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- Avineri, Erel, et al.
(författare)
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Pedestrians' behaviour in cross walks : The effects of fear of falling and age
- 2012
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 44:1, s. 30-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pedestrians are exposed to risks when crossing roads in urban areas. The crossing behaviour of pedestrians was studied as a factor contributing to their exposure to risks on the road and to their involvement in road accidents. This work explores two specific aspects of crossing behaviour: crossing speed and head pitches the proportion of time pedestrians point their heads down (rather than towards the traffic) when crossing a road. The last one is used as an indicator of the (lack of) attention to cross-traffic. We also explored the possible effect of fear of falling (FOF) among pedestrians, as it might be associated with slow walking, less attention to cross traffic, and more attention to the pavement and their footsteps. This paper reports on a field study that combined an observatory technique with short survey. 203 pedestrians in two sites (signalised and unsignalised crosswalks) were video recorded while crossing the road. The FOF of pedestrians and other measures of pedestrian behaviour at crosswalks were revealed by means of questionnaire. Age and gender had the most significant effects on crossing speed, and FOF had a significant effect on the proportion of downward head pitches during crossing.
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| 2. |
- Avineri, Erel, et al.
(författare)
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Pedestrians' behaviour in cross walks : the effects of fear of falling and age
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pedestrians are exposed to risks when crossing roads in urban areas. The crossing behaviour of pedestrians was studied as a factor contributing to their exposure to risks on the road and to their involvement in road accidents. This work explores two specific aspects of crossing behaviour: crossing speed and head pitches – the proportion of time pedestrians point their heads down (rather than towards the traffic) when crossing a road. The last one is used as an indicator of the (lack of) attention to cross-traffic. We also explored the possible effect of fear of falling (FOF) among pedestrians, as it might be associated with slow walking, less attention to cross traffic, and more attention to the pavement and their footsteps. This paper reports on a field study that combined an observatory technique with short survey. 203 pedestrians in two sites (signalised and unsignalised crosswalks) were video recorded while crossing the road. The FOF of pedestrians and other measures of pedestrian behaviour at crosswalks were revealed by means of questionnaire. Age and gender had the most significant effects on crossing speed, and FOF had a significant effect on the proportion of downward head pitches during crossing.
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| 6. |
- Musselwhite, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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Legitimising risk taking : articulating dangerous behaviour on the road
- 2014
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Ingår i: Transportation planning and technology (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-1060 .- 1029-0354. ; 37:1, s. 62-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a deliberative approach 228 members of the public from four locations in the United Kingdom took part in six focus groups that met on three occasions. Applying a model based on two interlocking sets of theories (Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour and Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory) in the analysis of participants' responses, the paper explores the social and environmental systems that an individual interacts with in the articulation of risky behaviours on the road. Participants discussed how taking risks changed over their lifecourse and how they became safer with age. Social norms and perceived behavioural control influence road user safety behaviour through the exchanging of attitudes, and younger drivers especially are more likely to embrace the symbolic role of the car. The paper concludes that the nature of identity and culture within risk taking is important when designing interventions on the ground.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Musselwhite, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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Public attitudes to road user safety in the United Kingdom and their effect on travel behaviour
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As attempts to shift road users to more sustainable travel modes such as cycling or walking tend to be successful the safe interaction between the different road user groups demand attention. Road users need to anticipate each other’s behavior to identify and avoid critical situations. Traffic rules provide standardized information about road user behavior in a given situation. Thus, they create common expectations among all road users. Violating these expectations resp. traffic rules makes critical situations or even accidents more likely (e.g. Parker, West, Stradling & Manstead, 1995). The aim of this study is to compare the psychological background of car drivers, cyclists and pedestrian’s traffic violations. Red light running has been chosen as example since it applies to all three road user groups. The study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior as theoretical framework. The TPB approach has already successfully applied to explain the psychological background of car driver’s traffic violations (e.g. Rößger, Schade, Schlag & Gehlert, 2011). The study is based on data from the German traffic climate panel. This panel regularly monitors public attitudes towards road safety and self-reported traffic behavior. The data stems from the 2010 panel wave. The overall panel sample consists of 1.600 subjects and is representative for household characteristics and travel mode choice in Germany. Red light running was measured for car drivers, cyclists and pedestrians. A traffic situation was described that created a 4dilemma for participants between complying with the red light and accepting inconveniences or violating the red light. Car drivers had to choose between braking sharply at an amber traffic light and driving through. Cyclists had to choose between stopping at an amber traffic light even though the intersection appeared to be free or to cycle through. Pedestrians had to choose between stopping at a red light and missing the bus or going through. Based on the theory of planned behavior attitudes, behavioral and normative beliefs towards red light running, the intention and self-reported red light running were measured. 250 frequent car drivers answered the car driving scenario, 239 frequent cyclists answered the cycling scenario and 617 frequent pedestrians answered the pedestrian scenario.The descriptive results reveal common characteristics of red light running between the three road user groups as well as differences between car drivers, cyclists and pedestrians. The results are further elaborated using multiple regression analyses. The presentation will describe and compare the psychological background of red light running for car drivers, cyclist and pedestrians. If there are distinct psychological backgrounds does it contradict the purpose of traffic rules to create common expectations among road users? And what doesthat mean for the design and implementation of countermeasures? The presentation will discuss these questions and the consequences for safe and sustainable transport in metropolitan areas.
