| 1. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 3. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Abuhussain, Mohammed Awad, et al.
(författare)
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Data-driven approaches for strength prediction of alkali-activated composites
- 2024
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Ingår i: Case Studies in Construction Materials. - : Elsevier. - 2214-5095. ; 20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alkali-activated composites (AACs) have attracted considerable interest as a promising alternative to reduce CO2 emissions from Portland cement production and advance the decarbonisation of concrete construction. This study describes the data-driven predictive modelling to anticipate the compressive strength (CS) of AACs. Four different modelling techniques have been chosen to forecast the CS of AACs using the selected data set. The decision tree (DT), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), bagging regressor (BR), and AdaBoost regressor (AR) were employed to investigate the precision level of each model. When it comes to predicting the CS of AACs, the results show that the AR model performs better than the BR model, the MLP model, and the DT model by providing a higher value for the coefficient of determination, which is equal to 0.91, and a lower MAPE value, which is equal to 13.35%. However, the accuracy level of the BR model was very near to that of the AR model, with the R2 value suggesting a value of 0.90 and the MAPE value indicating a value of 14.43%. Moreover, the graphical user interface has also been developed for the strength prediction of alkali-activated composites, making it easy to get the required output from the selected inputs.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ahlberg, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Freezing and thawing magnetic droplet solitons
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic droplets are a type of non-topological magnetic soliton, which are stabilised and sustained by spin-transfer torques for instance. Without this, they would collapse. Here Ahlberg et al show that by decreasing the applied magnetic field, droplets can be frozen, forming a static nanobubble Magnetic droplets are non-topological magnetodynamical solitons displaying a wide range of complex dynamic phenomena with potential for microwave signal generation. Bubbles, on the other hand, are internally static cylindrical magnetic domains, stabilized by external fields and magnetostatic interactions. In its original theory, the droplet was described as an imminently collapsing bubble stabilized by spin transfer torque and, in its zero-frequency limit, as equivalent to a bubble. Without nanoscale lateral confinement, pinning, or an external applied field, such a nanobubble is unstable, and should collapse. Here, we show that we can freeze dynamic droplets into static nanobubbles by decreasing the magnetic field. While the bubble has virtually the same resistance as the droplet, all signs of low-frequency microwave noise disappear. The transition is fully reversible and the bubble can be thawed back into a droplet if the magnetic field is increased under current. Whereas the droplet collapses without a sustaining current, the bubble is highly stable and remains intact for days without external drive. Electrical measurements are complemented by direct observation using scanning transmission x-ray microscopy, which corroborates the analysis and confirms that the bubble is stabilized by pinning.
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| 11. |
- Alemán Hérnandez, Felipe Ademir, et al.
(författare)
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Frequency comb enhanced Brillouin microscopy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Optics Express. - : Optica Publishing Group. - 1094-4087. ; 28:20, s. 29540-29552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brillouin light scattering (BLS) microscopy is a well established and powerful technique to study acoustic and magnetic excitations in the frequency domain with sub-micron spatial resolution. Many other spectroscopic techniques have benefited from the introduction of femtosecond laser sources to optically pump and stimulate the sample under investigation. In BLS microscopy, the use of femtosecond lasers as the excitation source introduces several challenges, primarily since the measured frequency shift is small and the signal levels are weak due to the low duty cycle of typical femtosecond lasers. Here we present a method to evade these challenges. A strong enhancement of the weak scattering amplitude on selected modes is observed by pumping the sample with a high repetition rate frequency comb laser source. The laser beam can be focused to the diffraction limit, providing a micron pumping area. We can thus preserve the innate high frequency and spatial resolution of BLS microscopy. Furthermore, we are able to induce a point-like source of mode-selected elementary excitations which propagate away from the pumping spot. We conclude that we have demonstrated frequency comb pumped BLS microscopy as an attractive tool for studies of ultrafast induced laser dynamics directly in the frequency domain. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
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| 12. |
- Awad, Ahmad, et al.
(författare)
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Femtosecond laser comb driven perpendicular standing spin waves
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 120:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study femtosecond laser comb driven sustained and coherent spin wave (SW) generation in Permalloy films over a thickness range of d = 40-100 nm. A simple rapid demagnetization model describes the dependence of the observed SW intensity on laser power for all film thicknesses. In the thicker films, we observe laser comb excited perpendicular standing spin waves up to the third order and to 18 multiples of the 1 GHz laser repetition rate. Our results demonstrate the versatility of femtosecond combs as contact-less SW point sources over a wide range of film thickness and type of SW modes.
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| 13. |
- Awad, Ahmad, et al.
(författare)
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Long-range mutual synchronization of spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 13, s. 292-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spin Hall effect in a non-magnetic metal with spin–orbit coupling injects transverse spin currents into adjacent magnetic layers, where the resulting spin transfer torque can drive spin wave auto-oscillations. Such spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) hold great promise as extremely compact and broadband microwave signal generators and magnonic spin wave injectors. Here we show that SHNOs can also be mutually synchronized with unprecedented efficiency. We demonstrate mutual synchronization of up to nine individual SHNOs, each separated by 300nm. Through further tailoring of the connection regions we can extend the synchronization range to 4μm. The mutual synchronization is observed electrically as an increase in the power and coherence of the microwave signal, and confirmed optically using micro-Brillouin light scattering microscopy as two spin wave regions sharing the same spectral content, in agreement with our micromagnetic simulations.
