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1.	Asutay, Erkin, et al. (författare) Affective Calculus: The Construction of Affect Through Information Integration Over Time 2021 Ingår i: Emotion. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 21:1, s. 159-174 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Humans receive a constant stream of input that potentially influence their affective experience. Despite intensive research on affect, it is still largely unknown how various sources of information are integrated into the single, unified affective features that accompany consciousness. Here, we aimed to investigate how a stream of evocative input we receive is dynamically represented in self-reported affect. In 4 experiments, participants viewed a number of sequentially presented images and reported their momentary affective experience on valence and arousal scales. The number and duration of images in a trial varied across studies. In Study 4, we also measured participants physiological responses while they viewed images. We formulated and compared several models with respect to their capacity to predict self-reported affect based on normative image ratings, physiological measurements, and prior affective experience (measured in the previous trial). Our data best supported a model incorporating a temporally sensitive averaging mechanism for affective integration that assigns higher weights to effectively more potent and recently represented stimuli. Crucially, affective averaging of sensory information and prior affect accounted for distinct contributions to currently experienced affect. Taken together, the current study provides evidence that prior affect and integrated affective impact of stimuli partly shape currently experienced affect.
2.	Asutay, Erkin, et al. (författare) Affective Context and Its Uncertainty Drive Momentary Affective Experience 2022 Ingår i: Emotion. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 22:6, s. 1336-1346 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Affect fluctuates in a moment-to-moment fashion, reflecting the continuous relationship between the individual and the environment. Despite substantial research, there remain important open questions regarding how a stream of sensory input is dynamically represented in experienced affect. Here, approaching affect as a temporally dependent process, we show that momentary affect is shaped by a combination of the affective impact of stimuli (i.e., visual images for the current studies) and previously experienced affect. We also found that this temporal dependency is influenced by uncertainty of the affective context. Participants in each trial viewed sequentially presented images and subsequently reported their affective experience, which was modeled based on images normative affect ratings and participants previously reported affect. Study 1 showed that self-reported valence and arousal in a given trial is partly shaped by the affective impact of the given images and previously experienced affect. In Study 2, we manipulated context uncertainty by controlling occurrence probabilities for normatively pleasant and unpleasant images in separate blocks. Increasing context uncertainty (i.e., random occurrence of pleasant and unpleasant images) was associated with increased negative affect. In addition, the relative contribution of the most recent image to experienced pleasantness increased with increasing context uncertainty. Taken together, these findings provide clear behavioral evidence that momentary affect is a temporally dependent and continuous process, which reflects the affective impact of recent input variables and the previous internal state, and that this process is sensitive to the affective context and its uncertainty.
3.	Asutay, Erkin, et al. (författare) Affective responses drive the impact neglect in sustainable behavior 2023 Ingår i: iScience. - : CELL PRESS. - 2589-0042. ; 26:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We need unparalleled human behavioral changes to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, recent studies suggest that people are not good at identifying mitigative behaviors that are effective in reducing carbon emissions. Thus, even when there is an intention to engage in climate action, people are not necessarily making the most effective choices. This suggests that there is an impact of neglecting in evaluative judgments about mitigative behaviors. Here, using an online survey (N = 555), we show that people have a rather poor understanding of the mitigation potential of human behaviors, and both impact judgments and the likelihood of adoption of mitigative behaviors are largely influenced by emotional processes. These findings have potential implications for how to motivate impactful climate action in the future and point toward the importance to fully understand how affect and emotions influence impact judgments and pro-environmental behavior.
4.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Attentional and emotional prioritization of the sounds occurring outside the visual field 2015 Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 15:3, s. 281-286 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The ability to detect and localize sounds in an environment is critical for survival. Localizing sound sources is a computational challenge for the human brain because the auditory cortex seems to lack a topographical space representation. However, attention and task demands can modulate localization performance. Here, we investigated whether the localization performance for sounds occurring directly in front of or behind people could be modulated by emotional salience and sound-source location. We measured auditory-induced emotion by ecological sounds occurring in the frontal or rear perceptual fields, and employed a speeded localization task. The results showed that both localization speed and accuracy were higher, and that stronger negative emotions were induced when sound sources were behind the participants. Our results provide clear behavioral evidence that auditory attention can be influenced by sound-source location. Importantly, we also show that the effect of spatial location on attention is mediated by emotion, which is in line with the argument that emotional information is prioritized in processing. Auditory system functions as an alarm system and is in charge of detecting possible salient events, and alarming for an attention shift. Further, spatial processing in the auditory dorsal pathway has a function of guiding the visual system to a particular location of interest. Thus, an auditory bias toward the space outside the visual field can be useful, so that visual attention could be quickly shifted in case of emotionally significant information.
