conditional on the spatial scale considered. Males had larger HRs than females in all seasons. Females' total HR size declined as prey and conspecific density increased, whereas males' total HR was only affected by conspecific density. However, as the intensity of use within the HR increased (from 90% to 50% isopleth), the relationship between prey density and area showed opposing patterns for females and males; for females, the prey density effect was reduced, while for males, prey became increasingly important. Thus, prey influenced the size of key regions within male HRs, despite total HR size being independent of prey density. Males reduced their HR size during the mating season, likely to remain close to individual females in estrous. Females reduced their HR size postreproduction probably because of movement constrains imposed by dependent young. Our findings highlight the importance of simultaneously considering resources and intraspecific interactions as HR size determinants. We show that sex-specific demands influence the importance of prey and conspecific density on space use at different spatiotemporal scales. Thus, unless a gradient of space use intensity is examined, factors not related to total HR size might be disregarded despite their importance in determining size of key regions within the HR.
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| 12. |
- Aronsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Järven i Inre Skandinaviens skogslandskap – områdesbruk, födoval och reproduktion
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under lång tid har järvstammen i Skandinavien varit begränsad till nordliga fjälltrakter på gränsen mellan Sverige och Norge. Men de senaste decennierna har den återkoloniserat stora delar av sitt forna utbredningsområde ner till Värmland och södra Dalarna i Sverige och Hedmarks fylke i Norge. Ännu finns lite kunskap om järvars ekologi i denna del av utbredningsområdet och i vilken grad den skiljer sig från områden där mycket forskning bedrivits tidigare. För att förstå hur järvstammen ska förvaltas i sydliga delar av utbredningen behövs kunskap om vad som påverkar täthet och utbredning. Därför har vi inom ramen för projektet GRENSEVILT studerat järvars områdesbruk, reproduktion och vad de lever av och hur det i sin tur påverkar och påverkas av andra arter. Vår studie baserar sig på data från 23 järvar (11 honor och 12 hanar) som följdes med GPS-sändare under totalt 39 perioder. Järvhanarna hade betydligt större hemområden än honorna; 3-10 gånger så stora per säsong (vår, sommar, höst) och månad. Hanarnas hemområden var i medeltal mellan 350 och 1000 km2 stora. Honors hemområden var i medeltal 50-100 km2, de var som minst under vårvintern när honan har ungar, vilket också syntes tydligt på storleken på kärnområden (delen av hemområdet som används mest). Järvarna levde framförallt på rester av älg under både vår, sommar och höst. Födan kom främst från asätande, men järvarna tog även mindre byten själva. Den vanligaste födokällan var rester av klövvilt som järven hämtat från t.ex. slaktgropar (ansamling av slaktrester från jakt), åtlar eller kadaver. Vi följde totalt 5 järvar under försommaren i samband med älgens kalvningstid. Tre av järvarna tog troligtvis älgkalv då vi hittade rester efter totalt 5 älgkalvar under denna period. Vi hittade också rester av andra mindre bytesdjur troligtvis tagna av järv, framförallt tjäder och andra fåglar men även hare och mård. Ungefär hälften av all föda järven nyttjade härrörde från mänsklig aktivitet (framförallt jakt men också en trafikdödad älg). Sannolikt är denna andel högre än så eftersom även en del av klövviltresterna med okänt ursprung kommer från mänsklig aktivitet. Något överraskande var det bara en av järvarna vi följde som nyttjade resterna efter en vargdödad älg. När det gäller reproduktion tyder våra resultat på att järvhonor har en hög reproduktionsframgång i denna del av Skandinavien. Nästan alla honor vi följde födde ungar och två tredjedelar av dessa hade kvar minst en unge i juni. I två fall hittade vi döda ungar, båda var sannolikt ihjälbitna av järv. Precis som i andra områden flyttade honorna sina ungar mellan olika lyplatser, oftare och längre avstånd under senare delen av våren. Vår studie visar att järvars ekologi i skogslandet i stora drag liknar det som beskrivits från andra delar av utbredningsområdet. Något som skiljer ut detta område är att en stor andel av järvarnas föda härrör från mänsklig aktivitet, särskilt som rester från jakt, och inte predation på klövvilt eller tamdjur eller nyttjande av rester från bytesdjur dödade av andra rovdjur. Eftersom järven också lagrar mat kan rester från framförallt älgjakten vara både en riklig och förutsägbar födokälla under stora delar av året, vilket också kan vara en av förklaringarna till den höga reproduktionen som vi observerade. God födotillgång och hög reproduktion talar för att järven kommer att fortsätta återkolonisera södra delarna av sitt forna utbredningsområde.
