| 1. |
- Ghaderi, Adnan, et al.
(författare)
-
Design challenges in hardware development of time-sensitive networking : A research plan
- 2019
-
Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Volume 2457. - : CEUR-WS.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of ongoing projects within the IEEE standardization to guarantee timeliness and low-latency communication based on switched Ethernet for industrial applications. The huge demand is mainly coming from industries where intensive data transmission is required, such as in the modern vehicles where cameras, lidars and high-bandwidth modern sensors are connected. The TSN standards are evolving over time, hence the hardware needs to change depending upon the modifications. In addition, high performance hardware is required to obtain a full benefit from the standards. In this paper, we present a research plan for developing novel techniques to support a parameterized and modular hardware IP core of the multi-stage TSN switch fabric in VHSIC (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit) Hardware Description Language (VHDL), which can be deployed in any Field-Programmable-Gate-Array (FPGA) devices. We present the challenges on the way towards the mentioned goal.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Rabet, Iliar, et al.
(författare)
-
Demo Abstract : Towards Interoperability in a Hybrid TSN/6TiSCH Network
- 2023
-
Ingår i: SenSys 2023 - Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensors Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. - 9798400704147 ; , s. 500-501
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing interest in increasing the flexibility and the mobility of industrial infrastructures to support novel industrial applications. To support this change, industrial networks must provide real-time guarantees while integrating a great variety of traffic over a cohesive network infrastructure. Specifically, there is special interest in the integration of wired and wireless communications in the industrial domain. We present a solution that integrates a Time-Sensitive Networking Ethernet network with a low-power 6TiSCH IoT network and discuss the implementation alternatives and their implications on delay and resource consumption. The main goal is to experimentally identify the research challenges and necessary enhancements for interoperability between constrained battery-driven wireless communication with the time sensitive wired networks.
|
|
| 4. |
- Satka, Zenepe, et al.
(författare)
-
A comprehensive systematic review of integration of time sensitive networking and 5G communication
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of systems architecture. - : Elsevier. - 1383-7621 .- 1873-6165. ; 138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many industrial real-time applications in various domains, e.g., automotive, industrial automation, industrial IoT, and industry 4.0, require ultra-low end-to-end network latency, often in the order of 10 milliseconds or less. The IEEE 802.1 time-sensitive networking (TSN) is a set of standards that supports the required low-latency wired communication with ultra-low jitter. The flexibility of such a wired connection can be increased if it is integrated with a mobile wireless network. The fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) is capable of supporting the required levels of network latency with the Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) service. To fully utilize the potential of these two technologies (TSN and 5G) in industrial applications, seamless integration of the TSN wired-based network with the 5G wireless-based network is needed. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and well-structured snapshot of the existing research on TSN-5G integration. In this regard, we present the planning, execution, and analysis results of the systematic review. We also identify the trends, technical characteristics, and potential gaps in the state of the art, thus highlighting future research directions in the integration of TSN and 5G communication technologies. We notice that 73% of the primary studies address the time synchronization in the integration of TSN and 5G technologies, introducing approaches with an accuracy starting from the levels of hundred nanoseconds to one microsecond. Majority of primary studies aim at optimizing communication latency in their approach, which is a key quality attribute in automotive and industrial automation applications today.
|
|
| 5. |
- Satka, Zenepe, et al.
(författare)
-
Developing a Translation Technique for Converged TSN-5G Communication
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665410861 ; , s. 103-110
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of IEEE standards based on switched Ethernet that aim at meeting high-bandwidth and low-latency requirements in wired communication. TSN implementations typically do not support integration of wireless networks, which limits their applicability to many industrial applications that need both wired and wire-less communication. The development of 5G and its promised Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) in-tegrated with TSN would offer a promising solution to meet the bandwidth, latency and reliability requirements in these industrial applications. In order to support such an integration, we propose a technique to translate the traffic between TSN and 5G communication technologies. As a proof of concept, we implement the translation technique in a well-known TSN simulator, namely NeSTiNg, that is based on the OMNeT ++ tool. Furthermore, we evaluate the proposed technique using an automotive industrial use case.
|
|
| 6. |
- Satka, Zenepe, 1997-
(författare)
-
End-to-end QoS Mapping and Traffic Forwarding in Converged TSN-5G Networks
- 2023
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The advancement of technology has led to an increase in the demand for ultra-low end-to-end network latency in real-time applications with a target of below 10ms. The IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of standards that supports the required low-latency wired communication with ultra-low jitter for real-time applications. TSN is designed for fixed networks thus it misses the flexibility of wireless networks.To overcome this limitation and to increase its applicability in different applications, an integration of TSN with other wireless technologies is needed. The fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) supports real-time applications with its Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) service. 5G URLLC is designed to meet the stringent timing requirements of these applications, such as providing reliable communication with latencies as low as 1ms. Seamless integration of TSN and 5G is needed to fully utilize the potential of these technologies in contemporary and future industrial applications. However, to achieve the end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of a TSN-5G network, a significant effort is required due to the large dissimilarity between these technologies.This thesis presents a comprehensive and well-structured snapshot of the existing research on TSN-5G integration that identifies gaps in the current research and highlights the opportunities for further research in the area of TSN-5G integration. In particular, the thesis identifies that the state of the art lacks an end-to-end mapping of QoS requirements and traffic forwarding mechanisms for a converged TSN-5G network. This lack of knowledge and tool support hampers the utilisation of ground-breaking technologies like TSN and 5G. Hence, the thesis develops novel techniques to support the end-to-end QoS mapping and traffic forwarding of a converged TSN-5G network for predictable communication.Furthermore, the thesis presents a translation technique between TSN and 5G with a proof-of-concept implementation in a well-known TSN network simulator. Moreover, a novel QoS mapping algorithm is proposed to support the systematic mapping of QoS characteristics and integration of traffic flows in a converged TSN-5G network.
|
|
| 7. |
- Satka, Zenepe, et al.