5.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Auditory attentional selection is biased by reward cues 2016 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322 .- 2045-2322. ; 6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Auditory attention theories suggest that humans are able to decompose the complex acoustic input into separate auditory streams, which then compete for attentional resources. How this attentional competition is influenced by motivational salience of sounds is, however, not well-understood. Here, we investigated whether a positive motivational value associated with sounds could bias the attentional selection in an auditory detection task. Participants went through a reward-learning period, where correct attentional selection of one stimulus (CS+) lead to higher rewards compared to another stimulus (CS-). We assessed the impact of reward-learning by comparing perceptual sensitivity before and after the learning period, when CS+ and CS-were presented as distractors for a different target. Performance decreased after reward-learning when CS+ was a distractor, while it increased when CS- was a distractor. Thus, the findings show that sounds that were associated with high rewards captures attention involuntarily. Additionally, when successful inhibition of a particular sound (CS-) was associated with high rewards then it became easier to ignore it. The current findings have important implications for the understanding of the organizing principles of auditory perception and provide, for the first time, clear behavioral evidence for reward-dependent attentional learning in the auditory domain in humans.
6.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Development of methodology for documentation of key action properties and haptie sensation of pipe organ playing 2012 Ingår i: Acoustics Bulletin. - : Institute of Acoustics. - 0308-437X. ; 37:5, s. 42-44 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Musical instruments provide auditory, visual and tactile feedback to the performer. The organist hears the pipes sounding as well as the contribution of room acoustics, sees the console, smells the air of the room, and feels the key action properties through his or her fingers and feet. Thus just as perception of most objects and events is multisensory, the sensation and perception of instrument playing are also multisensory. Within the project, The Organ as Memory Bank, we investigate the underlying dimensions of haptics in pipe organ playing, focusing on the mechanical manual-key action. This research involves both objective and subjective characterisation of the key action. Objective characterisation focuses on mechanical construction of the key and trackers and how it shapes the tactile feedback. The dynamic behaviour of the keys is measured as a function of key-fall and velocity as keys are pressed using a controllable linear actuator and characterized by objective parameters. The subjective characterisation of the haptics of organ playing is initially surveyed online. Semantic differential scales, which are devised based on the results of the survey, will be used in subjective experiments to reveal the underlying dimensions. Finally the objective (physical) and subjective (perceptual) characteristics will be linked to reveal the salient sensorial key action properties.
7.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Emoacoustics : A Study of the Psychoacoustical and Psychological Dimensions of Emotional Sound Design 2012 Ingår i: Journal of The Audio Engineering Society. - : Audio Engineering Society. - 1549-4950. ; 60:1-2, s. 21-28 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Even though traditional psychoacoustics has provided indispensable knowledge about auditory perception, it has, in its narrow focus on signal characteristics, neglected listener and contextual characteristics. To demonstrate the influence of the meaning the listener attaches to a sound in the resulting sensations we used a Fourier-time-transform processing to reduce the identifiability of 18 environmental sounds. In a listening experiment, 20 subjects listened to and rated their sensations in response to, first, all the processed stimuli and then, all original stimuli, without being aware of the relationship between the two groups. Another 20 subjects rated only the processed stimuli, which were primed by their original counterparts. This manipulation was used in order to see the difference in resulting sensation when the subject could tell what the sound source is. In both tests subjects rated their emotional experience for each stimulus on the orthogonal dimensions of valence and arousal, as well as perceived annoyance and perceived loudness for each stimulus. They were also asked to identify the sound source. It was found that processing caused correct identification to reduce substantially, while priming recovered most of the identification. While original stimuli induced a wide range of emotional experience, reactions to processed stimuli were emotionally neutral. Priming manipulation reversed the effects of processing to some extent. Moreover, even though the 5th percentile Zwickers-loudness (N5) value of most of the stimuli was reduced after processing, neither perceived loudness nor auditory-induced emotion changed accordingly. Thus indicating the importance of considering other factors apart from the physical sound characteristics in sound design.
8.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Emoacoustics: a study on the physical and psychological dimensions of sound design 2010 Ingår i: 3rd Int. Workshop on Perceptual Quality of Systems, 2010, Bautzen, Germany. - 1680-8908. ; , s. 35-39 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Psychoacoustical research provided indispensible knowledge on how human audition works, which is necessary for successful sound design applications. It may, however, be argued that traditional psychoacoustics, in its narrow focus on signal characteristics, has neglected listener and contextual characteristics. Thus, to demonstrate the influence of meaning the listener attaches to a sound we used an FFT processing to reduce the identifiability of 18 environmental sounds, since source identification is central to meaning attribution. In a listening experiment, 20 subjects listened to and rated all the processed stimuli first and then original stimuli, without being aware of the existence of two sets. Another 20 subjects rated only the processed stimuli, which were primed by their original counterparts. This manipulation was used in order to see the difference when the subject could tell what the sound source is. In both tests subjects rated their emotional experience for each stimulus on the orthogonal dimensions of valence and arousal, as well as perceived annoyance and perceived loudness for each stimulus. They were also asked to identify the sound source. It was found that processing caused correct identification to reduce substantially, while priming recovered most of the identification. While original stimuli induced a wide range of emotional experience, reactions to processed stimuli were affectively neutral. Priming manipulation reversed the effects of processing to some extent. Moreover, even though Zwickers-loudness value of most of the stimuli was reduced after processing, perceived loudness was only decreased for affectively negative stimuli.
