| 1. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Halvtid i bostadsbrandprojekten
- 2016
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Ingår i: Brandposten. ; :55, s. 14-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Lion Fire: Extinguishment and mitigation of fires in Li-ion batteries at sea
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The shipping industry is facing increasing pressure to cut emissions. Diesel-electric hybrid or fully electrical propulsion systems can offer significant savings in fuel consumption and reduce emissions. However, the use of energy storage battery systems on board vessels is introducing new fire hazards and advice on suitable fire extinguishing systems and agents is desired. In a series of tests, both total compartment application water spray and water mist systems and direct injection (using several different agents) into the module were evaluated in fire tests conducted to compare different fire extinguishing approaches for a fire in a battery cell. A test compartment was constructed to simulate a battery room and a commercially available lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell was positioned inside a cubic box that mimicked a battery module. By heating the battery cell, combustible gases were generated, and these gases were ignited by a pilot flame inside the simulated battery module. The tests indicated that fire extinguishment of a battery cell fire inside a battery module is unlikely when using total compartment water spray or water mist fire protection systems. The water droplets are simply not able to penetrate the battery module and reach to the seat of the fire. Direct injection of the fire extinguishing agent inside the battery module is necessary. The tests also showed that agents such as water and low-expansion foam, with a high heat capacity, provide rapid cooling and fire extinguishment. The reduced water surface tension associated with low-expansion foam may improve the possibilities for water penetration whilst agents with a high viscosity may not be able to spread to the seat of the fire. Agents with less heat capacity, such as high-expansion foam and nitrogen gas, provide less cooling but fire extinguishment can still be achieved if designed correctly.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Riskreducerande åtgärder för dödsbränder i bostäder
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thisreport summarizes the work conducted within the project ”Analysis of physicaldeterminants and technical measures in support of the zero vision” financed bythe Civil Contingency Authority (MSB) in Sweden. The work aims to find measuresto prevent and reduce the number of fatalities in fires in residentialbuildings in a Sweden, a list of such measures is provided in the end of thereport. The list is based on work conducted in several small sub-projects, ashort summary of these is also provided in the report.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Safe introduction of battery propulsion at sea
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electric propulsion using batteries as energy storage has the potential to significantly reduce emissions from shipping and thus the environmental impact. The battery type that is currently on the top of the agenda to be used for ship propulsion applications is Li-ion batteries. Li-ion batteries pose different safety issues than e.g. other propulsion technologies and other batteries such as lead-acid batteries. It is essential that the safety level on board, including fire safety, is maintained, when introducing electric propulsion with energy storage in batteries. This report discusses the different regulations and guidelines available today for fire safety of batteries on board in relation to current knowledge about Li-ion batteries. Also fire safety measures available on board ships today and their applicability for Li-ion batteries is discussed, as well as the different test methods available and their applicability. A workshop gathering different stakeholders from Sweden, Norway and Finland identified fire safety as the main challenge for the introduction of battery propulsion at sea. The workshop concluded that future work is desired in order to increase knowledge and to develop publicly available strategies, training and designs.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Satsning mot bostadsbränder
- 2014
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Ingår i: Brandposten. ; :50, s. 18-
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Small scale experiments and theoretical aspects of flame extinguishment with water mist
- 1996
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present study focuses on extinction of flames with water mist where surface cooling effects are neglected i.e. water mist as a total flooding system where the direct spray cannot reach and cool all burning items in the protected volume. The study includes a survey of the production and properties of water mist such as different types of nozzles and means to describe droplet size distribution. Properties of jets and sprays are discussed as well as water droplet movement, fall and evaporation. Three different series of experiments were conducted with different hydraulic atomising nozzles. In the first series, droplet size distribution and water spray distribution measurements for the nozzles were conducted. The measurements showed that the droplet size distribution ranged from a Sauter Mean Diameter of approximately 35 - 85 µm, all dependent on the water pressure and the configuration of nozzles. The measurements show that considerably larger droplets are formed when individual nozzles are placed together. This can be explained by a coalescence effect when droplets from the sprays of the nozzles collide. The second series of experiments were done using a tubular propane gas bumer where water and propane were mixed prior to reaching the burner outlet. Based on the tests, the specific amount of extinguishing medium required (Required Extinguishing Medium Portion, REMP = m, / m, i.e. the ratio of the agent quantity to fuel quantity consumed) is given as a quantitative measure of the efficiency of the agent. The lower the REMP value, the more efficient the agent. The water pressure ranged