(författare)
-
QoS-MAN : A Novel QoS Mapping Algorithm for TSN-5G Flows
- 2022
-
Ingår i: 2022 IEEE 28TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMBEDDED AND REAL-TIME COMPUTING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS (RTCSA 2022). - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9781665453448 ; , s. 220-227
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integrating wired Ethernet networks, such as Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN), to 5G cellular network requires a flow management technique to efficiently map TSN traffic to 5G Quality-of-Service (QoS) flows. The 3GPP Release 16 provides a set of predefined QoS characteristics, such as priority level, packet delay budget, and maximum data burst volume, which can be used for the 5G QoS flows. Within this context, mapping TSN traffic flows to 5G QoS flows in an integrated TSN-5G network is of paramount importance as the mapping can significantly impact on the end-to-end QoS in the integrated network. In this paper, we present a novel and efficient mapping algorithm to map different TSN traffic flows to 5G QoS flows. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first QoS-aware mapping algorithm based on the application constraints used to exchange flows between TSN and 5G network domains. We evaluate the proposed mapping algorithm on synthetic scenarios with random sets of constraints on deadline, jitter, bandwidth, and packet loss rate. The evaluation results show that the proposed mapping algorithm can fulfill over 90% of the applications' constraints.
|
|
| 8. |
- Abdi, Somayeh, et al.
(författare)
-
Cognitive and Time Predictable Task Scheduling in Edge-cloud Federation
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665499965
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present a hierarchical model for time predictable task scheduling in edge-cloud computing architecture for industrial cyber-physical systems. Regarding the scheduling problem, we also investigate the common problem-solving approaches and discuss our preliminary plan to realize the proposed architecture. Furthermore, an Integer linear programming (ILP) model is proposed for task scheduling problem in the cloud layer. The model considers timing and security requirements of applications and the objective is to minimize the financial cost of their execution.
|
|
| 9. |
- Abdi, Somayeh, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost-aware workflow offloading in edge-cloud computing using a genetic algorithm
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Supercomputing. - : Springer. - 0920-8542 .- 1573-0484.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The edge-cloud computing continuum effectively uses fog and cloud servers to meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of tasks when edge devices cannot meet those requirements. This paper focuses on the workflow offloading problem in edge-cloud computing and formulates this problem as a nonlinear mathematical programming model. The objective function is to minimize the monetary cost of executing a workflow while satisfying constraints related to data dependency among tasks and QoS requirements, including security and deadlines. Additionally, it presents a genetic algorithm for the workflow offloading problem to find near-optimal solutions with the cost minimization objective. The performance of the proposed mathematical model and genetic algorithm is evaluated on several real-world workflows. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm can find admissible solutions comparable to the mathematical model and outperforms particle swarm optimization, bee life algorithm, and a hybrid heuristic-genetic algorithm in terms of workflow execution costs.
|
|
| 10. |
- Abdi, Somayeh, et al.
(författare)
-
Deadline-constrained security-aware workflow scheduling in hybrid cloud architecture
- 2025
-
Ingår i: Future Generation Computer Systems. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0167-739X .- 1872-7115. ; 162
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A hybrid cloud is an efficient solution to deal with the problem of insufficient resources of a private cloud when computing demands increase beyond its resource capacities. Cost-efficient workflow scheduling, considering security requirements and data dependency among tasks, is a prominent issue in the hybrid cloud. To address this problem, we propose a mathematical model that minimizes the monetary cost of executing a workflow and satisfies the security requirements of tasks under a deadline. The proposed model fulfills data dependency among tasks, and data transmission time is formulated with exact mathematical expressions. The derived model is a Mixed-integer linear programming problem. We evaluate the proposed model with real-world workflows over changes in the input variables of the model, such as the deadline and security requirements. This paper also presents a post-optimality analysis that investigates the stability of the assignment problem. The experimental results show that the proposed model minimizes the cost by decreasing inter-cloud communications for dependent tasks. However, the optimal solutions are affected by the limitations that are imposed by the problem constraints.
|
|
| 11. |
- Abdi, Somayeh, et al.
(författare)
-
Task Offloading in Edge-cloud Computing using a Q-Learning Algorithm
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science, CLOSER - Proceedings. - : Science and Technology Publications, Lda. - 9789897587016 ; , s. 159-166
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Task offloading is a prominent problem in edge−cloud computing, as it aims to utilize the limited capacityof fog servers and cloud resources to satisfy the QoS requirements of tasks, such as meeting their deadlines.This paper formulates the task offloading problem as a nonlinear mathematical programming model to maximizethe number of independent IoT tasks that meet their deadlines and to minimize the deadline violationtime of tasks that cannot meet their deadlines. This paper proposes two Q-learning algorithms to solve theformulated problem. The performance of the proposed algorithms is experimentally evaluated with respect toseveral algorithms. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed Q-learning algorithms perform wellin meeting task deadlines and reducing the total deadline violation time.
|
|
| 12. |
- Afshar, Sara Zargari, et al.
(författare)
-
Investigating Alternatives for System Architectures to Enhance Discrete Manufacturing
- 2019
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. - Sweden : SAGE Publications. - 1550-1329 .- 1550-1477. ; 15:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates the possibility of advancing discrete manufacturing using system architectures that are developed for Collaborative Process Automation Systems. Collaborative Process Automation System is a technology that has the potential to achieve production excellence for process industry. However, not much attention has been paid on using the architectures based on Collaborative Process Automation Systems for discrete manufacturing domains. In this article, we propose a base architecture consisting of three layers, and we discuss various alternatives to make the communications among the layers. We consider legacy components in the proposal, in contrast to most of the related works. In order to show the practicality of the proposed alternatives, we present an example that has been implemented in an ongoing project at ABB Robotics in Sweden.
|
|
| 13. |
- Agerskans, Natalie, et al.