9.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Emotional Bias in Change Deafness in Multisource Auditory Environments 2014 Ingår i: Journal of experimental psychology. General. - : American Psychological Association. - 0096-3445 .- 1939-2222. ; 143:1, s. 27-32 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Theories of auditory attention suggest that humans decompose complex auditory input into individual auditory objects, which then compete for attention to dominate auditory perception. Since emotional significance of external stimuli has been argued to provide cues for sensory prioritization and allocation of attention, emotionally salient auditory objects can receive attention to dominate auditory perception. On the basis of the function of audition as an alarm system that informs the organism about its immediate surroundings, and on empirical evidence that emotion can modulate auditory perception, we argue that auditory stimuli with greater emotional saliency would dominate perception in multisource environments. To test our hypothesis, we employed a change detection task in which participants were asked to indicate whether multisource auditory scenes were identical or different. Participants were better at detecting changes at the presence of an emotionally negative environment compared to neutral environment. Further, we found that participants were better at detecting changes of emotionally negative targets compared to neutral targets. Our results demonstrate that detecting changes in auditory scenes is influenced by emotion. The findings are discussed in the light of the theories of auditory attention, emotional modulation of attention, and the adaptive function of emotion for perception.
10.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982 (författare) Emotional Influences on Auditory Perception and Attention 2014 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The auditory perception is a fundamental part of our interactions with and experience of the external environment. We receive considerable amount of information from our surroundings through sounds. The auditory system takes care of this continuous flow of information in a seemingly effortless manner. It functions as an adaptive and cognitive alarm system that scans our surroundings, detects and analyzes the significant events, and signals for attention shifts to objects of interest. The research presented in this thesis focuses on the influence of emotions on the perception of sounds, and proposes that the affective experience is integral to the auditory perception. In particular, the current research explored how the affective qualities of auditory stimuli may modulate the way we attend to and perceive the sounds around us.In Paper I, employing an affective learning paradigm, the author investigated whether the learned emotional meaning of an otherwise meaningless sound could influence the perception of a basic auditory feature: loudness. The main focus of Papers II and III was on the emotional modulations of spatial auditory perception. Paper II presents a study that set out to investigate whether the affective quality of sounds can provide exogenous cues of the orientation of spatial attention. Paper III concerns the potential of the auditory spatial information to possess emotional value and modulate attention. Finally, in Paper IV, the authors investigated the importance of the emotional information for the auditory perception in the presence of a complex environment with a number of concurrent sounds.Overall, it was found that both the loudness perception and the spatial auditory perception can be modulated by emotional significance, and that auditory-induced emotion is constructed using the available information in the auditory stimuli involving the spatial dimension. Further, the current research provided evidence that the emotional salience provides cues for the allocation of attention in the auditory modality.Taken together, the current research set out to investigate the influence of the emotional salience on auditory perception. Perception is our everyday tool to navigate our surrounding world; and the finding that emotions can modulate the way we perceive our surroundings may help to improve the quality of everyday environments that we all occupy.
11.	Asutay, Erkin, et al. (författare) Exposure to arousal-inducing sounds facilitates visual search 2017 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Exposure to affective stimuli could enhance perception and facilitate attention via increasing alertness, vigilance, and by decreasing attentional thresholds. However, evidence on the impact of affective sounds on perception and attention is scant. Here, a novel aspect of affective facilitation of attention is studied: whether arousal induced by task-irrelevant auditory stimuli could modulate attention in a visual search. In two experiments, participants performed a visual search task with and without auditory-cues that preceded the search. Participants were faster in locating high-salient targets compared to low-salient targets. Critically, search times and search slopes decreased with increasing auditory-induced arousal while searching for low-salient targets. Taken together, these findings suggest that arousal induced by sounds can facilitate attention in a subsequent visual search. This novel finding provides support for the alerting function of the auditory system by showing an auditory-phasic alerting effect in visual attention. The results also indicate that stimulus arousal modulates the alerting effect. Attention and perception are our everyday tools to navigate our surrounding world and the current findings showing that affective sounds could influence visual attention provide evidence that we make use of affective information during perceptual processing.
