| 1. |
- Arvidsson, Åke, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of user demand patterns and locality for YouTube traffic
- 2013
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Ingår i: 25th International Teletraffic Congress. - : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781479907991
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Video content, of which YouTube is a major part, constitutes a large share of residential Internet traffic. In this paper, we analyse the user demand patterns for YouTube in two metropolitan access networks with more than 1 million requestsover three consecutive weeks in the first network and more than 600,000 requests over four consecutive weeks in the second network.In particular we examine the existence of “local interest communities”, i.e. the extent to which users living closer to each other tend to request the same content to a higher degree, and it is found that this applies to (i) the two networks themselves; (ii) regions within these networks (iii) households with regions and (iv) terminals within households. We also find that different types of access devices (PCs and handhelds) tend to form similar interest communities.It is also found that repeats are (i) “self-generating” in the sense that the more times a clip has been played, the higher the probability of playing it again, (ii) “long-lasting” in the sense that repeats can occur even after several days and (iii) “semi regular”in the sense that replays have a noticeable tendency tooccur with relatively constant intervals.The implications of these findings are that the benefits from large groups of users in terms of caching gain may be exaggerated, since users are different depending on where they live and what equipment they use, and that high gains can be achieved in relatively small groups or even for individual users thanks totheir relatively predictable behaviour.
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| 2. |
- Arvidsson, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of user demand patterns and locality for YouTube traffic
- 2013
-
Ingår i: In the Proceedings of the 25th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Video content, of which YouTube is a major part, constitutes a large share of residential Internet traffic. In this paper, we analyse the user demand patterns for YouTube in two metropolitan access networks with more than 1 million requests over three consecutive weeks in the first network and more than 600,000 requests over four consecutive weeks in the second network. In particular we examine the existence of "local interest communities", i.e. the extent to which users living closer to each other tend to request the same content to a higher degree, and it is found that this applies to (i) the two networks themselves; (ii) regions within these networks (iii) households with regions and (iv) terminals within households. We also find that different types of access devices (PCs and handhelds) tend to form similar interest communities. It is also found that repeats are (i) "self-generating" in the sense that the more times a clip has been played, the higher the probability of playing it again, (ii) "long-lasting" in the sense that repeats can occur even after several days and (iii) "semiregular" in the sense that replays have a noticeable tendency to occur with relatively constant intervals. The implications of these findings are that the benefits from large groups of users in terms of caching gain may be exaggerated, since users are different depending on where they live and what equipment they use, and that high gains can be achieved in relatively small groups or even for individual users thanks to their relatively predictable behaviour.
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| 3. |
- Aurelius, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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How much of the bandwidth do we actually use? : An investigation of residential access traffic load
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks. - : IEEE. - 9781467322270
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internet traffic from a fibre based residential access network is investigated concerning traffic volumes and link load. Also the cost of the services is analyzed. We show that 1 Mbps accesses subscribers maintain high loads, and that the price they pay per GB used is five times higher than the one paid by 100 Mbps access subscribers.
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| 4. |
- Aurelius, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Leveraging network and traffic measurements for content distribution and interpersonal communication services with sufficient quality
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we discuss research problems for enabling content distribution and supporting real-time interpersonal communication services (e.g. voice and video) over best effort networks with sufficient quality. We take a practical view of content distribution and quality, and this is the reason for the term “sufficient”. We argue that the understanding of quality as perceived by the user is a key factor in this context, but also that the understanding of context dependence is a key factor for delivering services which are “good enough” to make the user satisfied. We base our assumptions upon results from the Celtic TRAMMS project, and we describe how to leverage upon the framework for traffic measurements that was built up in that project. Moreover, we identify key technological components that are common for optimization of content delivery and real-time interpersonal communication services such as VoIP and videoconferencing. We also describe how the research problems stated will be tackled in the newly started IPNQSIS project.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Aurelius, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Streaming media over the Internet: Flow based analysis in live access networks
- 2011
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multimedia service delivery over the Internet is a success. The number of services available and the number of people accessing them is huge. In this paper, we investigate multimedia streaming services over the Internet. Our analysis is based on traffic measurement in live access fiber-to-the-home networks. We study parameters like traffic volume and flow characteristics for selected services. Especially the Swedish P2P video service Voddler and the Swedish P2P music service Spotify are studied. We show that indeed these services are widely used (20% of local hosts using Voddler, 65 % of local hosts using Spotify). We also show that they are different concerning the flow characteristics, with many short flows for Voddler and longer flows for Spotify. One thing that they have in common in our measurements is that the outbound, or uplink, traffic volume is larger than the inbound.