(författare)
-
Critical Factors for Selecting and Integrating Digital Technologies to Enable Smart Production : A Data Value Chain Perspective
- 2023
-
Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783031436611 ; , s. 311-325
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the development towards Industry 5.0, manufacturing companies are developing towards Smart Production, i.e., using data as a resource to interconnect the elements in the production system to learn and adapt accordingly for a more resource-efficient and sustainable production. This requires selecting and integrating digital technologies for the entire data lifecycle, also referred to as the data value chain. However, manufacturing companies are facing many challenges related to building data value chains to achieve the desired benefits of Smart Production. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the critical factors of selecting and integrating digital technologies for efficiently benefiting data value chains for Smart Production. This paper employed a qualitative-based multiple case study design involving manufacturing companies within different industries and of different sizes. The paper also analyses two Smart Production cases in detail by mapping the data flow using a technology selection and integration framework to propose solutions to the existing challenges. By analyzing the two in-depth studies and additionally two reference cases, 13 themes of critical factors for selecting and integrating digital technologies were identified.
|
|
| 14. |
- Aglianò, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Resource Management and Control in Virtualized SDN Networks
- 2018
-
Ingår i: CSI International Symposium on Real-Time and Embedded Systems and Technologies REST'18. - 9781538614754 ; , s. 47-53
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software defined networking and network virtual-ization are widely considered promising techniques for reducing the complexity of network management in many contexts that require high Quality of Service (QoS) and the support for heterogeneous architectures. In this paper we address a network architecture, here called a virtualized SDN network, that combines the benefits of SDN and virtualization. To cope with the demand for efficiently sharing a platform among several services, here a resource management mechanism to reserve and control network resources among various services in the virtualized SDN networks is proposed. The mechanism is implemented on an SDN controller and a set of experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
|
|
| 15. |
- Al-Dulaimy, Auday, et al.
(författare)
-
The computing continuum : From IoT to the cloud
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Internet of Things. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2543-1536 .- 2542-6605. ; 27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the era of the IoT revolution, applications are becoming ever more sophisticated and accompanied by diverse functional and non-functional requirements, including those related to computing resources and performance levels. Such requirements make the development and implementation of these applications complex and challenging. Computing models, such as cloud computing, can provide applications with on-demand computation and storage resources to meet their needs. Although cloud computing is a great enabler for IoT and endpoint devices, its limitations make it unsuitable to fulfill all design goals of novel applications and use cases. Instead of only relying on cloud computing, leveraging and integrating resources at different layers (like IoT, edge, and cloud) is necessary to form and utilize a computing continuum. The layers’ integration in the computing continuum offers a wide range of innovative services, but it introduces new challenges (e.g., monitoring performance and ensuring security) that need to be investigated. A better grasp and more profound understanding of the computing continuum can guide researchers and developers in tackling and overcoming such challenges. Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive and unified view of the computing continuum. The paper discusses computing models in general with a focus on cloud computing, the computing models that emerged beyond the cloud, and the communication technologies that enable computing in the continuum. In addition, two novel reference architectures are presented in this work: one for edge–cloud computing models and the other for edge–cloud communication technologies. We demonstrate real use cases from different application domains (like industry and science) to validate the proposed reference architectures, and we show how these use cases map onto the reference architectures. Finally, the paper highlights key points that express the authors’ vision about efficiently enabling and utilizing the computing continuum in the future.
|
|
| 16. |
- Al-Dulaimy, Auday, et al.
(författare)
-
TOLERANCER : A fault tolerance approach for cloud manufacturing environments
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665499965
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents an approach to solve the software and hardware related failures in edge-cloud environments, more precisely, in cloud manufacturing environments. The proposed approach, called TOLERANCER, is composed of distributed components that continuously interact in a peer to peer fashion. Such interaction aims to detect stress situations or node failures, and accordingly, TOLERANCER makes decisions to avoid or solve any potential system failures. The efficacy of the proposed approach is validated through a set of experiments, and the performance evaluation shows that it responds effectively to different faults scenarios.
|
|
| 17. |
- Alvarez Vadillo, Ines, et al.
(författare)
-
Centralised Architecture for the Automatic Self-Configuration of Industrial Networks
- 2023
-
Ingår i: IEEE Int. Conf. Emerging Technol. Factory Autom., ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350339918
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Novel production paradigms aim at increasing the efficiency and flexibility of production systems. Nonetheless, traditional industrial infrastructures lack the mechanisms needed to support these new paradigms. One of the main limiting factors is the architecture, which follows the automation pyramid in which subsystems are divided in layers depending on their functionalities. This allowed to meet the timing and dependability requirements of the production subsystems, however at the cost of limiting the exchange of information required to provide increased flexibility to the system. For this reason, in this paper we propose a new industrial architecture with a single network infrastructure to connect all the devices that conform to the industrial systems. On top of that, we design an Automatic Network Configurator to support the automatic configuration of the system. To assess the feasibility of our design and evaluate its performance, we implement the first instance of the architecture capable of supporting changes in the traffic requirements during run-time, i.e., without stopping or disrupting the system's operation. Furthermore, we use the implemented instance to measure the time required for reconfigurations.
|
|
| 18. |
- Alvarez Vadillo, Ines, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementing a First CNC for Scheduling and Configuring TSN Networks
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665499965
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Novel industrial applications are leading to important changes in industrial systems. One of the most important changes is the need for systems that are capable to adapt to changes in the environment or the system itself. Because of their nature many of these applications are distributed, and their network infrastructure is key to guarantee the correct operation of the overall system. Furthermore, in order for a distributed system to be able to adapt, its network must be flexible enough to support changes in the traffic during runtime. The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task Group has proposed a series of standards that aim at providing deterministic real-time communications over Ethernet. TSN also provides centralised online configuration and control architectures which enable the online configuration of the network. A key part in TSN's centralised architectures is the Centralised Network Configuration element (CNC). In this work we present a first implementation of a CNC capable of scheduling time-triggered traffic and deploying such configuration in the network using the Network Configuration (NETCONF) protocol. We also assess the correctness of our implementation using an industrial use case provided by Volvo Construction Equipment.