12.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Haptic sensation in organ playing 2010 Ingår i: Haptic Audio Interaction Design 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This paper presents a new research project, which aims toreveal the elements of haptic sensation in playing pipeorgan with mechanical tracker actions. In order to reach this goal sets of experiments will be carried out. Layout of these experiments are (1) measuring manual key signatures and analyzing them together with the interviews with expert organists to study the extent they can feel and communicate key properties, (2) measuring dynamical properties of key action, recording sound and recording organist’s movements simultaneously during performance, and (3) running psychophysical experiments on expert organists using an experimental keyboard where key action can be simulated and altered. The outcome of this research project will contribute to organ building and documentation and new class of haptics-enabled digital musical instruments.
13.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Negative emotion provides cues for orienting auditory spatial attention 2015 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6:MAY Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The auditory stimuli provide information about the objects and events around us. They can also carry biologically significant emotional information (such as unseen dangers and conspecific vocalizations), which provides cues for allocation of attention and mental resources. Here, we investigated whether task-irrelevant auditory emotional information can provide cues for orientation of auditory spatial attention. We employed a covert spatial orienting task: the dot-probe task. In each trial, two task irrelevant auditory cues were simultaneously presented at two separate locations (left-right or front-back). Environmental sounds were selected to form emotional vs. neutral, emotional vs. emotional, and neutral vs. neutral cue pairs. The participants’ task was to detect the location of an acoustic target that was presented immediately after the task-irrelevant auditory cues. The target was presented at the same location as one of the auditory cues. The results indicated that participants were significantly faster to locate the target when it replaced the negative cue compared to when it replaced the neutral cue. The positive cues did not produce a clear attentional bias. Further, same valence pairs (emotional-emotional or neutral-neutral) did not modulate reaction times due to a lack of spatial attention capture by one cue in the pair. Taken together, the results indicate that negative affect can provide cues for the orientation of spatial attention in the auditory domain.
14.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982, et al. (författare) Perception of Loudness Is Influenced by Emotion 2012 Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 7:6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Loudness perception is thought to be a modular system that is unaffected by other brain systems. We tested the hypothesis that loudness perception can be influenced by negative affect using a conditioning paradigm, where some auditory stimuli were paired with aversive experiences while others were not. We found that the same auditory stimulus was reported as being louder, more negative and fear-inducing when it was conditioned with an aversive experience, compared to when it was used as a control stimulus. This result provides support for an important role of emotion in auditory perception.
15.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982 (författare) Physical measurements and subjective characterization of pipe organ mechanical key actions 2013 Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Musical instruments do not only provide auditory or visual information but they also convey haptic feedback to the performer. One might consider that the auditory feedback is the only crucial information that the musician requires. However, as perception of most objects and events are multisensory, sensation and perception of playing a musical instrument is also multisensory. The present thesis sets out to develop a methodology to measure and characterize the properties of the organ key mechanics that determine haptic sensation of pipe organ playing. A framework is proposed here with the purpose to develop the methodology to objectively measure and subjectively characterize mechanical key action properties. The methods for the objective characterization will be explained using results of detailed measurements and a framework for subjective characterization of the haptic properties is proposed.There are a number of components in the mechanical key action that contributes to the overall force feedback to the organist. It is a complex mechanical system and no two key has identical construction. This makes it difficult to model the key action mathematically, since one needs a different form of a model for each key. Therefore, force feedback at the console as a function of key-fall and velocity was chosen to be measured to reveal the dynamic behavior of the key action. To have objective measurements and to be able to control for the key velocity, a controllable linear actuator was used to press the keys. From the results of these measurements a number of parameters were extracted to characterize dynamic system behavior. These parameters can be used for comparison of different keys within an instrument as well as overall comparison of different instruments. The study of the role of haptic sensation of organ playing requires subjective characterization of the key action. Since this part is ongoing work, only the methodology is described here. Based on an online survey among expert as well as novice organists on haptic sensation of organ playing, a set of semantic differential scales were devised. These semantic differential scales will be used in subjective experiments, with the aim to reveal the underlying dimensions of the haptic perception of the particular organs. Once the subjective characters of the key actions are revealed, they will be linked to the physical system and the objective characteristics to study the salient key action properties.
16.	Asutay, Erkin, 1982-, et al. (författare) Sound and emotion 2019 Ingår i: The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Imagination Vol.2. - New York : Oxford University Press. - 9780190460273 - 9780190460242 ; , s. 368-390 Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract The focus of Erkin Asutay and Daniel Västfjäll’s chapter is the relationship between sound and emotion. Evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies is presented that documents how sound can evoke emotions and how emotional processes affect sound perception. This leads to a discussion of different forms of emotional responses to auditory stimuli, such as responses to vocal signals, responses to environmental sounds, and responses to music. The authors view the auditory system as an adaptive network that governs both how auditory stimuli influence emotional reactions and how the affective significance of sound influences auditory attention. In conclusion, they argue that affective experience is integral to auditory perception.