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| 7. |
- Aurelius, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic analysis in the TRAMMS project
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internet usage is evolving, from the traditional WWW usage (i.e. downloading web pages), to triple-play usage where households may have all their communication services (telephony, data, TV) through their broadband access connection. The challenge is to design IP access networks so that they can deliver services with strict QoS demands such as IPTV at the same time as having capacity for (from the operator's perspective) unwanted traffic, for example file sharing, demanded by the users. One important part in meeting this research challenge is to identify and monitor Internet usage. Traffic modeling is tightly coupled both to traffic measurements and to engineering and techno economics. Independent of the type of model, traffic measurements are a common denominator that provide input for the model parameters. In this paper, detailed traffic measurements performed as a part of the Celtic TRAMMS project are presented.
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| 8. |
- Aurelius, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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TRAMMS: Monitoring the evolution of residential broadband Internet traffic
- 2010
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traffic measurements in broadband access networks are crucial from several points of view. A better understanding of traffic patterns can lead to more efficient network design, which leads to energy and cost savings for the operator and improved end user services. This paper reports on selected traffic measurement results from the Celtic TRAMMS project. The measurements were performed in broadband access networks in Sweden and Spain. The vast majority of the traffic volume is video based and from peer-to-peer applications. This suggests that future access networks should be symmetrical in order to properly cope with the traffic patterns of the future. Geographic locality of end-to-end flows has been identified for incoming and outgoing traffic in Spain, which may be used to analyze peering between ISP’s. Finally, we show that stricter legislation in Sweden targeting illegal file sharing led to a dramatic decrease of the traffic. This means that factors not controlled by the networking community may seriously impact traffic patterns and user behaviour thereby indicating the need for closer collaboration between researchers and network designers on one side and politicians and regulators on the other side.
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| 9. |
- Brunnström, Kjell, et al.
(författare)
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2D no-reference video quality model development and 3D video transmission quality
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Video Processing and Quality Metrics for Consumer Electronics VPQM-2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This presentation will target two different topics in video quality assessment. First, we discuss 2D no-reference video quality model development. Further, we discuss how to find suitable quality for 3D video transmission. No-reference metrics are the only practical option for monitoring of 2D video quality in live networks. In order to decrease the development time, it might be possible to use full-reference metrics for this purpose. In this work, we have evaluated six full-reference objective metrics in three different databases. We show statistically that VQM performs the best. Further, we use these results to develop a lightweight no-reference model. We have also investigated users' experience of stereoscopic 3D video quality by performing the rating of two subjective assessment datasets, targeting in one dataset efficient transmission in the transmission error free case and error concealment in the other. Among other results, it was shown that, based on the same level of quality of experience, spatial down-sampling may lead to better bitrate efficiency while temporal down-sampling will be worse. When network impairments occur, traditional error 2D concealment methods need to be reinvestigated as they were outperformed switching to 2D presentation.
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| 10. |
- Cuadra, Antonio, et al.
(författare)
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Ecosystem for customer experience assurance
- 2013
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Ingår i: 2013 International Conference on Smart Communications in Network Technologies, SaCoNeT 2013. - 9781479906949
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays service providers focus all their effort on customers' satisfaction although determining the Quality of Experience (QoE) is not a trivial task. In addition, the evolution from traditional networks towards Next Generation Networks (NGN) is enabling service providers to deploy a wide range of multimedia services such as Internet Television (IPTV), Video on Demand (VoD), and multiplayer games services, all on the same underlying IP network. However, managing the satisfaction level of customers to provide a good user experience is not being an easy task due to the complexity of orchestrating network and customer data sources. This document proposes an ecosystem that allows managing customer experience in order to guarantee the quality levels delivered to end users, which is being implemented into the Celtic IPNQSIS project. The QoE ecosystem lies on a customer experience architecture formed by Data acquisition level, Monitoring level and Control Level. The work proposed in this paper will settle the basis of next generation Customer Experience Management systems.