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| 13. |
- Aronsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Mismatch between goals and the scale of actions constrains adaptive carnivore management: the case of the wolverine in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Animal Conservation. - : Wiley. - 1367-9430 .- 1469-1795. ; 20, s. 261-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efficient conservation of wide-ranging carnivores requires that adaptive management consider the varying ecological and societal conditions within the entire range of a population. In northern Europe, large carnivore management has to balance carnivore conservation and maintaining the indigenous reindeer-herding culture. Wolverine Gulo gulo monitoring and management in Sweden is currently focused on alpine reindeer husbandry areas where wolverine abundance and associated depredation conflicts have been highest. However, this focus ignores a potential southwards population expansion because current monitoring relies on snow-based tracking methods that are not applicable outside northern alpine areas. Thus, in this study we: (1) used available monitoring data from 1996 to 2014 in Sweden to assess wolverine distribution trends in relation to national management goals, and (2) evaluate the current monitoring protocol against the use of camera stations as an alternative, snow-independent, method for detecting wolverine presence at the southern periphery of its distribution. We show that the wolverine population in Sweden has expanded considerably into the boreal forest landscape, and colonized areas without reindeer husbandry and persistent spring snow cover. The latter indicates a less strict relationship between wolverine distribution and snow cover than previously hypothesized. Current management continues to use a monitoring protocol that is only adapted to high-conflict alpine areas, and is not adapting to changing conditions in the population range, which creates a problematic scale mismatch. Consequently, national management decisions are currently based on incomplete population information, as roughly a third of wolverine's range is not included in official population estimates, which could have detrimental consequences for conflict mitigation and conservation efforts. This illustrates that an important key to successful carnivore conservation is flexible management that considers the entire range of conditions at the appropriate regional and temporal scales under which carnivores, environment and people interact.
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| 14. |
- Aronsson, Malin
(författare)
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'O neighbour, where art thou?' : spatial and social dynamics in wolverine and lynx, from individual space use to population distribution
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The organisation of individuals in space and time influences population structure and dynamics, and is important for our understanding of animal ecology. The aim of this thesis is to gain an increased understanding of the mechanisms driving the abundance and distribution of solitary carnivores, from individual space use to population-level distribution. I used individual-level spatial and demographic data from Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolverines (Gulo gulo), collected over more than 20 years in multiple areas within Scandinavia, to assess space use determinants and link territorial dynamics to dispersal patterns. For lynx, female total home range size declined as roe deer and lynx density increased. Male total home range size also declined with higher lynx density, while prey only became important for determining the size of more intensively used areas within the home range. There is also a positive effect of roe deer abundance on lynx survival in south-central Sweden. Roe deer is a predictable prey source compared to migrating reindeer, the main prey for lynx in northern Sweden. I found that home range overlap between neighbouring lynx increased with their relatedness (mother-daughter) for females in northern Sweden, but not for males nor females in the south. This finding suggests inclusive fitness benefits of sharing an unpredictable and highly seasonal food source with known relatives. The wolverine study population was characterized by a stable distribution of resident individuals with high territorial fidelity. When a territory became vacant in the study area, it was almost exclusively reoccupied by a female from the surrounding area. The availability of a young female’s natal territory substantially increased the probability of her establishing in the study area. Furthermore, the probability of a young female leaving the study area increased as the number of available territories decreased. This finding suggests that the study population is saturated, with limited room for dispersers to establish, which suggests that emigration to surrounding areas is related to survival of resident females. Wolverines in Sweden have expanded into boreal forests south and east of alpine areas. However, the recolonised areas with limited snow cover remain largely unmonitored. Most females gave birth in natal dens in mid-February, and rarely moved their cubs between den sites for the first two months, while lactating and while prey availability was low. After weaning, den shifting over longer distances increased, matching the seasonal increase in prey availability. Increased knowledge of spatial and social dynamics can give insights into how these populations are influenced by human activity, as well as the outcome of management actions.
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| 15. |
- Aronsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Resource dispersion and relatedness interact to explain space use in a solitary predator
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 129, s. 1174-1184
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resource dispersion or kin selection are commonly used to explain animal spatial and social organization. Despite this, studies examining how these factors interact in wild populations of solitary animals are rare. We used 16 years of individual-level spatial and genetic data to disentangle how resources and relatedness influence spatial organization of a solitary predator, the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx. As expected, space-use overlap between neighbouring individuals increased when food resources were heterogeneous and unpredictably distributed (as predicted from resource dispersion) or when neighbours were closely related (as predicted from kin selection). However, these patterns were highly dependent on each other. Increased spatial overlap was restricted to mother-daughter dyads, with this effect only occurring in areas and during seasons when prey was clumped and irregularly distributed in the landscape. Additionally, full-siblings with similar levels of genetic relatedness did not show these patterns, suggesting that kin selection is mediated through mother-daughter recognition, and is only beneficial under specific resource dispersion circumstances. Our results provide key insights into the flexibility of spatial organization of solitary animals, and clearly show the importance of considering the interaction between resources and kinship when assessing animal space use patterns.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Aronsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Road to Incremental Allocation & Incremental Planning
- 2012. - 11
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Successiv tilldelning (Successive Allocation) is a new approach for railway planning for Trafikverket (the Swedish Transport Administration) worked out by SICS. This document describes the steps proposed by SICS towards a full implementation of the new approach. Results from the SICS projects Tågplan 2015 and Marackasen are reported, as these support the reasoning behind the suggested implementation.