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| 14. |
- Awad, Ahmad, et al.
(författare)
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Width dependent auto-oscillating properties of constriction based spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 116:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the current tunable microwave signal properties of nano-constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators in oblique magnetic fields as a function of the nano-constriction width, w = 50 - 140 nm. The threshold current is found to scale linearly with w, defining a constant threshold current density of Jth = 1.7 x 10(8) A/cm(2). While the current dependence of the microwave frequency shows the same generic non-monotonic behavior for all w >= 80 nm, the quality of the generated microwave signal improves strongly with w, as the total power increases and the linewidth decreases linearly with w. As a consequence, the peak power for a 140 nm nano-constriction is about an order of magnitude higher than that for an 80 nm nano-constriction. The smallest nano-constriction, w = 50 nm, exhibits a different behavior with a higher power and a worse linewidth, indicating a crossover into a qualitatively different narrow-constriction regime.
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| 15. |
- Bainsla, Lakhan, et al.
(författare)
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Spin-orbit torques in Co2MnGa magnetic Weyl semimetal thin films
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE International Magnetic Conference - Short Papers, INTERMAG Short Papers 2023 - Proceedings. - 9798350338362
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the nontrivial topology in their electronic band structure, topological quantum materials are known to exhibit unconventional surface states and anomalous transport properties. In the present study, the ferromagnetic Heusler alloy Co2MnGa, which breaks time-reversal symmetry, is studied to estimate its spin-orbit torque efficiency. Epitaxial thin films with high structural ordering are obtained, which show very high values of anomalous Hall conductivity. A spin-orbit torque efficiency of 0.13±0.01 is obtained in a 20 nm Co2MnGa film. The present results open the possibility to use these exotic materials in spintronic devices and beyond.
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| 16. |
- Bainsla, Lakhan, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrathin Ferrimagnetic GdFeCo Films with Low Damping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 32:23, s. 2111693-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ferromagnetic materials dominate as the magnetically active element in spintronic devices, but come with drawbacks such as large stray fields and low operational frequencies. Compensated ferrimagnets provide an alternative as they combine the ultrafast magnetization dynamics of antiferromagnets with a ferromagnet-like spin-orbit-torque behavior. However, to use ferrimagnets in spintronic devices their advantageous properties must be retained also in ultrathin films (t < 10 nm). In this study, ferrimagnetic Gdx(Fe87.5Co12.5)1−x thin films in the thickness range t = 2–20 nm are grown on high resistance Si(100) substrates and studied using broadband ferromagnetic resonance measurements at room temperature. By tuning their stoichiometry, a nearly compensated behavior is observed in 2 nm Gdx(Fe87.5Co12.5)1−x ultrathin films for the first time, with an effective magnetization of (Formula presented.) = 0.02 T and a low effective Gilbert damping constant of α = 0.0078, comparable to the lowest values reported so far in 30 nm films. These results show great promise for the development of ultrafast and energy efficient ferrimagnetic spintronic devices.
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| 17. |
- Banuazizi, Seyed Amir Hossein, et al.
(författare)
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Current, temperature, and magnetic field profiles in nanogap spin Hall nano-oscillators
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We carry out a detailed experimental and numerical study of nanogap spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) to determine the current distribution, the associated Oersted field, and the possible effects of the local temperature rise. We find substantial heating in the center of the SHNOs, leading to a nonuniform device resistance which redistributes the current in a nontrivial way. As a consequence, both the Oe field magnitude and its spatial profile are nonlinear functions of the current magnitude. Our results have direct consequences for spin-wave generation in these devices.
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| 18. |
- Banuazizi, Seyed Amir Hossein, et al.
(författare)
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Magnetic force microscopy of an operational nanodevice
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present a new method for probing the spatial profile of an operational magnetic nanodevice using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). We have developed an MFM system by adding a microwave probe station equipped with microwave probe, bias-T, and amplifier to allow electrical and microwave characterization up to 40 GHz during the MFM process. The nanoscale spintronic devices---spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) based on Pt/NiFe bilayers with a specific design compatible with the developed system---were fabricated and scanned using a Co magnetic force microscopy tip with 10 nm spatial resolution, while a DC current sufficient to exert auto-oscillation flowed. Our results show that this method of developed provides a promising path for the characterization of the spatial profiles of operational nano-oscillators.
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| 19. |
- Banuazizi, S. Amir Hossein, et al.