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| 11. |
- Cuadra-Sánchez, Antonio, et al.
(författare)
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A global customer experience management architecture
- 2012
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Ingår i: 2012 Future Network and Mobile Summit, FutureNetw 2012. - 9781905824304
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quality of experience (QoE) is one of the main research lines in ITC industry, which seeks to manage quality as perceived by users. This document analyzes and describes requirements of a QoE driven management system architecture, which has been designed in the Celtic IPNQSIS project. The architecture is grouped into different levels: Data acquisition level, Monitoring level and Control Level. Each level comprises a specific set of capacities, such as Data collector, or Traffic Monitor amongst others. The architecture described in this paper constitutes the guidelines of the IPNQSIS project in terms of a QoE ecosystem that will settle the basis of global customer experience management architecture.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Kihl, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of facebook content demand patterns
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 International Conference on Smart Communications in Network Technologies, SaCoNeT 2014. - 9781479951963
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data volumes in communication networks increase rapidly. Further, usage of social network applications is very wide spread among users, and among these applications, Facebook is the most popular. In this paper, we analyse user demands patterns and content popularity of Facebook generated traffic. The data comes from residential users in two metropolitan access networks in Sweden, and we analyse more than 17 million images downloaded by almost 16,000 Facebook users. We show that the distributions of image popularity and user activity may be described by Zipf distributions which is favourable for many types of caching. We also show that Facebook activity is more evenly spread over the day, compared to more defined peak hours of general Internet usage. Looking at content life time, we show that profile pictures have a relatively constant popularity while for other images there is an initial, short peak of demand, followed by a longer period of significantly lower and quite stable demand. These findings are useful for designing network and QoE optimisation solutions, such as predictive pre-fetching, proxy caching and delay tolerant networking.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Li, Jie, et al.
(författare)
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A five year perspective of traffic pattern evolution in a residential broadband access network
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Future Network & MobileSummit 2012. - 9781905824304
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we describe a systematic study on long-term evolution of residential broadband Internet traffic covering 5 calendar years from June 2007 to May 2011. The traffic evolution is characterized both in the term of the total traffic volume, as well as the traffic volumes and shares for different application categories (file sharing, video streaming etc.), with the focus on comparing the traffic on the per IP user basis and among different broadband subscription groups. The results show that the average daily total traffic generated by each private end user increased only by about 33 % during the past 5 years. Further, the results show that the P2P filesharing has been dominating the network total traffic, but the daily file-sharing traffic volume per end user largely remains the same. Also, the daily streaming-media traffic volume per end user has increased dramatically by over 500% during the studied period of time. In the meantime, the daily web-browsing traffic volume per end user has increased by about 300%. Finally, a further investigation among 4 different FTTH broadband subscription groups with 1, 10 , 30, and 100 Mbit/s symmetric access speeds shows that the lower the access speed, the more diversified the end user traffic tend to be.
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| 17. |
- Li, Jie, et al.
(författare)
-
A five year perspective of traffic pattern evolution in a residential broadband access network
- 2012
-
Ingår i: 2012 Future Network and Mobile Summit, FutureNetw 2012. - 9781905824304
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we describe a systematic study on long-term evolution of residential broadband Internet traffic covering 5 calendar years from June 2007 to May 2011. The traffic evolution is characterized both in the term of the total traffic volume, as well as the traffic volumes and shares for different application categories (file sharing, video streaming etc.), with the focus on comparing the traffic on the per IP user basis and among different broadband subscription groups. The results show that the average daily total traffic generated by each private end user increased only by about 33 % during the past 5 years. Further, the results show that the P2P file-sharing has been dominating the network total traffic, but the daily file-sharing traffic volume per end user largely remains the same. Also, the daily streaming-media traffic volume per end user has increased dramatically by over 500% during the studied period of time. In the meantime, the daily web-browsing traffic volume per end user has increased by about 300%. Finally, a further investigation among 4 different FTTH broadband subscription groups with 1, 10, 30, and 100 Mbit/s symmetric access speeds shows that the lower the access speed, the more diversified the end user traffic tend to be.