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| 18. |
- Aronsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Uncovered capacity in Incremental Allocation
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper summarizes the work to estimate the value of uncovered capacity when using Incremental Allocation, including how it was calculated. The estimation was performed as part of the commercial valuation of Incremental Allocation. This valuation was made within the PENG framework. The aim is to estimate the value of new traffic that can be served by the uncovered capacity. The calculations are based on the UIC406 standard, but instead of analysing the traffic executed on a typical day the planned train paths are analysed. More precisely, the input data is a snapshot from planning tool TrainPlan from 2011-04-08, including AdHoc train paths. The results show that a large portion of the available capacity is hidden from use by the current planning methods and scheduling rules.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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Att synliggöra och motverka ojämställdhet i arbetslivet : En vänbok till Annika Härenstam
- 2020
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hur kommer det sig att arbetet medför status, goda arbetsvillkor och hälsa för vissa, medan det innebär vanmakt, underordning och sjukdom för andra? Denna uråldriga och till synes naiva fråga pockar allt ihärdigare på ett svar i en tid där den sociala ojämlikheten ökar. Den som är det minsta intresserad av arbetsliv och hälsa och som läser de kapitel som nu följer kommer att bli inspirerad, kanske provocerad och troligen väldigt imponerad av svensk arbetslivsforskning. Flera av Sveriges mest framträdande arbetslivsforskare medverkar i boken.
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| 21. |
- Bergström, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
-
Does sickness presenteeism have an impact on future general health?
- 2009
-
Ingår i: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. - Berlin : Springer. - 0340-0131 .- 1432-1246. ; 82:10, s. 1179-1190
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: The primary aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether working despite illness, so called "sickness presenteeism", has an impact on the future general health of two different working populations during a follow-up period of 3 years.METHODS: The study was based on two bodies of data collected at a number of Swedish workplaces from 1999 to 2003. The first material comprised 6,901 employees from the public sector and the second 2,862 subjects from the private sector. A comprehensive survey was issued three times: at baseline, after 18 months and after 3 years. Apart from the explanatory variable sickness presenteeism, several potential confounders were considered. The outcome variable was good/excellent versus fair/poor self-reported health.RESULTS: Sickness presenteeism at baseline was consistently found to heighten the risk of fair/poor health at both the 18-month and 3-year follow ups even after adjusting for the detected confounders.CONCLUSIONS: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to show that sickness presenteeism appears to be an independent risk factor for future fair/poor general health.
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| 22. |
- Bergström, G, et al.
(författare)
-
Sickness Presenteeism Today, Sickness Absenteeism Tomorrow? : A Prospective Study on Sickness Presenteeism and Future Sickness Absenteeism.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 51:6, s. 629-638
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To prospectively investigate whether sickness presenteeism (SP), ie, going to work despite illness, has an impact on future sickness absenteeism. Methods: Two study populations were used, one female dominated from the public sector that included 3757 employees, and one male dominated from the private sector comprising 2485 employees. Results: SP on more than five occasions during the baseline year (2000) was a statistically significant risk factor for future sick leave (2002 and 2003) of more than 30 days among both populations even after adjusting for previous sick leave, health status, demographics, lifestyle, and work-related variables (2002, public sector, relative risk = 1.40; private sector, relative risk = 1.51). Conclusions: SP may be an important phenomenon to consider when evaluating measures aimed at decreasing sickness absenteeism because more SP may lead to future sickness absence.
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| 23. |
- Björk, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
-
Att synliggöra och motverka ojämställdhet i arbetslivet : drivkrafter, metoder och perspektiv i Annika Härenstams forskargärning
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Att synliggöra och motverka ojämställdhet i arbetslivet. - Helsingborg : Komlitt förlag. - 9789172512139 ; , s. 21-27
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I kapitlet behandlas Annika Härenstams forskning med avseende på drivkrafter, metoder och perspektiv. Karaktäristiskt är att arbetslivet ses som en arena där betydelsen av klass, genus och etnicitet är under ständig omförhandling. Organisationer utgör arbetets närmaste kontext och den psykosociala arbetsmiljön är sammanlänkad med hur organisationer utformas och styrs. Organisationer är ett slags filter mellan skeenden på makro- och mikronivå. En uppgift för forskningen är att systematiskt fånga, mäta och korrelera fenomen på olika nivåer. Den arbetande människan finns i ett yrke, på en arbetsplats, som är en del av en avdelning på ett företag, som finns i en bransch. På konkreta arbetsplatser är det omöjligt att isolera enskilda variabler från varandra. Många faktorer samverkar och åstadkommer de fenomen som kan observeras i enkäter och register. För att fånga komplexiteten krävs holistiska ansatser. Kluster- och flernivåanalyser är metoder för detta genom att de inte fragmentiserar arbetssituationer, utan håller samman aspekter i den konkreta verklighet som utgör individers arbetsliv. I Annika Härenstams genusperspektiv är den grundläggande hypotesen att de betydelsefulla skillnaderna snarare finns mellan kvinno- och mansdominerade yrken, sektorer och branscher, än mellan kvinnor och män, vilket synsätt har klara implikationer för hur arbetsmiljöarbete kan och bör bedrivas.