(författare)
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Magnetic force microscopy of an operational spin nano-oscillator
- 2022
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Ingår i: Microsystems & Nanoengineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2055-7434. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a powerful technique for studying magnetic microstructures and nanostructures that relies on force detection by a cantilever with a magnetic tip. The detected magnetic tip interactions are used to reconstruct the magnetic structure of the sample surface. Here, we demonstrate a new method using MFM for probing the spatial profile of an operational nanoscale spintronic device, the spin Hall nano-oscillator (SHNO), which generates high-intensity spin wave auto-oscillations enabling novel microwave applications in magnonics and neuromorphic computing. We developed an MFM system by adding a microwave probe station to allow electrical and microwave characterization up to 40 GHz during the MFM process. SHNOs-based on NiFe/Pt bilayers with a specific design compatible with the developed system-were fabricated and scanned using a Co magnetic force microscopy tip with 10 nm spatial MFM resolution, while a DC current sufficient to induce auto-oscillation flowed. Our results show that this developed method provides a promising path for the characterization and nanoscale magnetic field imaging of operational nano-oscillators.
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| 20. |
- Behera, Nilamani, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra-Low Current 10 nm Spin Hall Nano-Oscillators
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 36:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nano-constriction based spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) are at the forefront of spintronics research for emerging technological applications, such as oscillator-based neuromorphic computing and Ising Machines. However, their miniaturization to the sub-50 nm width regime results in poor scaling of the threshold current. Here, it shows that current shunting through the Si substrate is the origin of this problem and studies how different seed layers can mitigate it. It finds that an ultra-thin Al2O3 seed layer and SiN (200 nm) coated p-Si substrates provide the best improvement, enabling us to scale down the SHNO width to a truly nanoscopic dimension of 10 nm, operating at threshold currents below 30 (Formula presented.) A. In addition, the combination of electrical insulation and high thermal conductivity of the Al2O3 seed will offer the best conditions for large SHNO arrays, avoiding any significant temperature gradients within the array. The state-of-the-art ultra-low operational current SHNOs hence pave an energy-efficient route to scale oscillator-based computing to large dynamical neural networks of linear chains or 2Darrays.
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| 21. |
- Behera, Nilamani, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra-low-current Spin Hall Nano-oscillators
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE International Magnetic Conference - Short Papers, INTERMAG Short Papers 2023 - Proceedings. - 9798350338362
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the magnetodynamic properties and the magnetization auto-oscillations of ultra-low current 20 nm width nano-constriction spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) fabricated on different substrates and seed layers. Combining an optimized W88Ta12 alloy, low damping CoFeB, and a moderate perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, we push the threshold current down to 35 μA in the best devices. The best overall magnetodynamic properties and lowest threshold currents are obtained when using a 3 nm thick AlOx seed layer in between the high-resistance Si substrate and the W88Ta12 layer.
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| 22. |
- Chen, Tingsu, et al.
(författare)
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Spin-Torque and Spin-Hall Nano-Oscillators
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9219 .- 1558-2256. ; 104:10, s. 1919-1945
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews the state of the art in spin-torque and spin-Hall-effect-driven nano-oscillators. After a brief introduction to the underlying physics, the authors discuss different implementations of these oscillators, their functional properties in terms of frequency range, output power, phase noise, and modulation rates, and their inherent propensity for mutual synchronization. Finally, the potential for these oscillators in a wide range of applications, from microwave signal sources and detectors to neuromorphic computation elements, is discussed together with the specific electronic circuitry that has so far been designed to harness this potential.
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| 23. |
- Chen, Tingsu, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Spin-Torque and Spin-Hall Nano-Oscillators
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE. - 0018-9219 .- 1558-2256.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews the state of the art in spin-torque and spin Hall effect driven nano-oscillators. After a brief introduction to the underlying physics, the authors discuss different implementations of these oscillators, their functional properties in terms of frequency range, output power, phase noise, and modulation rates, and their inherent propensity for mutual synchronization. Finally, the potential for these oscillators in a wide range of applications, from microwave signal sources and detectors to neuromorphic computation elements, is discussed together with the specific electronic circuitry that has so far been designed to harness this potential.
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| 24. |
- Chumak, A. V., et al.
(författare)
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Advances in Magnetics Roadmap on Spin-Wave Computing
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. - 0018-9464. ; 58:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnonics addresses the physical properties of spin waves and utilizes them for data processing. Scalability down to atomic dimensions, operation in the GHz-to-THz frequency range, utilization of nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, and compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the academic domain, the scientific and technological challenges of the field are being extensively investigated, and many proof-of-concept prototypes have already been realized in laboratories. This roadmap is a product of the collective work of many authors that covers versatile spin-wave computing approaches, conceptual building blocks, and underlying physical phenomena. In particular, the roadmap discusses the computation operations with Boolean digital data, unconventional approaches like neuromorphic computing, and the progress towards magnon-based quantum computing. The article is organized as a collection of sub-sections grouped into seven large thematic sections. Each sub-section is prepared by one or a group of authors and concludes with a brief description of current challenges and the outlook of further development for each research direction. Author
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| 25. |
- Chung, Sunjae, et al.
