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- Ling, Johan, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Moving metals IV: Swords, metal sources and trade networks in Bronze Age Europe
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-409X. ; 26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- European Bronze Age swords had high functional and symbolic value, and therefore they are an interesting case for approaching questions of provenance and trade in Bronze Age Europe. It is often assumed that there is a strong affinity between metal supplies and artefact type. However, this study demonstrates that metal supply and sword types are mostly unrelated. In this paper we present a comparative provenance study of 118 Bronze Age swords, which includes lead isotope and trace elemental data for swords from Scandinavia, Germany and Italy dated between 1600 and 1100 BCE. About 70% of the swords have been analysed and published before while about 30% have been sampled and analysed for this study. The chronology and geography of the deposited swords indicate that the different regions relied on different metal trade routes which changed during the course of the Bronze Age. The analytical data indicates that the largest variation of the origin of copper is in the period of 1600–1500 BCE, when copper ores from Wales, Austria and Slovakia constituted the major copper sources for the swords. There is a visible change around 1500 BCE, when copper mines in the Italian Alps become the main suppliers for Scandinavian and Italian swords, while swords from Germany were foremost based on copper from Slovakia and Austria. Further, in the period 1300–1100 BCE the sources in the Italian Alps became the dominant supplier of copper for the swords in all regions discussed here.
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| 2. |
- Pasian, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Lime-based injection grouts with reduced water content: An assessment of the effects of the water-reducing agents ovalbumin and ethanol on the mineralogical evolution and properties of grouts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Cultural Heritage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1296-2074. ; 30, s. 70-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-structural lime-based injection grouts with reduced water content were designed for the stabilisation of delaminated plasters in water-sensitive contexts. Two water reducing components were considered: (i) ethanol, as a partial substitute for water, being a less effective solvent for ionic substances, (ii) ovalbumin, a protein found in egg white (it is a water-reducer and air-entrainer). The influence of ethanol and ovalbumin on grouts was assessed in terms of its effect on chemical reactions and formation of phases, the internal structure of the set binders and porosity, through a combination of X-ray powder diffraction coupled with quantitative phase analysis by means of the Rietveld method, scanning electron microscopy with EDS microanalysis and X-ray micro-computed tomography. Water vapour permeability, capillary water absorption and mechanical strength of the materials were tested with standard methods. The results show that both ethanol and ovalbumin affect formation of phases, grout internal structure and porosity, and thus other related physical–mechanical properties. The grouts designed have properties that allow their potential for in situ implementation, with the advantage of water reduction.
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| 5. |
- Stephens, Lucas, et al.
(författare)
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Archaeological assessment reveals Earth’s early transformation through land use
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 365:6456, s. 897-902
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans began to leave lasting impacts on Earth’s surface starting 10,000 to 8000 years ago. Through a synthetic collaboration with archaeologists around the globe, Stephens et al. compiled a comprehensive picture of the trajectory of human land use worldwide during the Holocene (see the Perspective by Roberts). Hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists transformed the face of Earth earlier and to a greater extent than has been widely appreciated, a transformation that was essentially global by 3000 years before the present.Science, this issue p. 897; see also p. 865Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of agriculture, but the extent, trajectory, and implications of these early changes are not well understood. An empirical global assessment of land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) to 1850 CE reveals a planet largely transformed by hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists by 3000 years ago, considerably earlier than the dates in the land-use reconstructions commonly used by Earth scientists. Synthesis of knowledge contributed by more than 250 archaeologists highlighted gaps in archaeological expertise and data quality, which peaked for 2000 yr B.P. and in traditionally studied and wealthier regions. Archaeological reconstruction of global land-use history illuminates the deep roots of Earth’s transformation and challenges the emerging Anthropocene paradigm that large-scale anthropogenic global environmental change is mostly a recent phenomenon.
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