|
|
| 19. |
- Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
A Conceptual Framework for Software Modeling of Automation Systems
- 2022
-
Ingår i: ITNG 2022 19th International Conference on Information Technology-New Generations. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1421. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030976521
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework to facilitate the design and development of an automation system in which time-sensitive networking (TSN) is utilized for the backbone network and OPC UA is used for modeling of data exchange over TSN. As the configuration of OPC UA over TSN in a large automation setup can be a challenging task and requires specific expertise, we propose to add an abstract modeling layer that adopts the concepts of model-based development and component-based software engineering to facilitate the development of these systems. The proposed conceptual model can be automatically translated to the OPC UA modeling format. Such a modeling view will significantly reduce the complexity of OPC UA configurations, specially in large automation systems. Another benefit of the proposed framework is that the engineers, who do not have high levels of expertise in OPC UA, will be able to easily configure the OPC UA nodes in the automation system that utilize TSN for backbone communication.
|
|
| 20. |
- Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
A novel frame preemption model in TSN networks
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of systems architecture. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1383-7621 .- 1873-6165. ; 116
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper identifies a limitation in the frame preemption model in the TSN standard (IEEE 802.1Q-2018), due to which high priority frames can experience significantly long blocking delays, thereby exacerbating their worst-case response times. This limitation can have a considerable impact on the design, analysis and performance of TSN-based systems. To address this limitation, the paper presents a novel and more efficient frame preemption model in the TSN standard that allows over 90% reduction in the maximum blocking delay leading to lower worst-case response times of high priority frames compared to the frame preemption model used in the existing works. The paper also shows that the improvement becomes even more significant in multi-switch TSN networks. In order to evaluate the effects of preemption, the paper performs simulations by enabling and disabling preemptions as well as enabling and disabling the Hold/Release mechanism supported by TSN. Furthermore, the paper performs a comparative evaluation of the two models of frame preemption in TSN using simulations. The evaluation shows that the maximum response times of high priority frames can be significantly reduced with very small impact on the response times of lower priority frames. The paper also shows the improvement in the maximum response times of higher priority frames using an automotive industrial use case that employs a multi-hop TSN network for on-board communication.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Enhancing Smart Maintenance Management Using Fog Computing Technology
- 2017
-
Ingår i: 2017 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management IEEM. ; , s. 1561-1565
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order for factories to stay competitive in the current open global market, there should be efforts to put on optimizing the value stream of producing goods. Within this context, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has been emerged as a technology aiming at achieving high productivity performance in manufacturing. A smart manufacturing approach also requires a smart maintenance management as it plays a crucial role in securing the productivity. IIoT applications are traditionally completed by the cloud computing technology to serve the required services. In this paper, we argue that maintenance processes have requirements that cannot be accomplished by solely the cloud computing technology. We identify several of these requirements. Then, we propose a platform using the fog computing technology, as a recently raised technology in IIoT, to enhance the smart maintenance management. We also discuss the ability of the platform in fulfilling the identified requirements.
|
|
| 24. |
- Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Implications of Various Preemption Configurations in TSN Networks
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE Embedded Systems Letters. - 1943-0663 .- 1943-0671. ; 14:1, s. 39-42
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of standards developed by the IEEE 802.1 task group to support high-bandwidth and low latency predictable network communication. Configuration of TSN networks is a daunting task as there are several novel features in TSN and numerous possibilities can arise by considering combinations of these features. This letter investigates the impact of various unexplored frame-preemption configurations in TSN networks on the timing behaviours of various traffic classes. These configurations correspond to different combinations of settings in TSN with respect to the credit-based shaper, time-aware shaper, Hold & Release mechanism and frame preemption. The letter provides evaluation of these configurations by means of an analytical discussion and simulation experiments. The results and implications discussed in this letter can serve as useful guidelines for the network designers when configuring TSN networks with regards to the addressed features.
|
|
| 25. |
- Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling and Timing Analysis of Vehicle Functions Distributed over Switched Ethernet
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IECON 2017 - 43RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY. - 9781538611272 ; , s. 8419-8424
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes an approach to model switched Ethernet communication within a model- and component-based software development framework for vehicular distributed embedded systems. The paper also presents a method to extract the network timing model from the systems that use switched Ethernet networks. In order to provide a proof of concept, an existing industrial component model and its tool suite, namely RCM and Rubus-ICE respectively, are extended by implementing the modeling technique, the timing model extraction method and response-time analysis of the Ethernet AVB protocol. The extensions to RCM are backward compatible with the modeling and end-to-end timing analysis of traditional in-vehicle networks and legacy (previously developed) vehicular distributed embedded systems. Furthermore, the paper discusses the implementation and test strategy used in this work. Finally, the usability of the modeling approach and implemented timing analysis is demonstrated by modeling and time analyzing a vehicular application case study with the extended component model and tool suite.
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Ashjaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Time-Sensitive Networking in automotive embedded systems : State of the art and research opportunities
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of systems architecture. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1383-7621 .- 1873-6165. ; 117
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The functionality advancements and novel customer features that are currently found in modern automotive systems require high-bandwidth and low-latency in-vehicle communications, which become even more compelling for autonomous vehicles. In a recent effort to meet these requirements, the IEEE Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) task group has developed a set of standards that introduce novel features in Switched Ethernet. TSN standards offer, for example, a common notion of time through accurate and reliable clock synchronization, delay bounds for real-time traffic, time-driven transmissions, improved reliability, and much more. In order to fully utilize the potential of these novel protocols in the automotive domain, TSN should be seamlessly integrated into the state-of-the-art and state-of-practice model-based development processes for automotive embedded systems. Some of the core phases in these processes include software architecture modeling, timing predictability verification, simulation, and hardware realization and deployment. Moreover, throughout the development of automotive embedded systems, the safety and security requirements specified on these systems need to be duly taken into account. In this context, this work provides an overview of TSN in automotive applications and discusses the recent technological developments relevant to the adoption of TSN in automotive embedded systems. The work also points at the open challenges and future research directions.