(författare)
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Direct Observation of Zhang-Li Torque Expansion of Magnetic Droplet Solitons
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 120:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic droplets are nontopological dynamical soli tons that can be nucleated in nanocontact based spin torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy free layers. While theory predicts that the droplet should be of the same size as the nanocontact, its inherent drift instability has thwarted attempts at observing it directly using microscopy techniques. Here, we demonstrate highly stable magnetic droplets in all-perpendicular STNOs and present the first detailed droplet images using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. In contrast to theoretical predictions, we find that the droplet diameter is about twice as large as the nanocontact. By extending the original droplet theory to properly account for the lateral current spread underneath the nanocontact, we show that the large discrepancy primarily arises from current-in-plane Zhang-Li torque adding an outward pressure on the droplet perimeter. Electrical measurements on droplets nucleated using a reversed current in the antiparallel state corroborate this picture.
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| 26. |
- Chung, Sunjae, et al.
(författare)
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Magnetic droplet solitons in all-perpendicular nano-contact spin torque oscillators
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Spin-torque-generated magnetic droplets are nontopological solitons that have both dynamic and static characteristics. Although theoretical studies of these droplets originally dealt with an all-perpendicular magnetic system, all experimental demonstrations have so far relied on orthogonal spin valve structures that require a rather strong magnetic field to nucleate the droplet. Here, for the first time, we show the nucleation and sustained operation of magnetic droplets under a low magnetic field using nanocontact spin-torque oscillators (NC-STO), both the free Co/Ni and fixed Co/Pd multilayers of which have strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Droplet nucleation is observed as a change in the NC-STO resistance and the appearance of significant broadband microwave signal generation below 1 GHz. We also observe another important phenomenon in which the nucleated magnetic droplet can transform into a skyrmionic nanobubble in the low-field regime. Both magnetic droplet solitons and skyrmionic nanobubbles have been studied in detail using micromagnetic simulation.
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| 27. |
- Dürrenfeld, P., et al.
(författare)
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A 20 nm spin Hall nano-oscillator
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : RSC Publishing. - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 9:3, s. 1285-1291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) are an emerging class of pure spin current driven microwave signal generators. Through the fabrication of 20 nm nano-constrictions in Pt/NiFe bilayers, we demonstrate that SHNOs can be scaled down to truly nanoscopic dimensions, with the added benefit of ultra-low operating currents and improved power conversion efficiency. The lateral confinement leads to a strong shape anisotropy field as well as an additional demagnetizing field whose reduction with increasing auto-oscillation amplitude can yield a positive current tunability contrary to the negative tunability commonly observed for localized excitations in extended magnetic layers. Micromagnetic simulations corroborate the experimental findings and suggest that the active magnetodynamic area resides up to 100 nm outside of the nano-constriction.
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| 28. |
- Dvornik, Mykola, et al.
(författare)
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Origin of Magnetization Auto-Oscillations in Constriction-Based Spin Hall Nano-Oscillators
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physical Review Applied. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2331-7019. ; 9:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use micromagnetic simulations to map out and compare the linear and auto-oscillating modes in constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators as a function of the applied magnetic field with a varying magnitude and out-of-plane angle. We demonstrate that, for all possible applied field configurations, the auto-oscillations emerge from the localized linear modes of the constriction. For field directions tending towards the plane, these modes are of the so-called edge type, i.e., localized at the opposite edges of the constriction. By contrast, when the magnetization direction approaches the film normal, the modes transform to the so-called bulk type, i.e., localized inside the constriction with substantially increased precession volume, consistent with the redistribution of the magnetic charges from the edges to the top and bottom surfaces of the constriction. In general, the threshold current of the corresponding auto-oscillations increases with the applied field strength and decreases with its out-of-plane angle, consistent with the behavior of the internal field and in good agreement with a macrospin model. A quantitative agreement is then achieved by taking into account the strongly nonuniform character of the system via a mean-field approximation. Both the Oersted (Oe) field and the spin-transfer torque from the drive current increase the localization and decrease the frequency of the observed mode. Furthermore, the antisymmetric Oe field breaks the lateral symmetry, favoring the localized mode at one of the two constriction edges, particularly for large out-of-plane field angles where the threshold current is significantly increased and the edge demagnetization is suppressed.
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| 29. |
- Fulara, Himanshu, et al.
(författare)
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Spin-orbit torque–driven propagating spin waves
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 5:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Copyright © 2019 The Authors, Spin-orbit torque (SOT) can drive sustained spin wave (SW) auto-oscillations in a class of emerging microwave devices known as spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs), which have highly nonlinear properties governing robust mutual synchronization at frequencies directly amenable to high-speed neuromorphic computing. However, all demonstrations have relied on localized SW modes interacting through dipolar coupling and/or direct exchange. As nanomagnonics requires propagating SWs for data transfer and additional computational functionality can be achieved using SW interference, SOT-driven propagating SWs would be highly advantageous. Here, we demonstrate how perpendicular magnetic anisotropy can raise the frequency of SOT-driven auto-oscillations in magnetic nanoconstrictions well above the SW gap, resulting in the efficient generation of field and current tunable propagating SWs. Our demonstration greatly extends the functionality and design freedom of SHNOs, enabling long-range SOT-driven SW propagation for nanomagnonics, SW logic, and neuromorphic computing, directly compatible with CMOS technology.