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| 24. |
- Bohlin, Markus, et al.
(författare)
-
Ansatser för flexibel planering och schemaläggning av tågtidtabeller
- 2006. - 1
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten beskriver möjliga ansatser för att lösa det abstraherade tidtabellproblemet som bl.a. diskuteras i rapporten "Leveranstågplan: Specifikation och åtagande" (DDTP Arbetsdokument SICS-DDTP-002). Till grund för de olika ansatserna ligger en modell med avgångstider och hålltider (dvs. väntetider och i viss mån traverseringstider) som tillåts variera inom vissa tidsintervall. Huvudidén är att arbeta med förenklade kapacitetsvillkor på bana och bangård, för att på ett effektivt sätt kunna beräkna tidtabeller på en nivå som tillåter anpassning av tidtabellen till det gällande transportbehovet och den rådande trafiksituationen.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Broekman, Maarten J. E., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating expert-based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS-tracking data
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Global Ecology and Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 1466-822X .- 1466-8238. ; 31:8, s. 1526-1541
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Macroecological studies that require habitat suitability data for many species often derive this information from expert opinion. However, expert-based information is inherently subjective and thus prone to errors. The increasing availability of GPS tracking data offers opportunities to evaluate and supplement expert-based information with detailed empirical evidence. Here, we compared expert-based habitat suitability information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with habitat suitability information derived from GPS-tracking data of 1,498 individuals from 49 mammal species.Location: Worldwide.Time period: 1998-2021.Major taxa studied: Forty-nine terrestrial mammal species.Methods: Using GPS data, we estimated two measures of habitat suitability for each individual animal: proportional habitat use (proportion of GPS locations within a habitat type), and selection ratio (habitat use relative to its availability). For each individual we then evaluated whether the GPS-based habitat suitability measures were in agreement with the IUCN data. To that end, we calculated the probability that the ranking of empirical habitat suitability measures was in agreement with IUCN's classification into suitable, marginal and unsuitable habitat types.Results: IUCN habitat suitability data were in accordance with the GPS data (> 95% probability of agreement) for 33 out of 49 species based on proportional habitat use estimates and for 25 out of 49 species based on selection ratios. In addition, 37 and 34 species had a > 50% probability of agreement based on proportional habitat use and selection ratios, respectively.Main conclusions: We show how GPS-tracking data can be used to evaluate IUCN habitat suitability data. Our findings indicate that for the majority of species included in this study, it is appropriate to use IUCN habitat suitability data in macroecological studies. Furthermore, we show that GPS-tracking data can be used to identify and prioritize species and habitat types for re-evaluation of IUCN habitat suitability data.
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| 27. |
- Druid, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Late age- and dose-related effects on the proteome of thyroid tissue in rats after 131I exposure.
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Radiation. - 2673-592X. ; 4:2, s. 149-166
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The physiological process of iodine uptake in the thyroid is used for 131I treatment of thyroid diseases. Children are more sensitive to radiation compared to adults and may react differently to 131I exposure. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects on thyroid protein expression in young and adult rats one year after 131I injection and identify potential biomarkers related to 131I exposure, absorbed dose, and age. Twelve Sprague Dawley rats (young and adults) were i.v. injected with 50 kBq or 500 kBq 131I and killed twelve months later. Twelve untreated rats were used as age-matched controls. Quantitative proteomics, statistical analysis, and evaluation of biological effects were performed. The effects of irradiation were most prominent in young rats. Protein biomarker candidates were proposed related to age, absorbed dose, thyroid function, and cancer, and a panel was proposed for 131I exposure. In conclusion, the proteome of rat thyroid was differentially regulated twelve months after low-intermediate dose exposure to 131I in both young and adult rats. Several biomarker candidates are proposed for 131I exposure, age, and many of them are known to be related to thyroid function or thyroid cancer. Further research on human samples is needed for validation. Data are avaiable via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024786.
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| 28. |
- Ekman, Jan, et al.