17.	Asutay, Erkin, et al. (författare) The continuous and changing impact of affect on risky decision-making 2022 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Portfolio. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Affective experience has an important role in decision-making with recent theories suggesting a modulatory role of affect in ongoing subjective value computations. However, it is unclear how varying expectations and uncertainty dynamically influence affective experience and how dynamic representation of affect modulates risky choices. Using hierarchical Bayesian modeling on data from a risky choice task (N = 101), we find that the temporal integration of recently encountered choice parameters (expected value, uncertainty, and prediction errors) shapes affective experience and impacts subsequent choice behavior. Specifically, self-reported arousal prior to choice was associated with increased loss aversion, risk aversion, and choice consistency. Taken together, these findings provide clear behavioral evidence for continuous affective modulation of subjective value computations during risky decision-making.
18.	Asutay, Erkin, et al. (författare) The goal-relevance of affective stimuli is dynamically represented in affective experience 2021 Ingår i: Royal Society Open Science. - : Royal Society of Open Science. - 2054-5703. ; 8:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Affect is a continuous and temporally dependent process that represents an individuals ongoing relationship with its environment. However, there is a lack of evidence on how factors defining the dynamic sensory environment modulate changes in momentary affective experience. Here, we show that goal-dependent relevance of stimuli is a key factor shaping momentary affect in a dynamic context. Participants (N = 83) viewed sequentially presented images and reported their momentary affective experience after every fourth stimulus. Relevance was manipulated through an attentional task that rendered each image either task-relevant or task-irrelevant. Computational models were fitted to trial-by-trial affective responses to capture the key dynamic parameters explaining momentary affective experience. The findings from statistical analyses and computational models showed that momentary affective experience was shaped by the temporal integration of the affective impact of recently encountered stimuli, and that task-relevant stimuli, independent of stimulus affect, prompted larger changes in experienced pleasantness compared with task-irrelevant stimuli. These findings clearly show that dynamics of affective experience reflect goal-relevance of stimuli in our surroundings.
19.	Bergman, Penny, et al. (författare) Auditory-induced emotion mediates perceptual categorization of everyday sounds 2016 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 7:OCT Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Research has shown that emotion categorization plays an important role in perception and categorization in the visual domain. In the present paper, we investigated the role of auditory-induced emotions for auditory perception. We further investigated whether the emotional responses mediate other perceptual judgments of sounds. In an experiment, participants either rated general dissimilarities between sounds or dissimilarities of specific aspects of sounds. The results showed that the general perceptual salience map could be explained by both the emotional responses to, and perceptual aspects of, the sounds. Importantly, the perceptual aspects were mediated by emotional responses. Together these results show that emotions are an integral part of auditory perception that is used as the intuitive basis for categorizing everyday sounds.
20.	Bergman, Penny, 1982, et al. (författare) Emoacoustics: sound character versus source meaning in emotional responses to sounds 2008 Ingår i: Icben 2008. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
21.	Holmer, Emil, 1983-, et al. (författare) Facial mimicry interference reduces working memory accuracy for facial emotion expressions 2024 Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 19:6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Facial mimicry, the tendency to imitate facial expressions of other individuals, has been shown to play a critical role in the processing of emotion expressions. At the same time, there is evidence suggesting that its role might change when the cognitive demands of the situation increase. In such situations, understanding another person is dependent on working memory. However, whether facial mimicry influences working memory representations for facial emotion expressions is not fully understood. In the present study, we experimentally interfered with facial mimicry by using established behavioral procedures, and investigated how this interference influenced working memory recall for facial emotion expressions. Healthy, young adults (N = 36) performed an emotion expression n-back paradigm with two levels of working memory load, low (1-back) and high (2-back), and three levels of mimicry interference: high, low, and no interference. Results showed that, after controlling for block order and individual differences in the perceived valence and arousal of the stimuli, the high level of mimicry interference impaired accuracy when working memory load was low (1-back) but, unexpectedly, not when load was high (2-back). Working memory load had a detrimental effect on performance in all three mimicry conditions. We conclude that facial mimicry might support working memory for emotion expressions when task load is low, but that the supporting effect possibly is reduced when the task becomes more cognitively challenging.