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| 30. |
- González, Victor Hugo, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Voltage control of frequency and effective damping in nano-constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE International Magnetic Conference - Short Papers, INTERMAG Short Papers 2023 - Proceedings. - 9798350338362
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using micromagnetic simulations, we study the tunability of strongly voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA), ΔK = ±200 kJ/m3, in voltage-gated W/CoFeB/MgO based nano-constriction spin Hall nano-oscillators. The VCMA modifies the local magnetic properties such that the magnetodynamics transitions between regimes of i) confinement, ii) tuning, and iii) separation, with qualitatively different behavior. As a consequence, voltage control remains efficient over a very large frequency range, and subsequent manufacturing advances could allow SHNOs to be easily integrated into next-generation electronics for further fundamental studies and industrial applications.
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| 31. |
- González, Victor Hugo, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Voltage control of frequency, effective damping, and threshold current in nano-constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 121:25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using micromagnetic simulations, we study the interplay between strongly voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA), Δ K = ±200 kJ/m3, and gate width, w = 10-400 nm, in voltage-gated W/CoFeB/MgO based nano-constriction spin Hall nano-oscillators. The VCMA modifies the local magnetic properties such that the magnetodynamics transitions between regimes of (i) confinement, (ii) tuning, and (iii) separation with qualitatively different behaviors. We find that the strongest tuning is achieved for gate widths of the same size as the constriction width, for which the effective damping can be increased an order of magnitude compared to its intrinsic value. As a consequence, voltage control remains efficient over a very large frequency range, and subsequent manufacturing advances could allow spin Hall nano-oscillators to be easily integrated into next-generation electronics for further fundamental studies and industrial applications.
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| 32. |
- Haidar, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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A single layer spin-orbit torque nano-oscillator.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 10:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spin torque and spin Hall effect nano-oscillators generate high intensity spin wave auto-oscillations on the nanoscale enabling novel microwave applications in spintronics, magnonics, and neuromorphic computing. For their operation, these devices require externally generated spin currents either from an additional ferromagnetic layer or a material with a high spin Hall angle. Here we demonstrate highly coherent field and current tunable microwave signals from nano-constrictions in single 15-20nm thick permalloy layers with oxide interfaces. Using a combination of spin torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements, scanning micro-Brillouin light scattering microscopy, and micromagnetic simulations, we identify the auto-oscillations as emanating from a localized edge mode of the nano-constriction driven by spin-orbit torques. Our results pave the way for greatly simplified designs of auto-oscillating nano-magnetic systems only requiring single ferromagnetic layers with oxide interfaces.
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| 33. |
- Houshang, Afshin, et al.
(författare)
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Phase-Binarized Spin Hall Nano-Oscillator Arrays: Towards Spin Hall Ising Machines
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physical Review Applied. - 2331-7019. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ising machines (IMs) are physical systems designed to find solutions to combinatorial optimization (CO) problems mapped onto the IM via the coupling strengths between its binary spins. Using its intrinsic dynamics and different annealing schemes, the IM relaxes over time to its lowest-energy state, which is the solution to the CO problem. IMs have been implemented on different platforms, and interacting nonlinear oscillators are particularly promising candidates. Here we demonstrate a pathway towards an oscillator-based IM using arrays of nanoconstriction spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs). We show how SHNOs can be readily phase binarized and how their resulting microwave power corresponds to well-defined global phase states. To distinguish between degenerate states, we use phase-resolved Brillouin-light-scattering microscopy and directly observe the individual phase of each nanoconstriction. Micromagnetic simulations corroborate our experiments and confirm that our proposed IM platform can solve CO problems, showcased by how the phase states of a 2 x 2 SHNO array are solutions to a modified max-cut problem. Compared with the commercially available D-Wave Advantage (TM), our architecture holds significant promise for faster sampling, substantially reduced power consumption, and a dramatically smaller footprint.
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| 34. |
- Kumar, Akash, et al.
(författare)
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Robust Mutual Synchronization in Long Spin Hall Nano-oscillator Chains
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nano Letters. - 1530-6984. ; 23:14, s. 6720-6726
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mutual synchronizationof N serially connectedspintronic nano-oscillators boosts their coherence by N and peak power by N (2). Increasing thenumber of synchronized nano-oscillators in chains holds significancefor improved signal quality and emerging applications such as oscillatorbased unconventional computing. We successfully fabricate spin Hallnano-oscillator chains with up to 50 serially connected nanoconstrictionsusing W/NiFe, W/CoFeB/MgO, and NiFe/Pt stacks. Our experiments demonstraterobust and complete mutual synchronization of 21 nanoconstrictionsat an operating frequency of 10 GHz, achieving line widths 79,000. As the number of mutually synchronizedoscillators increases, we observe a quadratic increase in peak power,resulting in 400-fold higher peak power in long chains compared toindividual nanoconstrictions. While chains longer than 21 nanoconstrictionsalso achieve complete mutual synchronization, it is less robust, andtheir signal quality does not improve significantly, as they tendto break into partially synchronized states.