|
|
| 28. |
- Balador, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Server Time Reservation for Periodic Real-Time Applications
- 2023
-
Ingår i: 16TH IEEE/ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON UTILITY AND CLOUD COMPUTING, UCC 2023. - : ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. - 9798400702341
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To utilize edge and cloud in real-time industrial applications, communication with the edge and cloud servers should be predictable in timing. However, the predictability of offloading from device to servers cannot be guaranteed in an environment where multiple devices compete for the same edge and cloud resources due to potential server-side scheduling conflicts. To the best of our knowledge, the state-of-the-art lacks a technique for offloading real-time applications from multiple devices to a set of heterogeneous edge/cloud servers. To this end, this paper proposes a centralized resource reservation technique that enables the offloading of real-time applications to the edge and cloud in a predictable time-schedule. The proposed technique enables end-devices to request the server's time for offloadable real-time applications in advance, allowing a designated offloading server that guarantees the tasks' timely execution. Furthermore, the proposed technique is capable of optimizing the reservation scheduling strategy with the goal of minimizing the energy consumption of edge servers while meeting the stringent timing requirements of real-time applications. The results showed that the number of deadline satisfied jobs improved by 65%, and total energy consumption by 3%, compared to the second best algorithm among the ones that have been compared with the proposed algorithm when the number of jobs is changed.
|
|
| 29. |
- Berisa, Aldin, et al.
(författare)
-
AVB-aware Routing and Scheduling for Critical Traffic in Time-sensitive Networks with Preemption
- 2022
-
Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9781450396509 ; , s. 207-218
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Time-Sensitive Network (TSN) amendments and protocols add capabilities on top of standard 802.1 Ethernet for guaranteeing the timeliness of both (isochronous) scheduled traffic (ST) and shaped (audio-video) communication (AVB) in distributed applications. ST streams are guaranteed via an offline computed schedule controlling the time-aware gate mechanism of IEEE 802.1Qbv, while AVB real-time streams are shaped via a credit-based shaper (CBS) and scheduler with lower-priority than ST. Although the two traffic classes use different TSN mechanisms, they are interrelated as the ST traffic class schedule influences the latency of AVB traffic. In this paper, we propose a method for the integration of the ST schedule synthesis with an analysis for the AVB class featuring IEEE 802.1Qbu frame preemption under different configurations to reduce the interference between the two classes. We first present a new worst-case response-time (WCRT) analysis for the AVB traffic class in TSN networks with preemption, considering an arbitrary number of AVB queues and different configurations for the CBS credit behavior. Then, we integrate the creation of ST schedule tables with the schedulability analysis of AVB traffic using a heuristic algorithm featuring frame preemption and a novel routing mechanism aimed at maximizing AVB schedulability. Finally, we evaluate our approach using both real-world and synthetic use cases showing the efficiency both in terms of schedule creation runtime and in terms of increasing the schedulability of lower-priority AVB traffic.
|
|
| 30. |
- Berisa, Aldin, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparative Evaluation of Various Generations of Controller Area Network Based on Timing Analysis
- 2023
-
Ingår i: IEEE Int. Conf. Emerging Technol. Factory Autom., ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350339918
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper performs a comparative evaluation of various generations of Controller Area Network (CAN), including the classical CAN, CAN Flexible Data-Rate (FD), and CAN Extra Long (XL). We utilize response-time analysis for the evaluation. In this regard, we identify that the state of the art lacks the response-time analysis for CAN XL. Hence, we discuss the worst-case transmission times calculations for CAN XL frames and incorporate them to the existing analysis for CAN to support response-time analysis of CAN XL frames. Using the extended analysis, we perform a comparative evaluation of the three generations of CAN by analyzing an automotive industrial use case. In crux, we show that using CAN FD is more advantageous than the classical CAN and CAN XL when using frames with payloads of up to 8 bytes, despite the fact that CAN XL supports higher bit rates. For frames with 12-64 bytes payloads, CAN FD performs better than CAN XL when running at the same bit rate, but CAN XL performs better when running at a higher bit rate. Additionally, we discovered that CAN XL performs better than the classical CAN and CAN FD when the frame payload is over 64 bytes, even if it runs at the same or higher bit rates than CAN FD.
|
|
| 31. |
- Berisa, Aldin, et al.
(författare)
-
Investigating and Analyzing CAN-to-TSN Gateway Forwarding Techniques
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Proc. - IEEE Int. Symp. Real-Time Distrib. Comput., ISORC. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350339024 ; , s. 136-145
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Controller Area Network (CAN) and Ethernet network are expected to co-exist in automotive industry as Ethernet provides a high-bandwidth communication, while CAN is a legacy cost-effective solution. Due to the shortcomings of conventional switched Etherent, such as determinism, IEEE Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) task group developed a set of standards to enhance the switched Ethernet technology providing low-jitter and deterministic communication. Considering these two network domains, we investigate various design approaches for a gateway that connects a CAN domain to a TSN domain. We present three gateway forwarding techniques and we develop end-to-end delay analysis methods for them. Via the analysis methods and applying them to synthetic use cases we show that the intuitive existing approach of encapsulating multiple CAN frames into a single Ethernet frame is not necessarily an efficient solution. In fact, we demonstrate several cases where it is preferable to encapsulate only one CAN frame into a TSN frame, in particular when we use a high speed TSN network. The results have a significant impact on developing such gateways as the implementation of the one-to-one frame encapsulation is considerably simpler than other complex gateway-forwarding techniques.
