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Sökning: WFRF:(Awad Raed)

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1.
  • Awad, Raed, et al. (författare)
  • Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 22:10, s. 2023-2030
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Twenty per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in human milk from residents of three Chinese cities (Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing; [n = 10 individuals per city]), sampled between 2010 and 2016. These data were compared to a combination of new and previously reported PFAS concentrations in human milk from Stockholm, Sweden, collected in 2016 (n = 10 individuals). Across the three Chinese cities, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; sum isomers), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS; also known as 6:2 Cl-PFESA or by its trade name "F53-B"), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; sum isomers) occurred at the highest concentrations among all PFAS (up to 411, 976, and 321 pg mL-1, respectively), while in Stockholm, PFOA and PFOS were dominant (up to 89 and 72 pg mL-1, respectively). 3H-Perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy)propanoic acid] (ADONA) was intermittently detected but at concentrations below the method quantification limit (i.e. <10 pg mL-1) in Chinese samples, and was non-detectable in Swedish milk. The extremely high concentrations of F53-B in Chinese milk suggest that human exposure assessments focused only on legacy substances may severely underestimate overall PFAS exposure in breastfeeding infants.
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2.
  • Awad, Raed, et al. (författare)
  • Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Milk from Sweden and China
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 19:22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract Twenty per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in human milk from residents of three Chinese cities (Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing), sampled between 2010 and 2016. These data were compared to a combination of new and previously reported PFAS concentrations in human milk from Stockholm, Sweden, collected in 2016. Across the three Chinese cities, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; sum isomers), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS; trade name F53-B), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; sum isomers) occurred at the highest concentrations among all PFAS (up to 411, 976, and 321 pg/mL, respectively), while in Stockholm, PFOA and PFOS were dominant (up to 89 and 72 pg/mL, respectively). 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy) propanoic acid (ADONA) was intermittently detected but at concentrations below the method quantification limit (i.e. <10 pg/mL) in Chinese samples, and was non-detectable in Swedish milk. The extremely high concentrations of F53-B in Chinese milk suggest that human exposure assessments focused only on legacy substances may severely underestimate overall PFAS exposure in breastfeeding infants.
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4.
  • Awad, Raed, et al. (författare)
  • PFAS in waste residuals from Swedish incineration plants : A systematic investigation
  • 2021
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Incineration is the dominant treatment for residual waste in Sweden. It is desirable to reach complete thermal oxidation of chemical substances in the incineration process to destroy toxic substances contained in waste. Otherwise, there is a risk of toxic substances being released into the environment through incineration residuals. This project has investigated to which extent Swedish waste incineration plants emit PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) via bottom ash, fly ash and condensate water. Of 38 incineration plants in Sweden, 27 (in total 31 furnaces) joined the project, answered questionnaires about operating parameters, and sampled incineration residuals. Five samples from each matrix, fly ash, bottom ash, or condensate water, were collected during a two-week period to compensate for the variation over time. The collected samples of bottom ash, fly ash and condensate were analysed for 27 different PFAS according to a methodology developed by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, based on LC-MS / MS. Out of the 27 incineration plants in this project, five plants had no samples with PFAS-27 concentrations above the analytical limit of detection in any of the matrices. Generally, the results show low concentrations in the sampled matrices from most plants, with a few exceptions. No apparent relationships were found between the analysed concentrations of PFAS in the sampling matrices and the operational data.
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5.
  • Awad, Raed, et al. (författare)
  • Sampling of PFAS in air
  • 2023
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of more than 4000 human-made substances that, due to their unique properties as being water-lipid repellent, and having high chemical and thermal stability, are widely used in consumer products and industrial applications. Examples of the wide range of uses for PFAS are in pesticides, food packaging material, nonstick cookware, furniture wax and fire-fighting foam in fabrics. PFASs are also used as production chemicals for fluorinated polymers in electroplating and they even occur in cosmetics.Scientific studies have shown that exposure to PFASs can lead to adverse health effects in humans. Exposure pathways for PFASs include drinking water contaminated with PFASs, food containing PFASs from packaging material, exposure through skin contact with products containing PFASs as well as through polluted air.
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6.