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| 35. |
- Litvinenko, Artem, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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A spinwave Ising machine
- 2023
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Ingår i: Communications Physics. - 2399-3650. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time-multiplexed Coherent Ising Machines (CIMs) have demonstrated promising results in rapidly solving large-scale combinatorial problems. However, CIMs remain relatively large and power-demanding. Here, we demonstrate a spinwave-based Ising machine (SWIM) that due to the low spinwave group velocity allows for sufficient miniaturization and reduced power consumption. The SWIM is implemented using a 10-mm-long 5-mu m-thick Yttrium Iron Garnet film with off-the-shelf microwave components and can support an 8-spin MAX-CUT problem and solve it in less than 4 mu s consuming only 7 mu J. As the SWIM minimizes its energy, we observe that the spin states can demonstrate both uniform and domain-propagation-like switching. The developed SWIM has the potential for substantial further miniaturization with reduction of power consumption, scalability in the number of supported spins, increase of operational speed, and may become a versatile platform for commercially feasible high-performance solvers of combinatorial optimization problems.
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| 36. |
- Litvinenko, Artem, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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A Spinwave Time-Multiplexed Ising Machine
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE International Magnetic Conference - Short Papers, INTERMAG Short Papers 2023 - Proceedings. - 9798350338362
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a spinwave-based time-multiplexed Ising Machine (SWIM) where artificial Ising spins are formed with ns-long spinwave RF pulses propagating in a delay line based on 5-μm thick Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) film. The phase of artificial Ising spins is binarized using an off-the-shelf phase-sensitive microwave amplifier and the coupling between spins is implemented with microwave delay cables. Thanks to the very low spinwave group velocity, the 7-mm long YIG delay line can host an 8-spin MAX-CUT combinatorial optimization problem and solve it in less than 4 μ while consuming only 7 μJ.
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| 37. |
- Litvinenko, Artem, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Phase noise analysis of mutually synchronized spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2023
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Ingår i: APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS. - 0003-6951. ; 122:22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reduction of phase noise in electronic systems is of utmost importance in modern communication and signal processing applications and requires an understanding of the underlying physical processes. Here, we systematically study the phase noise in mutually synchronized chains of nano-constriction spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs). We find that longer chains have improved phase noise figures at low offset frequencies (1/f noise), where chains of two and ten mutually synchronized SHNOs have 2.8 and 6.2 dB lower phase noise than single SHNOs. This is close to the theoretical values of 3 and 10 dB, and the deviation is ascribed to process variations between nano-constrictions. However, at higher offset frequencies (thermal noise), the phase noise unexpectedly increases with chain length, which we ascribe to process variations, a higher operating temperature in the long chains at the same drive current and phase delays in the coupling between nano-constrictions.
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| 38. |
- Mazraati, Hamid, Industrial PhD Student, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Auto-oscillating spin-wave modes of constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators in weak in-plane fields
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We experimentally study the auto-oscillating spin-wave modes in Ni80Fe20/β-W constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators as a function of bias current, in-plane applied field strength, and azimuthal field angle, in the low-field range of 40-80 mT. We observe two different spin-wave modes: i) a linear-like mode confined to the minima of the internal field near the edges of the nanoconstriction, with weak frequency dependencies on the bias current and the applied field angle, and ii) a second, lower frequency mode that has significantly higher threshold current and stronger frequency dependencies on both bias current and the external eld angle. Our micromagnetic modeling qualitatively reproduces the experimental data and reveals that the second mode is a spin-wave bullet and that the SHNO mode hops between the two modes, resulting in a substantial increase in linewidths. In contrast to the linear-like mode, the bullet is localized in the middle of the constriction and shrinks with increasing bias current. Utilizing intrinsic frequency doubling at zero eld angle we can reach frequencies above 9 GHz in fields as low as 40 mT, which is important for the development of low-eld spintronic oscillators with applications in microwave signal generation and neuromorphic computing.
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| 39. |
- Mazraati, Hamid, Industrial PhD Student, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Auto-oscillating Spin-Wave Modes of Constriction-Based Spin Hall Nano-oscillators in Weak In-Plane Fields
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physical Review Applied. - : American Physical Society. - 2331-7019. ; 10:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We experimentally study the auto-oscillating spin-wave modes in Ni(80)Fc(20)/beta-W constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators as a function of bias current, strength of the in-plane applied field, and azimuthal field angle in the low-field range of 40-80 mT. We observe two different spin-wave modes: (i) a linearlike mode confined to the internal field minima near the edges of the nanoconstriction, and only weakly dependent on the bias current and the applied-field angle, and (ii) a second, lower-frequency mode with significantly higher threshold current and stronger dependence on both the bias current and the externalfield angle. Micromagnetic modeling qualitatively reproduces the experimental data and reveals that the second mode is a spin-wave bullet and that the spin Hall nano-oscillator mode hops between the two modes, resulting in a substantial increase in linewidths. In contrast to the linearlike mode, the bullet is localized in the middle of the constriction and shrinks with increasing bias current. Using intrinsic frequency doubling at zero field angle, we can reach frequencies above 9 GHz in fields as low as 40 mT, which is important for the development of low-field spintronic oscillators with applications in microwave-signal generation and neuromorphic computing.