between 40 and 80 bar which provided for droplet sizes with a Sauter Mean Diameter in the order of 35 pm. The results show that the amount of water needed for extinguishment by weight is between 1.2 - 2,2 times the amount of propane gas. The decrease in droplet sizes decreased the amount of water needed. Another observation was that the heat release rate of the fire is not affected until extinction occurs. A REMP-value of 1,2 - 2,2 corresponds to a water content of 100 – 200 g/m3 protected volume which is in agreement with theoretical values. Finally, a series of tests were conducted in a 113 scale room using a propane gas fire. Parameters such as location of the fire, the location of the nozzle, water flow rate and the size of the room opening were varied. In these tests the water content needed was in close agreement with the values obtained from the REh4P experiments and the theoretical values. These tests also highlighted the problem of delivering the droplets to the fire. To achieve "total flooding" in an actual situation, nozzles covering the complete protected compartment, with additional nozzles under obstructions would be needed. To make droplets follow the air flows inside a room and behave more like a gaseous total flooding agent, requires droplets of a size in the order of 1 - 20 µm.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Arvidson, Magnus
(författare)
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A novel method to evaluate fire test performance of water mist and water spray total compartment protection
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Fire Protection Engineering. - : SAGE Publications. - 1042-3915 .- 1532-172X. ; 23:4, s. 277-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditionally, the only parameter used to measure the performance of total compartment (i.e. total flooding) water mist or water spray systems during fire testing has been the time to extinguishment. However, the use of a single parameter has been criticized since it can result in poor system designs. This study evaluates additional parameters in order to improve the characterization of system performance. Two series of fire tests were conducted with a number of water mist and water spray fire protection systems: the former in a 500 m3 test compartment using three different systems; the latter in a 250 m3 compartment using four different systems. The heat release rate of the fire and the gas temperatures inside the test compartment were measured. Based on these measurements, the fire suppression capability of the systems, their temperature reduction capability and their ability to mix water vapor, water droplets and combustion gases within the compartment were determined. The tests revealed that the time to extinguishment varies several tens of percent under identical conditions. It was also observed that the relative performance of the systems was influenced by the size of the fire. The results obtained with the additional parameters were much more repeatable and consistent than using time to extinguishment alone. It is concluded that fairly simple and inexpensive measurements can improve current fire test procedures.
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| 13. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, 1966-
(författare)
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An evaluation of residential sprinklers and water mist nozzles in a residential area fire scenario
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Commercial residential sprinklers are usually fitted with 3 mm glass bulbs having a nominal operating temperature of 68°C or a high-sensitivity solder link, usually with a nominal temperature rating of 74°C. Previous work show that there is a significant potential for improving sprinkler response times in a residential room fire scenario by using glass bulbs with a lower Response Time Index (RTI) and lower operating temperature than commonly used. The objective of this study was to investigate any improved performance due to earlier activation of residential sprinklers. A series of fire tests was conducted inside a test compartment sized 3.66 m by 3.66 m. The fire test source consisted of either a simulated or authentic upholstered chair. For the majority of the tests, the flow rate of the residential sprinkler was 30.3 liter/min (corresponding to the minimum design density 2.05 mm/min as per the recommendations in NFPA 13D and 13R). Additional tests were conducted at 60.6 liter/min (the minimum design density 4.1 mm/min as per NFPA 13). Tests were also conducted with commercial low- and high-pressure water mist nozzles and a stand-alone high-pressure water mist system.The results show that earlier activation of residential sprinklers had a small effect on its performance, especially for the authentic upholstered chair scenario, when flowing 30.3 liter/min. The rather small effect is probably due to that the discharge density was too low to provide fire suppression. When the flow rate was increased to 60.6 liter/min, the performance was considerably improved as compared to the flow of 30.3 liter/min. Any improvement in performance of earlier activation was, however, not investigated for the 60.6 liter/min flow rate.The flow rates of the commercial low- and high-pressure water mist water mist nozzles ranged from 17.2 liter/min to 36.7 liter/min. Roughly, it could be concluded that the performance of the water mist nozzles were comparable or better than the residential sprinkler at approximately half the water flow rate for the tested fire scenarios.The stand-alone high-pressure water mist system had a flow rate of 8.2 liter/min. The performance was comparable to that of the other water mist nozzles in the study The performance was comparable to that of the other water mist nozzles in the study, despite a considerably earlier activation. However, the results indicate that the performance was relatively much influenced whether the simulated upholstered chair was orientated with its front towards the test compartment or with its front towards the back wall (poorer performance). This would suggest that the position of the fire test relative to the position of the unit is a crucial factor and underlines the importance of a thoughtful positioning in practical applications.