  • Haque, Faiz, et al. (författare)
  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in white-tailed sea eagle eggs from Sweden: Temporal trends (1969-2021), spatial variations, fluorine mass balance, and suspect screening
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Temporal and spatial trends of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in white-tailed sea eagle (WTSE) eggs (Haliaeetus albicilla) from two inland and two coastal regions of Sweden between 1969 and 2021. PFAS concentrations generally increased from ∼1969 to ∼1990s–2010 (depending on target and site) and thereafter plateaued or declined, with perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) declining faster than most perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The net result was a shift in the PFAS profile from PFOS-dominant in 1969–2010 to an increased prevalence of PFCAs over the last decade. Further, during the entire period higher PFAS concentrations were generally observed in coastal populations, possibly due to differences in diet and/or proximity to more densely populated areas. Fluorine mass balance determination in pooled samples from three of the regions (2019–2021) indicated that target PFAS accounted for the vast majority (i.e. 81–100%) of extractable organic fluorine (EOF). Nevertheless, high resolution mass-spectrometry-based suspect screening identified 55 suspects (31 at a confidence level [CL] of 1–3 and 24 at a CL of 4–5), of which 43 were substances not included in the targeted analysis. Semi-quantification of CL ≤ 2 suspects increased the identified EOF to >90% in coastal samples. In addition to showing the impact of PFAS regulation and phase-out initiatives, this study demonstrates that most extractable organofluorine in WTSE eggs is made up of known (legacy) PFAS, albeit with low levels of novel substances.
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7.
  • Kärrman, Anna, 1975-, et al. (författare)
  • Can determination of extractable organofluorine (EOF) be standardized? First interlaboratory comparisons of EOF and fluorine mass balance in sludge and water matrices
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 23:10, s. 1458-1465
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The high proportion of unidentified extractable organofluorine (EOF) observed globally in humans and the environment indicates widespread occurrence of unknown per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, efforts to standardize or assess the reproducibility of EOF methods are currently lacking. Here we present the first EOF interlaboratory comparison in water and sludge. Three participants (four organizations) analyzed unfortified and PFAS-fortified ultrapure water, two unfortified groundwater samples, unfortified wastewater treatment plant effluent and sludge, and an unfortified groundwater extract. Participants adopted common sample handling strategies and target lists for EOF mass balance but used in-house combustion ion-chromatography (CIC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. EOF accuracy ranged from 85-101% and 76-109% for the 60 and 334 ng L-1 fluorine (F) - fortified water samples, respectively, with between-laboratory variation of 9-19%, and within-laboratory variation of 3-27%. In unfortified sludge and aqueous samples, between-laboratory variation ranged from 21-37%. The contribution from sum concentrations of 16 individual PFAS (∑PFAS-16) to EOF ranged from 2.2-60% but extended analysis showed that other targets were prevalent, in particular ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid) in aqueous samples and perfluoroalkyl acid-precursors (e.g. polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters) in sludge. The EOF-CIC method demonstrated promising accuracy, robustness and reporting limits but poor extraction efficiency was observed for some targets (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid).
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8.
  • Miranda, Daniele A., et al. (författare)
  • Bioaccumulation of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a tropical estuarine food web
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 754
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was investigated in a tropical mangrove food web from an estuary in Bahia, Brazil. Samples of 44 organisms (21 taxa), along with biofilm, leaves, sediment and suspended particulate matter were analyzed. Sum (Sigma) PFAS concentrations in biota samples were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 93% detection frequency in tissues; 0.05 to 1.97 ng g(-1) ww whole-body (wb)), followed by perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA, 57%; 0.01 to 0.28 ng g(-1) ww wb). PFOS precursors such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA, 54%; 0.01 to 0.32 ng g(-1) ww wb) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA; 30%; 0.01 to 0.21 ng g(-1) ww wb) were also detected. PFAS accumulation profiles revealed different routes of exposure among bivalve, crustacean and fish groups. Statistics for left-censored data were used in order to minimize bias on trophic magnification factors (TMFs) calculations. TMFs >1 were observed for PFOS (linear + branched isomers), EtFOSA (linear + branched isomers), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and in all cases, dissimilar accumulation patterns were observed among different trophic positions. The apparent biodilution of some long-chain PFCAs through the food chain (TMF < 1) may be due to exposure from multiple PFAS sources. This is the first study investigating bioaccumulation of PFASs in a tropical food web and provides new insight on the behavior of this ubiquitous class of contaminants.