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| 40. |
- Mazraati, Hamid, et al.
(författare)
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Free- and reference-layer magnetization modes versus in-plane magnetic field in a magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular magnetic easy axis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 94:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the magnetodynamic modes of a magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular magnetic easy axis (p-MTJ) in in-plane magnetic fields using device-level ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. We compare our experimental results to those of micromagnetic simulations of the entire p-MTJ. Using an iterative approach to determine the material parameters that best fit our experiment, we find excellent agreement between experiments and simulations in both the static magnetoresistance and magnetodynamics in the free and reference layers. From the micromagnetic simulations, we determine the spatial mode profiles, the localization of the modes and, as a consequence, their distribution in the frequency domain due to the inhomogeneous internal field distribution inside the p-MTJ under different applied field regimes. We also conclude that the excitation mechanism is a combination of the microwave voltage modulated perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the microwave Oersted field, and the spin-transfer torque generated by the microwave current.
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| 41. |
- Mazraati, Hamid, et al.
(författare)
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Free- and reference-layer magnetization modes vs.~in-plane magnetic field in a magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular magnetic easy axis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Physical Review B Condensed Matter. - : American Physical Society. - 0163-1829 .- 1095-3795.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- We study the magnetodynamic modes of a magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular magnetic easy axis (p-MTJ) in in-plane magnetic fields using device-level ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. We compare our experimental results to those of micromagnetic simulations of the entire p-MTJ. Using an iterative approach to determine the material parameters that best fit our experiment, we find excellent agreement between experiments and simulations in both the static magnetoresistance and magnetodynamics in the free and reference layers. From the micromagnetic simulations, we determine the spatial mode profiles, the localization of the modes and, as a consequence, their distribution in the frequency domain due to the inhomogeneous internal field distribution inside the p-MTJ under different applied field regimes. We also conclude that the excitation mechanism is a combination of the microwave voltage modulated perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the microwave Oersted field, and the spin-transfer torque generated by the microwave current.
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| 42. |
- Mazraati, Hamid, et al.
(författare)
-
In-plane field angle dependence of mutually synchronized constriction based spin Hall nano-oscillators
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study mutual synchronization phenomena in multiple nanoconstriction-based SHNOs under weak in-plane fields down to μ0H = 30 mT and investigate the angular dependence of the synchronization condition. We compare double nanoconstriction and multiple nanoconstrictions with different spacings of 300 and 900 nm between the constrictions. For all the tested devices, we observe clear evidence of mutual synchronization of individual nanoconstrictions (NCs) only for angles smaller than a critical angle. This critical angle is higher for the 300 nm spacing than for the 900 nm spacing as a result of the stronger synchronization arising from the shorter distance. Direct inspection of the spin waves using μ-BLS maps confirms synchronization of the double nanoconstrictions. Alongside the synchronization, we observe a strong second harmonic that could be interpreted as a sign that the synchronization is mediated by the propagation of the second harmonic of the spin waves. Micromagnetic simulation explains the synchronization at the lower angles by the direction of the spatial profile of the modes and confirms the role of exchange coupling in the synchronization of nanoconstriction-based SHNOs.
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| 43. |
- Mazraati, Hamid, et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping out the in-plane spin wave modes of constriction based spin Hall nano-oscillators
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We experimentally study the auto-oscillating spin wave modes in NiFe/β-W constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators versus bias current, in-plane applied field strength, and azimuthal angle. We observe two different spin wave modes in weak in-plane fields: a linear-like mode confined in the minima of the internal field near the edges of the nano-constriction with weak frequency dependencies on the bias current and the applied field angle, and second, lower frequency mode that has significantly higher threshold current and stronger frequency dependencies on both bias current and the external field angle. Our micromagnetic modeling qualitatively reproduces experimental data and reveals that the second mode is the spin wave bullet. In contrast to the linear-like mode, the bullet is (a) localized in the middle of the constriction and (b) shrinks with the bias current. Our results are important for the development of the field-free spintronic oscillators for the applications in microwave signal generation and neuromorphic computing.
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| 44. |
- Mazraati, Hamid, Industrial PhD Student, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Mutual Synchronization of Constriction-Based Spin Hall Nano-Oscillators in Weak In-Plane Magnetic Fields
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Physical Review Applied. - : American Physical Society. - 2331-7019. ; 18:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study mutual synchronization in double nanoconstriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) under weak in-plane magnetic fields (mu H-0(IP) = 30-40 mT) and also investigate its angular dependence. We compare SHNOs with different nanoconstriction spacings of 300 and 900 nm. In all devices, mutual synchronization occurs below a certain critical angle, which is higher for the 300 nm spacing than for the 900 nm spacing, reflecting the stronger coupling at shorter distances. Alongside the synchronization, we observe a strong second harmonic consistent with predictions that the synchronization may be mediated by the propagation of second-harmonic spin waves. However, although Brillouin light scattering microscopy confirms the synchronization, it fails to detect any related increase of the second harmonic. Micromagnetic simulations instead explain the angular-dependent synchronization as predominantly due to magnetodipolar coupling between neighboring SHNOs.