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| 18. |
- Li, Jie, et al.
(författare)
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YouTube traffic content analysis in the perspective of clip category and duration
- 2013
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Ingår i: 2013 Fourth International Conference on the Network of the Future (NOF 2013). - : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781479916429
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, we study YouTube traffic characteristics in a medium-sized Swedish residential municipal network that has ~ 2600 mainly FTTH broadband-connected households. YouTube traffic analyses were carried out in the perspective of video clip category and duration, in order to understand their impact on the potential local network caching gains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time systematic analysis of YouTube traffic content in the perspective of video clip category and duration in a residential broadband network. Our results show that the requested YouTube videoclips from the end users in the studied network were imbalanced in regarding the video categories and durations. The dominating video category was Music, both in terms of the total traffic share as well as the contribution to the overall potential local network caching gain. In addition, most of the requested video clips were between 2-5 min in duration, despite video clips with durations over 15 min were also popular among certain video categories, e.g. film videos.
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| 19. |
- Li, Jie, et al.
(författare)
-
Youtube traffic content analysis in the perspective of clip category and duration
- 2013
-
Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, we study YouTube traffic characteristics in a medium-sized Swedish residential municipal network that has - 2600 mainly FTTH broadband-connected households. YouTube traffic analyses were carried out in the perspective of video clip category and duration, in order to understand their impact on the potential local network caching gains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time systematic analysis of YouTube traffic content in the perspective of video clip category and duration in a residential broadband network. Our results show that the requested YouTube video clips from the end users in the studied network were imbalanced in regarding the video categories and durations. The dominating video category was Music, both in terms of the total traffic share as well as the contribution to the overall potential local network caching gain. In addition, most of the requested video clips were between 2-5 min in duration, despite video clips with durations over 15 min were also popular among certain video categories, e.g. film videos.
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| 20. |
- Nordell, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Concurrency and locality of content demand
- 2013
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Ingår i: 2013 International Conference on Smart Communications in Network Technologies (SaCoNeT 2013). - 9781479906956
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distribution of media data over the Internet is increasing in popularity and volume. This poses challenges not only for network operators but also for service providers when it comes to serving the demand in a cost-efficient way. In this paper, we approach this problem by investigating the potential of co-operative approaches where locality in space (users in the same network) and locality in time (concurrent downloads) are exploited such that as many requests as possible may behandled inside the access and metro networks. This approach may contribute not only to reducing transport costs (less traffic in core networks and at peering points) by but also improve the end user experience (by reduced round trip times and exclusion of some possible bottlenecks). To this end we develop a method to measure the possible gains from, firstly, optimal handling of concurrent downloads and, secondly, optimal utilization localavailability. We apply the method to BitTorrent data from two metropolitan access networks and find that the bandwidth savings amount to between 10% and 20% when optimizing concurrent downloads and between 56% and 66% when exploiting local availability with a simulated network cache.
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| 21. |
- Nordell, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
-
Concurrency and locality of content demand
- 2013
-
Ingår i: 2013 International Conference on Smart Communications in Network Technologies, SaCoNeT 2013. - 9781479906949
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distribution of media data over the Internet is increasing in popularity and volume. This poses challenges not only for network operators but also for service providers when it comes to serving the demand in a cost-efficient way. In this paper, we approach this problem by investigating the potential of co-operative approaches where locality in space (users in the same network) and locality in time (concurrent downloads) are exploited such that as many requests as possible may be handled inside the access and metro networks. This approach may contribute not only to reducing transport costs (less traffic in core networks and at peering points) by but also improve the end user experience (by reduced round trip times and exclusion of some possible bottlenecks). To this end we develop a method to measure the possible gains from, firstly, optimal handling of concurrent downloads and, secondly, optimal utilization local availability. We apply the method to BitTorrent data from two metropolitan access networks and find that the bandwidth savings amount to between 10% and 20% when optimizing concurrent downloads and between 56% and 66% when exploiting local availability with a simulated network cache.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Sedano, Inigo, et al.