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9.
  • Monclús, Laura, et al. (författare)
  • Legacy and emerging organohalogenated compounds in feathers of Eurasian eagle-owls (Bubo bubo) in Norway : Spatiotemporal variations and associations with dietary proxies (δ13C and δ15N)
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 204
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The occurrence of organohalogenated compounds (OHCs) in wildlife has received considerable attention over the last decades. Among the matrices used for OHCs biomonitoring, feathers are particularly useful as they can be collected in a minimally or non-invasive manner. In this study, concentrations of various legacy OHCs –polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)–, as well as emerging OHCs –per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPEs)– were determined in feathers of 72 Eurasian eagle-owls (Bubo bubo) from Norway, with the goal of studying spatiotemporal variation using a non-invasive approach. Molted feathers were collected at nest sites from northern, central and southern Norway across four summers (2013–2016). Additionally, two museum-archived feathers from 1979 to 1989 were included. Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) were used as dietary proxies. In total, 11 PFAS (sum range 8.25–215.90 ng g−1), 15 PCBs (4.19–430.01 ng g−1), 6 OCPs (1.48–220.94 ng g−1), 5 PBDEs (0.21–5.32 ng g−1) and 3 OPEs (4.49–222.21 ng g−1) were quantified. While we observed large variation in the values of both stable isotopes, suggesting a diverse diet of the eagle-owls, only δ13C seemed to explain variation in PFAS concentrations. Geographic area and year were influential factors for δ15N and δ13C. Considerable spatial variation was observed in PFAS levels, with the southern area showing higher levels compared to northern and central Norway. For the rest of OHCs, we observed between-year variations; sum concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs and OPEs reached a maximum in 2015 and 2016. Concentrations from 1979 to 1989 were within the ranges observed between 2013 and 2016. Overall, our data indicate high levels of legacy and emerging OHCs in a top predator in Norway, further highlighting the risk posed by OHCs to wildlife.
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10.
  • Nyberg, E., et al. (författare)
  • Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science-Processes & Impacts. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 20:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of 19 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in human milk collected in Stockholm (1972-2016) and Gothenburg (2007-2015), Sweden. The concentrations of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA) in human milk from Stockholm increased significantly over the entire monitoring periods, whereas branched (Br) and linear (L) isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) decreased. In human milk from Gothenburg, significant downward trends were detected for perfluorododecanoate (PFDoDA), PFHxS and Br-perfluorooctane sulfonate (Br-PFOS) over the last decade. This declining trend was also observed for perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), PFHxS, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and Br-PFOS in Stockholm over the same time period. No significant differences were observed in concentrations or relative PFAS profiles between Stockholm and Gothenburg. However, a comparison of the PFAS profile in Stockholm milk revealed distinct profiles for the time periods 1972-1996, 2000-2012, and 2013-2016, reflecting a shift in exposure over time. The lower bound estimated daily intake (EDI) for Sigma PFAS concentrations in infants ranged from 7.1-40 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg bw/d) in Stockholm and from 5.2-25 ng/kg bw/d in Gothenburg over the studied time period, consistent with other European countries. Overall these data indicate that exposure to some legacy PFASs via breastmilk is declining, presumably as a result of regulation and phase-out initiatives. However, increasing concentrations for other PFASs and a shift in the overall PFAS profile in recent years may pose an ongoing health risk to infants.
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12.