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| 45. |
- Muralidhar, Shreyas, et al.
(författare)
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Femtosecond Laser Pulse Driven Caustic Spin Wave Beams
- 2021
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society (APS). - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 126:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2021 authors. Controlling the directionality of spin waves is a key ingredient in wave-based computing methods such as magnonics. In this Letter, we demonstrate this particular aspect by using an all-optical pointlike source of continuous spin waves based on frequency comb rapid demagnetization. The emitted spin waves contain a range of k vectors and by detuning the applied magnetic field slightly off the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), we observe X-shaped caustic spin wave patterns at 70° propagation angles as predicted by theory. When the harmonic of the light source approaches the FMR, the caustic pattern gives way to uniaxial spin wave propagation perpendicular to the in-plane component of the applied field. This field-controlled propagation pattern and directionality of optically emitted short-wavelength spin waves provide additional degrees of freedom when designing magnonic devices.
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| 46. |
- Muralidhar, Shreyas, et al.
(författare)
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Optothermal control of spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 120:26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the impact of localized laser heating on the auto-oscillation properties of a 170 nm wide nano-constriction spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) fabricated from a NiFe/Pt bilayer on a sapphire substrate. A 532 nm continuous wave laser is focused down to a spot size of about 500 nm at a power ranging from 0 to 12 mW. Through a comparison with resistive heating, we estimate a local temperature rise of about 8 K/mW. We demonstrate reversible laser tuning of the threshold current, the frequency, and the peak power and find that the SHNO frequency can be tuned by up to 350 MHz, which is over three times more than the current tuning alone. Increasing the temperature also results in increased signal jitter, an increased threshold current, and a reduced maximum current for auto-oscillations. Our results open up for optical control of single SHNOs in larger SHNO networks without the need for additional voltage gates.
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| 47. |
- Muralidhar, Shreyas, et al.
(författare)
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Sustained coherent spin wave emission using frequency combs
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - 2469-9950. ; 101:22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate sustained coherent emission of spin waves in NiFe films using rapid demagnetization from high repetition rate femtosecond laser pulse trains. As the pulse separation is shorter than the magnon decay time, magnons having a frequency equal to a multiple of the 1 GHz repetition rate are coherently amplified. Using scanning Brillouin light scattering (BLS) microscopy, we observe this coherent amplification as strong peaks spaced 1 GHz apart. The BLS counts vs laser power exhibit a stronger than parabolic dependence consistent with counts being proportional to the square of the magnetodynamic amplitude, and the demagnetization pulse strength being described by a Bloch law. Spatial spin wave mapping demonstrates how both localized and propagating spin waves can be excited, and how the propagation direction can be directly controlled. Our results demonstrate the versatility of frequency combs and BLS spectroscopy for rapid demagnetization studies, and enable a platform for photomagnonics where sustained coherent spin waves can be utilized.
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| 48. |
- Rajabali, Mona, et al.
(författare)
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Injection Locking of Linearlike and Soliton Spin-Wave Modes in Nanoconstriction Spin Hall Nano-oscillators
- 2023
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Ingår i: Physical Review Applied. - 2331-7019. ; 19:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study injection locking of two different spin wave (SW) modes (a field-localized linearlike interior mode and a self-localized SW bullet soliton) in a single nanoconstriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillator. Mode selection is achieved by varying the oblique magnetic field angle and magnitude. The two modes show dramatically different responses to injection locking, in terms of locking bandwidth and linewidth and output power in the locked state. Extracting the locking range graphically from the experimental data yields apparent thresholds for the required injected power, with the bullet mode showing a larger threshold than the linearlike mode. By instead fitting the full detuning behavior using a model including thermal noise, the apparent threshold vanishes, while the very different locking behavior of the two modes can instead be ascribed to the order of magnitude difference in their mode volumes.
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| 49. |
- Ranjbar, Mojtaba, et al.
(författare)
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CoFeB-Based Spin Hall Nano-Oscillators
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ieee Magnetics Letters. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1949-307X .- 1949-3088. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate magnetization auto-oscillations driven by pure spin currents in spin Hall nano-oscillators based on CoFeB/Pt bilayers. Despite the very low anisotropic magnetoresistance of CoFeB, a substantial microwave signal power can be detected, even at room temperature, indicating that a sizable spin wave amplitude is generated. Spin torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements reveal that the generated auto-oscillation frequency lies below the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of CoFeB and is therefore well described by a self-localized spin wave bullet mode.
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| 50. |
- Ruilope, LM, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Baseline Characteristics of the Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease Trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: American journal of nephrology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9670 .- 0250-8095. ; 50:5, s. 345-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. <b><i>Patients and</i></b> <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 to ≤5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level α = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049.
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