(författare)
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Full-reference video quality metric assisted development of no-reference video quality metrics for real time network monitoring
- 2014
-
Ingår i: EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1687-5176 .- 1687-5281. ; :4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-quality video is being increasingly delivered over Internet Protocol networks, which means that network operators and service providers need methods to measure the quality of experience (QoE) of the video services. In this paper, we propose a method to speed up the development of no-reference bitstream objective metrics for estimating QoE. This method uses full-reference objective metrics, which makes the process significantly faster and more convenient than using subjective tests. In this process, we have evaluated six publicly available full-reference objective metrics in three different databases, the EPFL-PoliMI database, the HDTV database, and the Live Video Wireless database, all containing transmission distortions in H.264 coded video. The objective metrics could be used to speed up the development process of no-reference real-time video QoE monitoring methods that are receiving great interest from the research community. We show statistically that the full-reference metric Video Quality Metric (VQM) performs best considering all the databases. In the EPFL-PoliMI database, SPATIAL MOVIE performed best and TEMPORAL MOVIE performed worst. When transmission distortions are evaluated, using the compressed video as the reference provides greater accuracy than using the uncompressed original video as the reference, at least for the studied metrics. Further, we use VQM to train a lightweight no-reference bitstream model, which uses the packet loss rate and the interval between instantaneous decoder refresh frames, both easily accessible in a video quality monitoring system.
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| 24. |
- Sedano, Inigo, et al.
(författare)
-
Full-reference video quality metric assisted the development of no-reference bitstream video quality metrics for real-time network monitoring
- 2014
-
Ingår i: EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1687-5176 .- 1687-5281. ; , s. Art. no. 4-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-quality video is being increasingly delivered over Internet Protocol networks, which means that network operators and service providers need methods to measure the quality of experience (QoE) of the video services. In this paper, we propose a method to speed up the development of no-reference bitstream objective metrics for estimating QoE. This method uses full-reference objective metrics, which makes the process significantly faster and more convenient than using subjective tests. In this process, we have evaluated six publicly available full-reference objective metrics in three different databases, the EPFL-PoliMI database, the HDTV database, and the Live Video Wireless database, all containing transmission distortions in H.264 coded video. The objective metrics could be used to speed up the development process of no-reference real-time video QoE monitoring methods that are receiving great interest from the research community. We show statistically that the full-reference metric Video Quality Metric (VQM) performs best considering all the databases. In the EPFL-PoliMI database, SPATIAL MOVIE performed best and TEMPORAL MOVIE performed worst. When transmission distortions are evaluated, using the compressed video as the reference provides greater accuracy than using the uncompressed original video as the reference, at least for the studied metrics. Further, we use VQM to train a lightweight no-reference bitstream model, which uses the packet loss rate and the interval between instantaneous decoder refresh frames, both easily accessible in a video quality monitoring system.
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| 25. |
- Sedano, Inigo, et al.
(författare)
-
Reconstruction of incomplete decoded videos for use in objective quality metrics
- 2012
-
Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many full-reference objective metrics require that the original and the degraded video contain the same number of frames. Most codecs are not able to decode the video properly when the video is subject to packet losses and produce incomplete video files with lower number of frames than the original video. In this paper we present a simple method to reconstruct the degraded videos so that it has the same length as the original. Information regarding the frame numbers is inserted into the original uncompressed video and used later on to identify the missing frames and reconstruct the degraded video.
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| 26. |
- Yu, Geng, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis and characterization of IPTV user behavior
- 2009
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, due to the fast development of Internet Protocol TV (IPTV), which is the combination of IP technology and two-way broadband networks, the telecom industry is undergoing fundamental changes. Network operators and service providers around the world are making significant investments in order to deliver digital video content to their subscribers. Video puts very high demands on the network and utilizes a large fraction of the available bandwidth. Consequently, it is important to understand the technical demands that IPTV requires of the network infrastructure as well as user behavior and network traffic patterns to further optimize network operation. The purpose of this paper is to characterize IPTV traffic and study end user behavior by analyzing and modeling IPTV traffic collected from a Swedish municipal network. The focus of the measurements was put on Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) packets. Apart from the measurement results and analysis, the paper provides background information about the technologies and issues of IPTV. IP multicast which is used for transferring Live TV content is based on the concept of a group. IGMP is used to manage the membership of multicast groups. Based on this information, traffic parameters for analysis were chosen and measured.
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