|
|
| 32. |
- Bucaioni, Alessio, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling and Timing Analysis of Real-time Applications on Evolving Automotive E/E Architectures using Rubus-ICE
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Open Demo Session of Real-Time Systems 2019 RTSS@Work'19. - Hong Kong, HongKong.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The automotive E/E architectures are evolving from the traditional distributed architectures to upcoming consolidated domain architectures and possibly future centralised architectures. This paper demonstrates modelling and timing analysis of real-time embedded systems on contemporary automotive E/E architectures using the Rubus-ICE tool suite. The Rubus concept and tool suite, developed and evolved based on close academic-industrial collaboration, have been used in the automotive industry for over 25 years. The paper also demonstrates recent extensions and discusses proposals to support the modelling and timing analysis of the systems on future E/E architectures.
|
|
| 33. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Clock Synchronization in Integrated TSN-EtherCAT Networks
- 2020
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728189567 ; , s. 214-221
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Moving towards new technologies, such as Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), in industries should be gradual with a proper integration process instead of replacing the existing ones to make it beneficial in terms of cost and performance. Within this context, this paper identifies the challenges of integrating a legacy EtherCAT network, as a commonly used technology in the automation domain, into a TSN network. We show that clock synchronization plays an essential role when it comes to EtherCAT-TSN network integration with important requirements. We propose a clock synchronization mechanism based on the TSN standards to obtain a precise synchronization among EtherCAT nodes, resulting to an efficient data transmission. Based on a formal verification framework using UPPAAL tool we show that the integrated EtherCAT-TSN network with the proposed clock synchronization mechanism achieves at least 3 times higher synchronization precision compared to not using any synchronization.
|
|
| 34. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel
(författare)
-
Enhancing TSN Adoption by Industry : Tools to Support Migrating Ethernet-based Legacy Networks into TSN
- 2023
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- New technologies present opportunities and challenges for industries. One major challenge is the ease, or even feasibility, of its adoption. The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards offer a range of features relevant to various applications and are key for the transition to Industry 4.0. These features include deterministic zero-jitter, low-latency data transmission, transmission of traffic with various levels of time-criticality on the same network, fault tolerance mechanisms, and advanced network management allowing dynamic reconfiguration.This thesis aims to develop tools that enable the industry to adopt TSN easily and efficiently. Specifically, we create tools that facilitate the migration of legacy networks to TSN, enabling the preservation of most of the legacy systems and solutions while reducing costs and adoption time. Firstly, we introduce LETRA (Legacy Ethernet-based Traffic Mapping Tool), a tool for mapping Ethernet-based legacy traffic to the new TSN traffic classes. Secondly, we develop HERMES (Heuristic Multi-queue Scheduler), a heuristic Time-Triggered (TT) traffic scheduler that can meet the characteristics of legacy systems and provide quick results suitable for reconfiguration. Thirdly, we develop TALESS (TSN with Legacy End-Stations Synchronization), a mechanism to avoid adverse consequences caused by the lack of synchronization between legacy systems and TSN-based ones, as not all legacy systems need to support the TSN synchronization mechanisms. Finally, we improve Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) to enhance Audio-Video Bridging (AVB) traffic configuration in terms of termination and consistency.
|
|
| 35. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
HERMES : Heuristic Multi-queue Scheduler for TSN Time-Triggered Traffic with Zero Reception Jitter Capabilities
- 2022
-
Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9781450396509 ; , s. 70-80
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards provide a toolbox of features to be utilized in various application domains.The core TSN features include deterministic zero-jitter and low-latency data transmission and transmitting traffic with various levels of time-criticality on the same network. To achieve a deterministic transmission, the TSN standards define a time-aware shaper that coordinates transmission of Time-Triggered (TT) traffic. In this paper, we tackle the challenge of scheduling the TT traffic and we propose a heuristic algorithm, called HERMES. Unlike the existing scheduling solutions, HERMES results in a significantly faster algorithm run-time and a high number of schedulable networks. HERMES can be configured in two modes of zero or relaxed reception jitter while using multiple TT queues to improve the schedulability. We compare HERMES with a constraint programming (CP)-based solution and we show that HERMES performs better than the CP-based solution if multiple TT queues are used, both with respect to algorithm run-time and schedulability of the networks.
|
|
| 36. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Improved Clock Synchronization in TSN Networks with Legacy End-Stations
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to enable the adoption of Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) by the industry and be more environmentally sustainable, it is necessary to develop tools to integrate legacy systems with TSN. In this paper, we propose a solution for the coexistence of different time domains from different legacy systems with their corresponding synchronization protocols in a single TSN network. To this end, we experimentally identified the effects of replacing the communications subsystem of a legacy Ethernet-based network with TSN in terms of synchronization. Based on the results, we propose a solution called TALESS (TSN with Legacy End-Stations Synchronization). TALESS is able to identify the drift between the TSN communications subsystem and the integrated legacy devices (end-stations) and modify the TSN schedule to adapt to the different time domains to avoid the effects of the lack of synchronization between them. We validate TALESS through both simulations and experiments on a prototype. Thereby we demonstrate that thanks to TALESS, legacy systems are able to synchronize through TSN and even improve features such as their reception jitter or their integrability with other legacy systems.
|
|
| 37. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Introducing Guard Frames to Ensure Schedulability of All TSN Traffic Classes
- 2023
-
Ingår i: IEEE Int. Conf. Emerging Technol. Factory Autom., ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350339918
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Offline scheduling of Scheduled Traffic (ST) in Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN) without taking into account the quality of service of non-ST traffic, e.g., time-sensitive traffic such as Audio-Video Bridging (AVB) traffic, can potentially cause deadline misses for non-ST traffic. In this paper, we report our ongoing work to propose a solution that, regardless of the ST scheduling algorithm being used, can ensure meeting timing requirements for non-ST traffic. To do this, we define a frame called Guard Frame (GF) that will be scheduled together with all ST frames. We show that a proper design for the GFs will leave necessary porosity in the ST schedules to ensure that all non-ST traffic will meet their timing requirements.