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| 9. |
- Musselwhite, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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Public attitudes towards motorcyclists’ safety : A qualitative study from the United Kingdom
- 2012
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 49, s. 105-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the reported research was to examine the perceptions of road user safety amongst different road users and examine the link between attitudes, empathy and skill in motorcycle safety behaviour. Motorcyclists were perceived by the study participants, members of the public at four different locations at the UK (including motorcyclists and non-motorcyclists), as a group be at a high risk of accidents on the road. This was due to perceived behavioural characteristics of motorcyclists - who were viewed as 'thrill seekers' - as well as observed behaviours on the road. This, coupled with the physical vulnerability and excessive speeds, meant that motorbike driving was considered by the study participants as the least safe form of road use. There was broad agreement that motorcycling was dangerous as a whole, but not all motorcyclists were necessarily risky riders. The issue of 'competitive space' emerged between car drivers and motorcyclists in particular and it was suggested that there was a lack of mutual awareness and considerations between the two groups. Generally, greatest empathy comes from drivers who are motorcyclists themselves. Engineering, education, enforcement interventions were investigated. These were aimed at two main areas: normalising safer driving behaviours for motorcyclists and increasing awareness of bikes for motorists-particularly in relation to reducing speed limits at urban junctions. Finally, the idea of risk mapping and reduced speed limits on rural roads was seen as potentially effective-particularly as certain motorcyclists highlighted that they changed their riding behaviours by increasing speed and taking greater risks on these roads.
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| 12. |
- Susilo, Yusak, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of Household Structure on Individual Stochastic Travel and Out-of-Home Activity Time Budgets
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amount of time households and individuals spend on travelling can be seen as a result of complex daily interactions between household members, influenced by opportunities and constraints which vary from day to day. Extending the deterministic concept of travel time budget to a stochastic term, and applying a Stochastic Frontier Model to a dataset from the 2004 UK National Travel Survey, this study examines the unseen stochastic limit and the variations of the individual and household travel time and out-of-home activity duration overtime – concepts associated with travel time budgets. The results show that most individuals may have not have reached their limit yet to travel and may still be able to spend further time in travel activities. The analysis of the model outcomes and distribution tests show that among a range of employment statuses, only full-time workers‟ out-of-home time expenditure has reached its limit. Also observed is the effect of having children in the household: children reduce the unseen constraints of adult household members‟ out-of-home time thus reduce their ability to engage further at out-of-home activities. Even after the out-of-home trips taken into account in the analysis, the model shows that the dependent children‟s in-home responsibility will still reduce the ability of individual to travel to and engage at out-of-home activities. This study also suggests that the individual out-of-home time expenditure may be a better budget indicator in drawing the constraints in individual space-time prisms than individual travel time budget.
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| 13. |
- Susilo, Yusak, et al.
(författare)
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The impacts of household structure on the individual stochastic travel and out of-home activity time budgets
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Advanced Transportation. - : Wiley. - 0197-6729 .- 2042-3195. ; 48:5, s. 454-470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amount of time individuals and households spend in travelling and in out-of-door activities can be seen as a result of complex daily interactions between household members, influenced by opportunities and constraints, which vary from day to day. Extending the deterministic concept of travel time budget to a stochastic term and applying a stochastic frontier model to a dataset from the 2004 UK National Travel Survey, this study examines the hidden stochastic limit and the variations of the individual and household travel time and out-of-home activity duration - concepts associated with travel time budget. The results show that most individuals may not have reached the limit of their ability to travel and may still be able to spend further time in travel activities. The analysis of the model outcomes and distribution tests show that among a range of employment statuses, only full-time workers' out-of-home time expenditure has reached its limit. Also observed is the effect of having children in the household: Children reduce the flexibility of hidden constraints of adult household members' out-of-home time, thus reducing their ability to be further engaged with out-of-home activities. Even when out-of-home trips are taken into account in the analysis, the model shows that the dependent children's in-home responsibility reduces the ability of an individual to travel to and to be engaged with out-of-home activities. This study also suggests that, compared with the individual travel time spent, the individual out-of-home time expenditure may perform as a better budget indicator in drawing the constraints of individual space-time prisms.
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