(författare)
-
TIME - en gemensam informationsutbytesplattform för järnvägstransportbranschen
- 2006. - 5
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- TIME står för Train Information Management Environment. TIME är ett tänkt övergripande informationssystem för Järnväg. Viktiga aspekter hos TIME är utformningen av en plattform för kommunikation mellan aktörerna i järnvägstransportbranschen och information mellan fordon och system med en fast plats. TIME gäller alla delar i ett informationssystem, hur data produceras och processas, infrastruktur för information och principer för datalagring och informationsutbyte samt funktioner och tjänster baserade på denna information. TIME avser t.ex. att medverka till att samverkan mellan järnvägstransportbranschens aktörer fungerar bra, dessa aktörers egen verksamhet blir effektiv och att kunder till järnvägen och andra som beror av järnvägen erhåller rätt information.
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| 29. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
A Novel Approach to Railway Planning
- 2009. - 14
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, detailed railway timetables in Sweden are published up to a year in advance, despite being based on volatile facts. We describe a new railway planning concept for Banverket, the Swedish Rail Administration, that aims to reduce the workload and increase the timetable quality, thus making railway traffic more cost-effective and attractive. The concept distinguishes between deliverables and production plans. The former are settled early and involve a selection of arrival and departure times that Banverket promises to deliver to the operators. The latter are fixed later, and only when sufficient information is available.
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| 30. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Digitala tjänster för co-modal trafiksynkronisering i Göta älv-området
- 2011. - 12
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta dokument sammanfattar det som har framkommit under en mindre förstudie inom ramen för projektet "Utveckling av innovativa, kundorienterade IT-baserade järnvägstjänster". Målet med förstudien var att undersöka dagens förutsättningar för att synkronisera co-modala skärningspunkter, med broöppningar som konkret exempel. Studien har tittat på vilken information som påverkar beslut om broöppningar med avsikt att kunna ge en indikation på vilka mekanismer och vilken information som skulle behövas från Trafikverkets perspektiv för att möjliggöra smidigare broöppningar för sjöfarten. Den faktor som enligt förstudien påverkar broöppningsmöjligheterna mest är bristen på tydliga riktlinjer för hur olika trafikslag ska prioriteras.
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| 31. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Maintaining tracks and traffic flow at the same time
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-9706 .- 2210-9714. ; 3:3, s. 111-123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an ideal world, all railway tracks would be available to trains at all times. In reality, track sections need to be closed every now and again for track maintenance and upgrades in order to ensure a satisfactory level of safety and comfort. In this paper, we present a MIP model that optimizes a production plan with regard to both trains and preventive maintenance. The planned maintenance activities may not be canceled, but may be moved in time within pre-defined time windows. Trains may be moved in time, redirected to other parts of the geography, or even canceled. The goal for the optimization is to find the best possible traffic flow given a fixed set of planned maintenance activities. In addition to presenting the model, we discuss the current maintenance planning process in Sweden, and exemplify the usefulness of our model in practice by applying it to two typical scenarios.
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| 32. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Opportunities and challenges with new railway planning approach in Sweden
- 2012. - 7
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Long lead times in railway planning can give rise to a significant discrepancy between the original plan and the traffic eventually operated, resulting in inefficient utilization of capacity. Research shows that the railway sector in Sweden would benefit from a different planning approach in which capacity consuming decisions are pushed forward in time whenever possible. This approach is currently being implemented at Trafikverket, the Swedish Transport Administration. With it follows a number of mathematical opportunities and challenges, some of which will be presented in this paper.
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| 33. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
The Maraca: a tool for minimizing resource conflicts in a non-periodic railway timetable
- 2011. - 9
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- While mathematical optimization and operations research receive growing attention in the railway sector, computerized timetabling tools that actually make significant use of optimization remain relatively rare. SICS has developed a prototype tool for non-periodic timetabling that minimizes resource conflicts, enabling the user to focus on the strategic decisions. The prototype is called the Maraca and has been used and evaluated during the railway timetabling construction phase at the Swedish Transport Administration between April and September 2010.
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| 34. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards shorter lead times in railway timetabling in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC. - 9781479929146 ; , s. 1053-1058
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Railway timetabling in Sweden has traditionally been associated with long lead times. In order for the railway sector to be able to compete with other transport modes, the infrastructure manager must become better at meeting the demand for railway services whose need for infrastructure capacity is not well-defined 6-18 months in advance. Research at SICS is changing the Swedish timetabling process so that it will accommodate late capacity requests in a significantly better way than before. This paper describes the principle behind the new method, briefly describes the optimization model that has been developed to support the new process, and presents examples that show how optimization tools can support the new process.