|
|
| 38. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
LETRA : Mapping Legacy Ethernet-Based Traffic into TSN Traffic Classes
- 2021
-
Ingår i: 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA 2021. - Västerås, Sweden : IEEE. - 9781728129891
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a method to efficiently map the legacy Ethernet-based traffic into Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) traffic classes considering different traffic characteristics. Traffic mapping is one of the essential steps for industries to gradually move towards TSN, which in turn significantly mitigates the management complexity of industrial communication systems. In this paper, we first identify the legacy Ethernet traffic characteristics and properties. Based on the legacy traffic characteristics we presented a mapping methodology to map them into different TSN traffic classes. We implemented the mapping method as a tool, named Legacy Ethernet-based Traffic Mapping Tool or LETRA, together with a TSN traffic scheduling and performed a set of evaluations on different synthetic networks. The results show that the proposed mapping method obtains up to 90% improvement in the schedulability ratio of the traffic compared to an intuitive mapping method on a multi-switch network architecture.
|
|
| 39. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
TALESS : TSN With Legacy End-Stations Synchronization
- 2024
-
Ingår i: IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY. - : IEEE. - 2644-1284. ; 5, s. 807-822
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to facilitate the adoption of Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) by the industry, it is necessary to develop tools to integrate legacy systems with TSN. In this article, we propose a solution for the coexistence of different time domains from different legacy systems, each with its corresponding synchronization protocol, in a single TSN network. To this end, we experimentally identified the effects of replacing the communications subsystem of a legacy Ethernet-based network with TSN in terms of synchronization. Based on the results, we propose a solution called TALESS (TSN with Legacy End-Stations Synchronization). TALESS can identify the drift between the TSN communications subsystem and the integrated legacy devices (end-stations) and then modify the TSN schedule to adapt to the different time domains to avoid the effects of the lack of synchronization between them. We validate TALESS through both simulations and experiments on a prototype. We demonstrate that thanks to TALESS, legacy systems can synchronize through TSN and even improve features such as their reception jitter or their integrability with other legacy systems.
|
|
| 40. |
- Bujosa Mateu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
The Effects of Clock Synchronization in TSN Networks with Legacy End-Stations
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present our ongoing work on proposing solutions to integrate legacy end-stations into Time-Sensitive Network (TSN) communication systems where the legacy end-stations are synchronized via their legacy clock synchronization protocol. To this end, we experimentally identify the effects of lacking synchronization or partial synchronization in TSN networks. In the experiments we show the effects of clock synchronization in different scenarios on jitter and clock drifts. Based on the experiments, we propose preliminary solutions to overcome the identified effects.
|
|
| 41. |
- Cao, Jingyue, et al.
(författare)
-
An Independent yet Efficient Analysis of Bandwidth Reservation for Credit-based Shaping in Ethernet TSN
- 2018
-
Ingår i: International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems WFCS'18. - Imperia, Italy. - 9781538610664 ; , s. 1-10
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethernet TSN is an upcoming communication standard for industrial distributed embedded systems with high demands on bandwidth and traffic delay. In this paper, we present and prove an improved analysis to determine bandwidth reservations for credit based shapers in a single Ethernet TSN switch. We compare this new analysis, which is based on eligible intervals, to the state-of-the-art bandwidth reservation analysis based on busy periods through experiments. Despite its low complexity and the independence of the knowledge of the interfering traffic, the results show an improvement of efficiency, i.e., a decrease of the required bandwidth, for the new analysis.
|
|
| 42. |
- Causevic, Aida, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
On incorporating security parameters in service level agreements
- 2019
-
Ingår i: CLOSER 2019 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science. - : SciTePress. - 9789897583650 ; , s. 48-57
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With development of cloud computing new ways for easy, on-demand, Internet-based access to computing resources have emerged. In such context a Service Level Agreement (SLA) enables contractual agreements between service providers and users. Given an SLA, service users are able to establish trust in that the service outcome corresponds to what they have demanded during the service negotiation process. However, an SLA provides a limited support outside of basic Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, especially when it comes to security. We find security as an important factor to be included in adjusting an SLA according to user defined objectives. Incorporating it in an SLA is challenging due to difficulty to provide complete and quantifiable metrics, thus we propose to focus on a systematic way of addressing security using the security process. In this paper we investigate ways in which security might be incorporated already in the service negotiation process and captured in an SLA. We propose a corresponding process to develop and maintain an SLA that considers both design-, and run-time. To demonstrate the approach we built upon the existing SLAC language and extend its syntax to support security. An example of a service being provided with security guarantees illustrates the concept.
|
|
| 43. |
- Corneo, Lorenzo, et al.
(författare)
-
Service Level Agreements for Safe and Configurable Production Environments
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - : IEEE. - 1946-0759 .- 1946-0740. ; 2018-September
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for industrial applications that aim to port some of the control functionalities to the cloud. In such applications, industrial requirements should be reflected in SLAs. In this paper, we present an approach to integrate safety-related aspects of an industrial application to SLAs. We also present the approach in a use case. This is an initial attempt to enrich SLAs for industrial settings to consider safety aspects, which has not been investigated thoroughly before.
|
|
| 44. |
- Danielsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Performance Evaluation of Network Convergence Time Measurement Techniques
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation ETFA'17. - 9781509065059 ; , s. 1-7
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we evaluate solutions that provide measurements for the network convergence time in switched Ethernet networks when links failures happen. We evaluate three solutions to measure the network convergence time in a faulty situation. Compared to the commercially available solutions, our proposals are cost-effective, portable, and open source. Thus, they are easy to deploy on many testbeds. We show the performance of the solutions by measuring different metrics including jitter, network convergence time and packet loss during the network recovery time. Our measurements indicate that it is possible to accurately measure the network convergence time using a packet sender which does not suffer interference from the overlying operating system. Furthermore, we noticed that the packet sniffer TShark did not suffer from kernel interrupts from overlying operating systems.