22.	Karlsson, Hulda, et al. (författare) A causal link between mental imagery and affect-laden perception of climate change related risks 2023 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous studies have shed light on the importance of affect in risk perception and the role of mental imagery in generating affect. In the current study, we explore the causal relationship between mental imagery, affect, and risk perception by systematically varying the level of mental imagery in three levels (i.e., enhanced, spontaneous, or prevented). In light of the increasing environmental risk of adverse events caused by climate change, we operationalize risk as participants perceived risk of climate change. One-thousand-fifty-five participants were recruited online and randomized to one of three levels of mental imagery. As predicted, we found a causal link between the level of mental imagery, affective experience, and perceived risk of climate change, in that enhanced mental imagery caused a larger decrease in positive affective valence and a larger increase in perceived risk of climate change. We argue that mental imagery enhances the negative affect associated with the risk event by creating a perceptual experience that mimics seeing the environmental risk events.
23.	Kolbeinsson, Örn, 1991- (författare) I Don’t Want to Hear It : Cognitive Control Strategies in Response to Task-Irrelevant Sound 2022 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract An adequate capacity for cognitive control, the ability to maintain goal-directed behavior despite conflicting environmental demands, is a requirement for effective functioning. Whether it be the capacity to delay gratification or to effectively regulate emotions, various types of cognitive control allow us to function effectively despite the enormous complexity encountered in everyday life. Yet, some forms of cognitive control, such as thought suppression, have been shown to have delayed and potentially adverse consequences. Previous research has largely neglected to study cognitive control in the auditory domain, yet task-irrelevant and potentially distracting sounds are omnipresent, making this a highly interesting area of research.In the current thesis, I present findings from four experimental studies with an overall aim to investigate the use, effectiveness, and delayed consequences of cognitive control in the auditory domain. In Study II and Study IV, the aim was to investigate the use of four common emotion regulation strategies in response to task-irrelevant, potentially distracting sound. Measures of emotional responding were also included to determine whether the use and effectiveness of these strategies was related to subjective emotion. In Study II, participants received either positive or negative information about an inherently neutral sound in an attempt to manipulate their emotional experience of the sound. In contrast, sounds used in Study IV were inherently negative or neutral. Results from both studies showed that all four of the surveyed emotion regulation strategies were used to some degree, and that participants reported use of multiple regulatory strategies. Results also suggest that subjective ratings of negative emotion in response to the sound were related to greater use of mental suppression, in line with findings from other sensory domains. In Study I and Study III, we specifically investigated the delayed consequences of mental suppression. In line with previous research from other sensory modalities, results from the two experiments reported in Study I suggest that mentally suppressing awareness of a task-irrelevant sound results in delayed consequences. However, the nature of these consequences varied between experiments. This may be due to the use of different sound stimuli in the two experiments, where sounds from the first experiment were emotionally neutral and unintrusive, while sounds from the second were inherently aversive. In Study III, the aim was to replicate and expand on the findings from Study I, and specifically test for delayed consequences on perceptual responding. Mental suppression, conceptualized as an experiential avoidance strategy, was compared to an approach focused strategy, with the hypothesis that mental suppression would result in hypervigilance toward previously suppressed stimuli. Results from the two experiments reported in Study III did not provide support for this hypothesis. In conclusion, results from the studies presented in the current thesis suggest that people regularly use cognitive control strategies in response to task-irrelevant sound, and that the use of these strategies may be related to subjective emotional experiences of the sound. Additionally, attempting to mentally suppress awareness of a sound may result in delayed consequences, but the circumstance under which these delayed consequences can be demonstrated are not yet understood. The included studies provide initial indications that developing adaptive strategies of coping with distracting sound can reduce the risk of long-term maladaptive consequences.
24.	Kolbeinsson, Örn, et al. (författare) No sound is more distracting than the one you're trying not to hear : delayed costs of mental control of task-irrelevant neutral and emotional sounds 2022 Ingår i: BMC Psychology. - : BioMed Central. - 2050-7283. ; 10:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: Suppressing intrusive thoughts can result in a post-suppression rebound effect where the same thoughts become hyperaccessible. The current study aimed to investigate if similar so-called rebound effects could be observed when people attempted to mentally suppress awareness of nonsensical auditory stimuli. Based on previous research on thought suppression and mental control in other domains, we hypothesized that attempting to suppress awareness of a task-irrelevant sound while under cognitive load would impact evaluations of the sound on affective dimensions and loudness, and result in increased general vigilance, as evidenced by faster responding on subsequent tasks.METHODS: We performed two experiments where participants in a suppression condition were initially instructed to mentally suppress awareness of a sound while performing a mentally challenging task. Participants in a control condition performed the same task without receiving any instructions regarding the sound. In Experiment 1, the sound was affectively neutral, while in Experiment 2 participants were presented with an inherently aversive (tinnitus-like) sound. After this initial phase, participants performed tasks measuring vigilance and attention, and were also asked to give subjective ratings of the sounds on a number of affective dimensions and loudness.RESULTS: In Experiment 1, participants in the suppression condition showed faster response times on both a visual search task and an auditory spatial cueing task, as compared to participants in the control condition. Contrary to our predictions, participants in the suppression condition did not rate the distractor sound as louder than participants in the control condition, and there were no differences on affective dimensions. In Experiment 2, results revealed that participants in the suppression condition made more errors on a visual search task, specifically on trials where the previously suppressed sound was presented. In contrast to results from Experiment 1, participants in the suppression condition also rated the targeted sound as louder.CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide preliminary support for a post-suppression rebound effect in the auditory domain and further suggest that this effect may be moderated by the emotional properties of the auditory stimulus.