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| 35. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Tågtrafikplanering med successiv tilldelning
- 2009. - 5
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Idag konfliktregleras tågtrafiken i Sverige på sekundnivå redan i tidtabelläggningsfasen då operatörernas ansökningar har kommit in till Banverket, trots hög osäkerhet i planeringsunderlaget. Den här rapporten beskriver en tidtabelläggningsprocess där den detaljerade planeringen skjuts upp tills mer tillförlitliga fakta finns att tillgå. För den tidiga fasen föreslås i stället en mer översiktlig -- grov -- planering, vilken huvudsakligen mynnar ut i ett antal ankomster och avgångar som Banverket åtar sig att leverera punktligt till operatörerna. Poängen är att Banverket på så vis kan skjuta på besluten angående det som ska hända mellan åtagandepunkterna, och vi presenterar en konkret metod för hur detaljeringen som följer på den grova planeringen kan gå till. Metoden producerar en plan med en detaljeringsnivå som i stort överensstämmer med den i Banverkets tidtabelläggningssystem TrainPlan
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| 36. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Using timetabling optimization prototype tools in new ways to support decision making
- 2013. - 4
-
Ingår i: WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. - : WIT Press. - 1746-4498 .- 1743-3509. ; 127, s. 439-450
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish infrastructure manager Trafikverket is funding research for timetabling optimization tools as part of their overall mission to utilize the existing infrastructure more efficiently. Currently, Trafikverket is modernizing both planning processes and the IT architecture, and will soon be ready to start using optimization tools on a broad scale. Meanwhile, innovative uses of a prototype developed at SICS have shown how a prototype does not necessarily merely serve to pave way for a future, large-scale implementation. This paper shows how computers in railway planning, coupled with OR techniques, relevant data and apt modeling, can help provide a future user with valuable insights even before the full-fledged tool is in place.
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| 37. |
- Forsgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Using timetabling optimization prototype tools in new ways to support decision making
- 2012. - 6
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish infrastructure manager Trafikverket is funding research for timetabling optimization tools as part of their overall mission to utilize the existing infrastructure more efficiently. Currently, Trafikverket is modernizing both planning processes and the IT architecture, and will soon be ready to start using optimization tools on a broad scale. Meanwhile, innovative uses of a prototype developed at SICS have shown how a prototype does not necessarily merely serve to pave way for a future, large-scale implementation. This paper shows how computers in railway planning, coupled with OR techniques, relevant data and apt modeling, can help provide a future user with valuable insights even before the full-fledged tool is in place.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Gestrelius, Sara, et al.
(författare)
-
On the delivery robustness of train timetables with respect to production replanning possibilities
- 2012. - 15
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measuring timetable robustness is a complex task. Previous efforts have mainly been focused on simulation studies or measurements of time supplements. However, these measurements don't capture the production flexibility of a timetable, which is essential for measuring the robustness with regard to the trains' commercial activity commitments, and also for merging the goals of robustness and efficiency. In this article we differentiate between production timetables and delivery timetables. A production timetable contains all stops, meetings and switch crossings, while a delivery timetable only contains stops for commercial activities. If a production timetable is constructed such that it can easily be replanned to cope with delays without breaking any commercial activity commitments it provides delivery robustness without compromising travel efficiency. Changing meeting locations is one of the replanning tools available during operation, and this paper presents a new framework for heuristically optimising a given production timetable with regard to the number of alternative meeting locations. Mixed integer programming is used to find two delivery feasible production solutions, one early and one late. The area between the two solutions represents alternative meeting locations and therefore also the replanning enabled robustness. A case study from Sweden demonstrates how the method can be used to develop better production timetables.
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| 40. |
- Hedlund, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Type I IFN system activation in newborns exposed to Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantibodies in utero
- 2020
-
Ingår i: RMD Open. - : BMJ. - 2056-5933. ; 6:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: In utero exposure of the fetus to Ro/La autoantibodies may lead to congenital heart block (CHB). In the mother, these autoantibodies are associated with activation of the type I interferon (IFN)-system. As maternal autoantibodies are transferred to the fetus during pregnancy, we investigated whether the type I IFN-system is activated also in newborns of anti-Ro/La positive mothers, and whether fetal IFN activation is affected by maternal immunomodulatory treatment.METHODS: Blood drawn at birth from anti-Ro/La positive mothers, their newborns and healthy control pairs was separated into plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC were analysed directly or cultured. mRNA expression was analysed by microarrays, cell surface markers by flow cytometry, and IFNα levels by immunoassays.RESULTS: We observed increased expression of IFN-regulated genes and elevated plasma IFNα levels not only in anti-Ro/La positive women, but also in their newborns. CD14+ monocytes of both anti-Ro/La positive mothers and their neonates showed increased expression of Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-1, indicating cellular activation. Notably, the IFN score of neonates born to mothers receiving immunomodulatory treatment was similar to that of controls, despite persistent IFN activation in the mothers. In both maternal and neonatal PBMC, IFNα production was induced when cells were cultured with anti-Ro/La positive plasma.CONCLUSIONS: Ro/La autoantibody-exposed neonates at risk of CHB have signs of an activated immune system with an IFN signature. This study further demonstrates that neonatal cells can produce IFNα when exposed to autoantibody-containing plasma, and that maternal immunomodulatory treatment may diminish the expression of IFN-regulated genes in the fetus.