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| 25. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Brandskydd på Bo01
- 2001
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Ingår i: Bygg och Teknik. - 0281-658X .- 2002-8350. ; 93:6, s. 12-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 33. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Driftserfarenheter från sprinkler-installationer i kyrkor och andra kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader Brandforsk projekt 323-010
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Operating experiences from sprinkler system installations in Swedish churches and other heritage buildings During the past 20 years, the fire protection of many historically valuable buildings in Sweden, especially ancient wooden churches, have been improved with the installation of fire detection and fire sprinkler systems. The objective of the project was to document the operating experiences from some of these buildings. Most of the installations have been made in small- or intermediate-sized wooden churches, but installations in larger buildings were identified. The operating experiences were documented by interviews with the end users, fire protection inspectors and system installers, and by study visits. Problems associated with the use of antifreeze were identified. Systems have experienced leakage, high and varying system pressures during warm days and unintentional activations due to breakage of nozzles or nozzle glass bulbs. For systems designed as dry-pipe systems, unintentional activations have occurred during wintertime due to freezing. Testing of dry-pipe systems during the study visits also revealed unacceptably long water delivery times and residual water in piping. Many of the smaller rural churches are using a high-pressure gas (nitrogen) driven pump because the public grid is unreliable. Three suffocation incidents were documented when nitrogen was unintentionally released into the technical space. Two of the incidents can be described as profoundly serious. The church building managers have a key role in the daily supervision of these installations. But it requires effort, technical competence and not least a substantial deal of self-interest. For some churches, high staff turnover has contributed to a lack of competence and supervision and maintenance has been neglected. High frequency of fault alarms (operating alarms) was also perceived as a burden and is also costly. Overall, the occurrence of technical problems and excessive costs have contributed to the shutdown or even dismantling of several sprinkler systems.
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| 46. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Fire suppression and manual firefighting of batteryelectric vehicle fires on ro-ro ships
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Fires in Vehicles. ; , s. 107-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increased use of electric vehicles has raised a concern about firefighting measures including water spray fire suppression systems (often denoted “drencher systems”) and tactics and equipment used for manual firefighting on ro-ro cargo and ro-ro passenger ships. A test series involving testing of two pairs of geometrically similar internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV’s) and battery electric vehicles (BEV’s) under as equal test conditions as possible were conducted to investigate the performance efficiency of the drencher system. In addition, manual firefighting equipment and tactics was evaluated on three BEV fire tests. It is concluded that a fire in the two types of vehicles is different but share similarities. However, a fire in a BEV does not seem to be more challenging than a fire in an ICEV for the drencher system design given in current international recommendations. Similarly, there are common (e.g., handheld fire extinguishers and hoses) and new (e.g., fire blanket and water-cooling device) manual firefighting equipment that effectively can be used to control or limit a BEV fire.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Fire testing of alternative fixed fire-extinguishing systems for ro-ro spaces onboard ships
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ships and Offshore Structures. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1744-5302 .- 1754-212X. ; 18:3, s. 423-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) recognises five different fire-extinguishing system solutions for ro-ro spaces on ships; manually activated water spray systems (Resolution A.123(V)), automatic sprinkler or deluge water spray systems and automatic nozzle or deluge water mist systems (MSC.1/Circ.1430), high-expansion foam systems and gas fire-extinguishing systems (FSS Code). A review of potential commercially available alternative systems, their expected performance efficiency and water consumption was made. Based on this review, two alternative fire-extinguishing systems were identified: Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS) and foam-water sprinkler/spray systems. Fire suppression performance testing of water spray systems according to the Resolution A.123(V) and MSC.1/Circ.1430, a CAFS and a foam-water spray system were conducted. The water spray system per MSC.1/Circ.1430 had superior performance while the system per Resolution A.123(V) and the foam-water spray system limited the fire size to some degrees. The CAFS provided limited fire suppression performance.
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