  • Nyberg, Elisabeth, et al. (författare)
  • Monitoring of POPs in human milk from Stockholm and Gothenburg, 1972-2015 : Updated version – 2017-09-01
  • 2017
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Dr. Koidu Norén, vid Karolinska Institutet, initierade övervakning av human hälsa i Sverige när hon började samla in och analysera organiska föroreningar i modersmjölk från Stockholmsområdet redan 1967. Sedan 1972 har de prover som samlats in lagrats frusna för retrospektiv analys av miljöföroreningar. År 1997 överfördes denna mjölksamling till miljöprovbanken vid Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm som då även tog över ansvaret för insamlingen i Stockholmsområdet, via Modersmjölkcentralen på Södersjukhuset. Modersmjölk har även samlats in i Göteborg sedan 2007 via Modersmjölkcentralen/Arbets- och miljömedicinska institutionen på Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset.I denna rapport sammanfattas den nationella övervakning av modersmjölk med avseende på persistenta organiska miljögifter, som utförts sedan 1972 från Stockholm och Göteborg och som finansierats av Naturvårdsverket. Syftet med studien kan sammanfattas enligt följande: • Undersöka halter av klorerade ämnen (PCBer, DDTer, HCHer, HCB, dioxiner och furaner), bromerade flamskyddsmedel (PBDEer, HBCDD och DBE-DBCH) samt perfluorerade ämnen (PFASs) i modersmjölk från Stockholm och Göteborg.• Utvärdera långsiktiga tidstrender i Stockholm (1972-2014) och Göteborg (2007-2015).• Undersöka skillnader i mönster av samansättningen av de övervakade ämnena mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. • Undersöka om variationen på individnivå gällande PFASs skiljer sig mellan Stockholm och Göteborg 2012. Fetthalt Modersmjölk från Stockholm uppvisade generellt en uppåtgående trend i fetthalt under hela övervakningsperioden (1972-2014), även om en nedåtgående trend observerades under den senaste tioårsperioden. En förändring av analysmetod 2011 kan emellertid ha påverkat utvecklingen under den senaste tioårsperioden. En ökning i fetthalt indikerades i modersmjölk från Göteborg (2007-2015). Fetthalten var något högre i modersmjölk från Göteborg 2015 jämfört med modermjölk från Stockholm 2014 (4.0 respektive 3.4 %). Fetthalter som rapporterats i andra studier är ligger i nivå med de fetthalter som rapporterats i denna studie.PCBer Halterna av samtliga kongener som uppmätts, d.v.s. CB-180, CB-153, CB-138 och CB-118 minskade över tid (7-11 % per år) i modersmjölk från både Stockholm och Göteborg, med undantag för CB-28 för vilken ingen trend kunde detekteras. De minskande halterna över tid stämmer väl överens med temporala trender som rapporterats i modersmjölk från Uppsala (7 % per år) (1996-2012) samt i japansk modersmjölk (7.5 % per år). Koncentrationerna av de uppmätta kongenerna var jämförbara mellan Stockholm och Göteborg och låg även på liknande nivåer som i modersmjölk från Uppsala. I jämförelse med andra europeiska länder var koncentrationerna av CB-153 (som är den kongenern som generellt sett förekommer i 8högst halter i modersmjölk) lägre än i övriga Europa. Inga signifikanta skillnader detekterades gällande PCB-kongenermönster mellan Stockholm och Göteborg.DDTer, HCHer och HCB Koncentrationerna av DDE, DDT och HCB i modersmjölk från Stockholm (1972-2014) minskade över hela övervakningsperioden (7-11 % per år) vilket även halterna av DDE och DDT i modersmjölk från Göteborg (2007-2015) gjort under den senaste tioårsperioden (7 och 12 % per år). Tidstrender för DDE i modersmjölk från Uppsala (1996-2012) och Japan uppvisar minskande halter i samma storleksordning (7.4 och 9.1 % per år). Även halterna av HCB i modersmjölk från Uppsala minskar (5.9 % per år). Koncentrationerna av DDE, DDT samt β-HCH var något högre i Stockholm än i Göteborg, medan HCB halterna var något högre i modersmjölk från Göteborg. Koncentrationerna av DDE, HCB och β-HCH låg i nivå med koncentrationer uppmätta i modersmjölk från Uppsala, men låg i det lägre spannet av koncentrationer rapporterade från andra europeiska länder. Ingen signifikant skillnad i mönster observerades för DDE-, DDT-, HCB- och β-HCH i modersmjölk mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. PCDDer/PCDFer