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| 41. |
- Hemmingmoore, Heather, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluating habitat suitability and connectivity for a recolonizing large carnivore
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 242
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conservation of wide-ranging species presents challenges in a world of intensified human land use, forcing animals to occupy and recolonize human-modified landscapes. Although identifying suitable habitat and ensuring connectivity are important in supporting natural recolonization, these actions are rarely validated due to difficulties in monitoring such events. In Sweden, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is now recolonizing its former range, after centuries of persecution. We investigated resource selection based on telemetry data from 108 lynx monitored over 20 years. We assessed the differences between the established population in central Sweden and the recolonizing population in southern Sweden, and between established and dispersing individuals. We found that models based on central Sweden successfully identified core habitat patches for establishment in southern Sweden, validated after recolonization. We also found that lynx selected for higher habitat suitability during the recolonization phase, and that dispersing individuals were less selective than established lynx. Using cost-distance analysis, we assessed connectivity between central and southern Sweden, and found that landscape permeability was higher when based on dispersing lynx compared to established lynx. Altogether, our findings suggest that when landscapes are sufficiently similar between source and recolonization areas, resource selection information from an established population can be useful for managers seeking to facilitate recolonization of wide-ranging species. We recommend more frequent use of validation during and after recolonization events, to improve our common understanding of habitat suitability and connectivity modeling, and therefore to enable more active management of recolonization events.
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| 42. |
- Hobbs, Thompson, et al.
(författare)
-
Native predators reduce harvest of reindeer by Sami pastoralists
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Ecological Applications. - 1051-0761 .- 1939-5582. ; 22, s. 1640-1654
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary efforts to protect biological diversity recognize the importance of sustaining traditional human livelihoods, particularly uses of the land that are compatible with intact landscapes and ecologically complete food webs. However, these efforts often confront conflicting goals. For example, conserving native predators may harm pastoralist economies because predators consume domestic livestock that sustain people. This potential conflict must be reconciled by policy, but such reconciliation requires a firm understanding of the effects of predators on the prey used by people. We used a long-term, large-scale database and Bayesian models to estimate the impacts of lynx (Lynx lynx), wolverine (Gulo gulo), and brown bear (Ursus arctos) on harvest of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by Sami pastoralists in Sweden. The average annual harvest of reindeer averaged 25% of the population (95% credible interval = 19, 31). Annual harvest declined by 96.6 (31, 155) reindeer for each lynx family group (the surveyed segment of the lynx population) in a management unit and by 94.3 (20, 160) for each wolverine reproduction (the surveyed segment of the wolverine population). We failed to detect effects of predation by brown bear. The mechanism for effects of predation on harvest was reduced population growth rate. The rate of increase of reindeer populations declined with increasing abundance of lynx and wolverine. The density of reindeer, latitude, and weather indexed by the North Atlantic Oscillation also influenced reindeer population growth rate. We conclude that there is a biological basis for compensating the Sami reindeer herders for predation on reindeer.
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| 43. |
- Järlskog, Ida, 1991, et al.
(författare)
-
Traffic-related microplastic particles, metals, and organic pollutants in an urban area under reconstruction
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In urban environments, particularly areas under reconstruction, metals, organic pollutants (OP), and microplastics (MP), are released in large amounts due to heavy traffic. Road runoff, a major transport route for urban pollutants, contributes significantly to a deteriorated water quality in receiving waters. This study was conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden, and is unique because it simultaneously investigates the occurrence of OP, metals, and MP on roads and in stormwater from an urban area under reconstruction. Correlations between the various pollutants were also explored. The study was carried out by collecting washwater and sweepsand generated from street sweeping, road surface sampling, and flow-proportional stormwater sampling on several occasions. The liquid and solid samples were analyzed for metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), oxy-PAH, aliphatics, aromatics, phthalates, and MP. The occurrence of OP was also analyzed with a non-target screening method of selected samples. Microplastics, i.e. plastic fragments/fibers, paint fragments, tire wear particles (TWP) and bitumen, were analyzed with a method based on density separation with sodium iodide and identification with a stereo microscope, melt-tests, and tactile identification. MP concentrations amounted to 1500 particles/L in stormwater, 51,000 particles/L in washwater, and 2.6 × 106 particles/kg dw in sweepsand. In stormwater, washwater and sweepsand, MP ≥20 μm were found to be dominated by TWP (38%, 83% and 78%, respectively). The results confirm traffic as an important source to MP, OP, and metal emissions. Concentrations exceeding water and sediment quality guidelines for metals (e.g. Cu and Zn), PAH, phthalates, and aliphatic hydrocarbons in the C16–C35 fraction were found in most samples. The results show that the street sweeper collects large amounts of polluted materials and thereby prevents further spread of the pollutants to the receiving stormwater.