|
|
| 45. |
- Denzler, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
-
Concurrent OPC UA information model access, enabling real-time OPC UA PubSub
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665499965
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ongoing changes in industrial automation aim to-wards a flat and highly interconnected architecture that includes end-to-end real-time enabled machine-to-machine communications. Several technologies, such as OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) publish-subscribe and time-sensitive networking (TSN), facilitate that change. While OPC UA PubSub and TSN can already provide real-time capabilities, the parallel operation with standard OPC UA client-server remains an open challenge. This article presents preliminary results for solving concurrent information model access between OPC UA PubSub and client-server. The results include the overall RT-TSN-OPC UA concept, an analysis of common concurrent data access mechanisms for their suitability, and identifying critical code segments in the open62541 OPC UA stack. The paper concludes by outlining further research focusing on implementing and evaluating a wait-and obstruction-free mechanism into open62541.
|
|
| 46. |
- Ferko, Enxhi, et al.
(författare)
-
An Evaluation Framework for Modeling Languages Supporting Predictable Vehicular Software Systems
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1421. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030976521
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Handling the software complexity of modern vehicular systems has become very challenging due to their non-centralized nature and real-time requirements that they impose. Among many software development paradigms for these systems, model-based development excels for several reasons including its ability to verify timing predictability of software architectures of these systems using pre-runtime timing analysis techniques. In this work, we propose a comprehensive framework that captures the timing related information needed for the modeling languages to facilitate these timing analyses. We validate the applicability of the framework by comparing two modeling languages and their respective tool-chains, Rubus-ICE and APP4MC, that are used for software development in the vehicle industry. Based on our results, both modeling languages support the design and analysis of vehicle software, but with different. Both modeling languages support time-, event- and data-driven activation of software components and modeling of single- and multi-rate transactions. Amalthea targets applications on single nodes with multi-core architectures while RCM focuses on single-core single-node and distributed embedded systems with ongoing work for supporting single-node multi-core architectures. In comparison to Amalthea, RCM provides a generic message model which can easily be re-modeled according to protocol-specific properties.
|
|
| 47. |
- Girs, Svetlana, et al.
(författare)
-
A Systematic Literature Study on Definition and Modeling of Service-Level Agreements for Cloud Services in IoT
- 2020
-
Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 2169-3536. ; 8, s. 134498-134513
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cloud computing paradigm provides remote computing resources to the cloud service consumers and businesses. When combined with Internet of Things (IoT), both technologies open up a wide range of new possibilities for more agile and flexible applications. However, guaranteed quality of service is essential in provisioning of cloud services, which makes Service Level Agreements (SLAs) a focal point in the cloud computing and IoT ecosystem. The SLA definition and modeling phase is crucial in establishing SLAs between service providers and consumers. This paper identifies that the research on definition and modeling of SLAs for cloud services in IoT is widely dispersed and there is a lack of a systematic and comprehensive literature review. Thus, in this paper we build on top of a previously conducted systematic mapping study on management of SLAs for cloud computing and IoT to perform a comprehensive systematic review and discuss sub-categorization of the definition and modeling aspects of SLAs for cloud services in IoT. Furthermore we analyze the extracted relevant literature, present commonalities in the studies, identify gaps and discuss opportunities for further research in the area.
|
|
| 48. |
- Girs, Svetlana, et al.
(författare)
-
Designing a Bandwidth Management Scheme for Heterogeneous Virtualized Networks
- 2018
-
Ingår i: International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation - Work in Progress Session ETFA-WiP'18. - 9781538671085 ; , s. 1079-1082
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With envisioned increased density and complexity of future industrial networks, software defined networking (SDN) and network virtualization are considered to be promising techniques for network organization and management. Thus, in this paper we look at heterogeneous software defined networks consisting of several virtual slices and present a bandwidth control algorithm, which is designed to provide control over shared bandwidth both in wired and wireless parts of the network. The designed algorithm has been implemented in real hardware and in this paper we present the initial test results.
|
|
| 49. |
- Hallmans, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of the TSN Standards for Utilization in Long-life Industrial Distributed Control Systems
- 2020
-
Ingår i: The 25th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA2020. - Vienna, Austria.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large complex industrial Distributed Control Systems (DCS), e.g., power distribution systems, are expected to function for long time, up to 40 years. Therefore, besides having a long system verification phase for all subsystems, the design phase should consider various aspects when it comes to selection of which technologies to utilize when implementing such systems. In this paper, we study and investigate key challenges of using the Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) technology when it comes to design, maintenance and evolution of long life-span complex DCS. We also identify issues and challenges, and propose mitigation strategies for using the TSN technology in long-life system design. Our investigation and analysis shows that many of the TSN standards are in their evolution phase and may as a consequence be subject to different interpretations and implementations. Therefore, achieving a full capacity of using the TSN technology may not be possible, in particular when it comes to design of systems having an expected long life.
|
|
| 50. |
- Hasanagic, Lamija, et al.
(författare)
-
Optimizing Inter-Core Data-Propagation Delays in Industrial Embedded Systems under Partitioned Scheduling
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings ASPDAC '21: 26th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450379991 ; , s. 428-434
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the scheduling of industrial time-critical applications on multi-core embedded systems. A novel scheduling technique under partitioned scheduling is proposed that minimizes inter-core data-propagation delays between tasks that are activated with different periods. The proposed technique is based on the read-execute-write model for the execution of tasks to guarantee temporal isolation when accessing the shared resources. A Constraint Programming formulation is presented to find the schedule for each core. Evaluations are preformed to assess the scalability as well as the resulting schedulability ratio, which is still 18% for two cores that are both utilized 90%. Furthermore, an automotive industrial case study is performed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed technique to industrial systems. The case study also presents a comparative evaluation of the schedules generated by (i) the proposed technique and (ii) the Rubus-ICE industrial tool suite with respect to jitter, inter-core data-propagation delays and their impact on data age of task chains that span multiple cores.
|
|