25.	Kolbeinsson, Örn, et al. (författare) Prior information can alter how sounds are perceived and emotionally regulated 2022 Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 8:6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the current study, we provided participants with written information about emotional dimensions of a sound presented as a task-irrelevant sound in the context of a serial recall task. We were interested in whether this manipulation would influence sound perception and spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies. Participants were informed that they would hear either an aversive and annoying sound, or a pleasant and calming sound. They subsequently performed three blocks of a serial recall task with the sound presented in the background and rated the sound after each block. Results showed that participants in the negative information group rated the sound as more negative, with effects diminishing over repeated trials. While not impacting emotion regulation strategy directly, the manipulation indirectly influenced the degree to which participants used mental suppression as a regulatory strategy via changing affective responses. In the negative information condition specifically, participants who experienced the sound as more negative were more inclined to use mental suppression to deal with the sound, whereas no such relationship was observed in the positive information condition. The study adds to our understanding of how sounds come to acquire emotional meaning and how individuals spontaneously cope with emotional, task-irrelevant sounds.
26.	Moche, Hajdi, 1991- (författare) Unequal Valuations of Lives and What to Do About It : The Role of Identifiability, Numbers, and Age in Charitable Giving 2022 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Many people choose to donate money to help victims of humanitarian crises. However, people’s donation decisions often fail to reflect that all victims are equally valuable to help. Instead, some victims seem to be favored. This thesis aims to better understand valuations of lives by looking at how people respond to charity appeals that differ on three factors: level of identifiability (if there is an identified victim or not), numbers in need (if there is one, few, or many victims in need), and age (if the victim is a child or an adult). This thesis also tests two kinds of interventions in charitable giving aimed to make people value lives more equally regarding numbers in need and the identifiability of victims. Paper I investigated how the identifiable victim effect (i.e., more willingness to help an identified victim than unidentified victims) influences people’s donation decisions if they are reminded of alternative uses of money (i.e., opportunity cost). In two studies, participants (N = 2397) saw a charity appeal that either included an identified victim or not, while either receiving an opportunity cost reminder or not. The results showed that for a one-time donation decision, people became less willing to donate when reminded of opportunity cost, but mainly for non-identified charity appeals. Paper II investigated how the victim’s age relates to the identifiable victim effect. In three studies, participants (N = 1508) saw a charity appeal that either helped children or adults, and either included an identified victim or not. The results showed that people did not donate more if the charity appeal included an identified victim, regardless of whether the victim was a child or an adult, but that people were more motivated to help or more willing to donate to children than adults. Paper III investigated two types of deliberation interventions for the singularity effect (i.e., increased willingness to help a single identified victim over a group of identified victims). In two studies, participants (N = 900) saw a charity appeal that either depicted one or eight identified children in need, and either got an intervention prompting them to rely on deliberate thinking, an intervention asking them to rate the importance of four decision-relevant attributes, or no intervention at all. The singularity effect was found in control conditions, but not in either of the intervention conditions. However, this was at the expense of decreasing the help to the single victim, without increasing help to the group of victims. Paper IV investigated the unit asking intervention in relation to victim identifiability and the number of victims in need. In three studies, participants (N = 4206) either underwent the unit asking intervention, in which they indicated a hypothetical amount to one victim before answering how much to donate to a group of victims, or no intervention. In the first two studies, participants also saw a charity appeal that either included an identified victim – with varying levels of identifiability – or not. In the third study, participants saw an appeal that either included the picture of one or five children, and involved providing help to either 20 or 200 children. People in control conditions were unaffected by whether the charity appeal included an identified victim or not, and they did not donate more when more victims were in need. However, participants in the unit asking conditions donated more when more victims were in need and donated more regardless of the level of identifiability. In conclusion, this thesis shows that people’s donation decisions are affected to different extents by the information in the charity appeal related to identifiability, numbers in need, and age – which can result in unequal valuations of lives. This thesis also shows that interventions, especially the unit asking method, can make valuations of lives more equal. Taken together, this thesis contributes to a broader understanding of how people make decisions regarding charity and how interventions can impact such decision-making processes.