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| 45. |
- Kjellander, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Validating a common tick survey method : cloth-dragging and line transects
- 2021
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Ingår i: Experimental & applied acarology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-8162 .- 1572-9702. ; 83:1, s. 131-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cloth-dragging is the most widely-used method for collecting and counting ticks, but there are few studies of its reliability. By using cloth-dragging, we applied a replicated line transects survey method, in two areas in Sweden with different Ixodes ricinus tick-densities (low at Grimso and high at Bogesund) to evaluate developmental stage specific repeatability, agreement and precision in estimates of tick abundance. 'Repeatability' was expressed as the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), 'agreement' with the Total Deviation Index (TDI) and 'precision' by the coefficient of variation (CV) for a given dragging distance. Repeatability (ICC) and agreement (TDI) were higher for the most abundant instar (nymphs) and in the area of higher abundance. At Bogesund tick counts were higher than at Grimso and so also repeatability, with fair to substantial ICC estimates between 0.22 and 0.75, and TDI ranged between 1 and 44.5 counts of difference (thus high to moderate agreement). At Grimso, ICC was poor to moderate and ranged between 0 and 0.59, whereas TDI remained low with estimates lower or equal to 1 count (thus high agreement). Despite a 100-fold lower abundance at Grimso, the same level of precision for nymphs could be achieved with a 70% increase of dragging effort. We conclude that the cloth-dragging technique is useful for surveying ticks' and primarily to estimate abundance of the nymphal stage, whereas it rarely will be recommended for larvae and adults.
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| 46. |
- Larsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Age-related long-term response in rat thyroid tissue and plasma after internal low dose exposure to I-131
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I-131 is used clinically for therapy, and may be released during nuclear accidents. After the Chernobyl accident papillary thyroid carcinoma incidence increased in children, but not adults. The aims of this study were to compare I-131 irradiation-dependent differences in RNA and protein expression in the thyroid and plasma of young and adult rats, and identify potential age-dependent biomarkers for I-131 exposure. Twelve young (5 weeks) and twelve adult Sprague Dawley rats (17 weeks) were i.v. injected with 50 kBq I-131 (absorbed dose to thyroid = 0.1 Gy), and sixteen unexposed age-matched rats were used as controls. The rats were killed 3-9 months after administration. Microarray analysis was performed using RNA from thyroid samples, while LC-MS/MS analysis was performed on proteins extracted from thyroid tissue and plasma. Canonical pathways, biological functions and upstream regulators were analysed for the identified transcripts and proteins. Distinct age-dependent differences in gene and protein expression were observed. Novel biomarkers for thyroid I-131 exposure were identified: (PTH), age-dependent dose response (CA1, FTL1, PVALB (youngsters) and HSPB6 (adults)), thyroid function (Vegfb (adults)). Further validation using clinical samples are needed to explore the role of the identified biomarkers.
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| 49. |
- Larsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term transcriptomic and proteomic effects in Sprague Dawley rat thyroid and plasma after internal low dose 131I exposure.
- 2020
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Radioiodide (131I) is commonly used to treat thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidis.131I released during nuclear accidents, have resulted in increased incidence of thyroid cancer in children. Therefore, a better understanding of underlying cellular mechanisms behind 131I exposure is of great clinical and radiation protection interest. The aim of this work was to study the long-term dose-related effects of 131I exposure in thyroid tissue and plasma in young rats and identify potential biomarkers.Male Sprague Dawley rats (5-week-old) were i.v. injected with 0.5, 5.0, 50 or 500 kBq 131I (Dthyroid ca 1-1000 mGy), and killed after nine months at which time the thyroid and blood samples were collected. Gene expression microarray analysis (thyroid samples) and LC-MS/MS analysis (thyroid and plasma samples) were performed to assess differential gene and protein expression profiles in treated and corresponding untreated control samples. Bioinformatics analyses were performed using the DAVID functional annotation tool and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The gene expression microarray data and LC-MS/MS data were validated using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.Nine 131I exposure-related candidate biomarkers (transcripts: Afp and RT1-Bb, and proteins: ARF3, DLD, IKBKB, NONO, RAB6A, RPN2, and SLC25A5) were identified in thyroid tissue. Two dose-related protein candidate biomarkers were identified in thyroid (APRT and LDHA) and two in plasma (DSG4 and TGM3). Candidate biomarkers for thyroid function included the ACADL and SORBS2 (all activities), TPO and TG proteins (low activities). 131I exposure was shown to have a profound effect on metabolism, immune system, apoptosis and cell death. Furthermore, several signalling pathways essential for normal cellular function (actin cytoskeleton signalling, HGF signalling, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress, integrin signalling, calcium signalling) were also significantly regulated.Exposure-related and dose-related effects on gene and protein expression generated few expression patterns useful as biomarkers for thyroid function and cancer.
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