27.	Persson, Emil, et al. (författare) Affective Response Predicts Risky Choice for Fast, but Not Slow, Decisions 2018 Ingår i: JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE PSYCHOLOGY AND ECONOMICS. - : EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING FOUNDATION-AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 1937-321X .- 2151-318X. ; 11:4, s. 213-227 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We use skin conductance to measure emotional arousal in subjects who make risky choices under time pressure or time delay. Our results show a strong correlation between subjects skin conductance responses and their risky choices under time pressure but not under time delay. Subjects were more risk taking for higher levels of measured electrodermal activity (skin conductance). In line with descriptive theories of risky choice, the effect was most pronounced for choices involving losses rather than gains. Taken together, our findings indicate that participants under time pressure rely on affect at the point of decision-making. This provides support for behavioral models that recognize the role of emotional brain systems in decision-making under risk.
28.	Persson, Emil, et al. (författare) Variation in the mu-Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) Does Not Moderate Social-Rejection Sensitivity in Humans 2019 Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 30:7, s. 1050-1062 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Given previous findings from animal studies and small-scale studies in humans, variation in the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) has been proposed as a strong biological candidate for moderating sensitivity to social rejection. Using a substantially larger sample (N = 490) than previous studies, a prospective genotyping strategy, and preregistered analysis plans, we tested the hypotheses that OPRM1 variation measured by the functional A118G polymorphism (rs1799971) moderates (a) dispositional sensitivity to rejection and feelings of distress following social exclusion and (b) decision making involving social cognition. In three experimental tasks commonly used to assess altruism, reciprocity, and trust in humans, we found no evidence in favor of the hypotheses; nine main tests were preregistered, and all of them yielded small and statistically insignificant estimates. In secondary analyses, we used Bayesian inference and estimation to quantify support for our findings. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the link between OPRM1 A118G variation and social-rejection sensitivity is weaker than previously thought.
29.	Tajadura, Ana, 1979, et al. (författare) Embodied auditory perception: The emotional impact of approaching and receding sound sources. 2010 Ingår i: Emotion. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 10:2, s. 216-229 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Research has shown the existence of perceptual and neural bias toward sounds perceived as sources approaching versus receding a listener. It has been suggested that a greater biological salience of approaching auditory sources may account for these effects. In addition, these effects may hold only for those sources critical for our survival. In the present study, we bring support to these hypotheses by quantifying the emotional responses to different sounds with changing intensity patterns. In 2 experiments, participants were exposed to artificial and natural sounds simulating approaching or receding sources. The auditory-induced emotional effect was reflected in the performance of participants in an emotion-related behavioral task, their self-reported emotional experience, and their physiology (electrodermal activity and facial electromyography). The results of this study suggest that approaching unpleasant sound sources evoke more intense emotional responses in listeners receding ones, whereas such an effect of perceived sound motion does not exist for pleasant or neutral sound sources. The emotional significance attributed to the sound source itself, the loudness of the sound, and loudness change duration seem to be relevant factors in this disparity.
30.	Tinghög, Gustav, 1979-, et al. (författare) The Effect of COVID-19 on Subjective Financial Well-Being 2024 Ingår i: Financial Counseling and Planning. - : SPRINGER PUBLISHING CO. - 1052-3073 .- 1947-7910. ; 35:2, s. 234-234 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We conducted two studies investigating how financial well-being was affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. Across both studies conducted in Sweden, we find that COVID-19 was associated with an overall improvement in subjective financial well-being. The positive effect was driven by a general decline in anxiety toward current financial matters, while financial security with regard to the future declined (Study 1) or was unaffected (Study 2). These results might seem paradoxical. But we propose two explanations: (a) People have a limited ability to worry about two things at the same time. Financial problems might therefore be less emotionally salient in the face of more urgent nonfinancial problems and (b) Some people likely experienced an initial slack in their household finances due to decreased spending opportunities at the onset of COVID-19, which to some extent could counteract increased worry about future financial security.
31.	Västfjäll, Daniel, 1975-, et al. (författare) How Affective Science Can Inform Behavioral Public Policy 2024 Ingår i: Affective Science. - 2662-2041 .- 2662-205X. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
32.	Västfjäll, Daniel, et al. (författare) The Arithmetic of Emotion : Integration of Incidental and Integral Affect in Judgments and Decisions 2016 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 7, s. 325- Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Research has demonstrated that two types of affect have an influence on judgment and decision making: incidental affect (affect unrelated to a judgment or decision such as a mood) and integral affect (affect that is part of the perceiver’s internal representation of the option or target under consideration). So far, these two lines of research have seldom crossed so that knowledge concerning their combined effects is largely missing. To fill this gap, the present review highlights differences and similarities between integral and incidental affect. Further, common and unique mechanisms that enable these two types of affect to influence judgment and choices are identified. Finally, some basic principles for affect integration when the two sources co-occur are outlined. These mechanisms are discussed in relation to existing work that has focused on incidental or integral affect but not both.

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