och dl-PCBer Koncentrationerna av ΣPCDDer, ΣPCDFer, Σdl-PCBer och ΣPCDDer + PCDFer + dl-PCBer i modersmjölk från Stockholm (1972-2014) och Göteborg (2007-2015) minskade sett över hela övervakningsperioden (5.6-6.5 % per år). Under den senaste tioårsperioden har dock inga signifikanta minskningar observerats i modersmjölk från Stockholm. En tänkbar förklaring till detta skulle kunna vara att det skett ett byte i analyslaboratorium 2012 vilket kan ha påverkat möjligheten att upptäcka trender. Halterna i modersmjölk från Uppsala (1996-2012) minskade i samma storleksordning som i Stockholm och Göteborg sett över hela tidsperioden. Koncentrationerna av ΣPCDDer, ΣPCDFer, Σdl-PCBer och ΣPCDDer + PCDFer + dl-PCBer var jämförbara mellan Stockholm och Göteborg och även jämförbara med koncentrationer uppmätta i modersmjölk från Uppsala. I jämförelse med andra europeiska länder låg de i det lägre spannet. Ingen signifikant skillnad i mönster observerades för ΣPCDDer, ΣPCDFer, Σdl-PCBer mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. PBDEer och HBCDD Koncentrationerna av BDE-47, BDE-99 och BDE-100 i modersmjölk från Göteborg minskade 2007-2015 (18-21 % per år). I kontrast till detta observerades inga signifikanta log-linjära tidstrender i modersmjölk från Stockholm, varken över hela tidsperioden eller under den senaste tioårsperioden. Dock var koncentrationerna av BDE-47, BDE-99 och BDE-100 i de två proven från 2013 (Stockholm) avsevärt högre än koncentrationerna omkringliggande år vilket påverkar möjligheten att upptäcka trender under den senaste tioårsperioden. Bytet av analyslaboratorium 2010 kan också ha påverkat möjligheten att detektera trender. Den minskning av BDE koncentrationer som rapporterats i modersmjölk från Göteborg i denna studie är i samma storleksordning som den förändring som rapporterats i modersmjölk från Uppsala (1996-2012) (5-10 % per år). Koncentrationerna av samtliga bromerade flamskyddsmedel rapporterade här (d.v.s. BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 och HBCDD) var högre i Stockholm än i Göteborg. Koncentrationer uppmätta i modersmjölk från Uppsala var högre än i Göteborg men lägre än i Stockholm, med undantag för HBCDD där halterna i Uppsalamjölken även var högre än i Stockholmsmjölken. I jämförelse med andra europeiska länder låg halterna av BDE-47 i Stockholmsmjölken i jämförbar nivå, medan HBCDD halterna i modersmjölk från både Stockholm och Göteborg låg lägre. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i mönstret för BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 och HBCDD mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. 9PFAS Koncentrationerna av PFDA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFTriDA och PFUDA i modersmjölk från Stockholm ökade signifikant under hela övervakningsperioden (1972-2014), medan PFOA-koncentrationerna minskade. Koncentrationen av PFNA och PFDA ökade även i blodprover från ammande kvinnor i Uppsala (1996-2010). I modersmjölk från Göteborg upptäcktes signifikanta nedåtgående trender (2007-2015) för PFDoDA, PFHxS och PFOA, och det var även fallet för PFOS i Stockholm under den senaste tioårsperioden. Inga generella skillnader i koncentration observerades mellan Stockholm and Göteborg. I jämförelse med modersmjölk från andra länder över hela världen var halterna av PFOS och PFOA jämförbara, men i det lägre spannet, vilket även var fallet i jämförelse med koncentrationer i modersmjölk från Uppsala (2004). Ingen signifikant skillnad i mönster observerades för PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUDA och PFTriDA mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. Den individuella variationen 2012 var störst för PFTeDA i modersmjölk från både Stockholm och Göteborg. PFOA, PFUA och PFNA uppvisade den lägsta individuella variationen. FOSA uppvisade en signifikant skillnad i individuell variation mellan modersmjölk från Stockholm och Göteborg, vilket skulle kunna indikera en skillnad i kontaminering. Dock uppmättes det ingen signifikant skillnad för kvarvarande PFAS.
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14.
  • Roos, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • POPs, PFAS and metals in ringed seals (Pusa hispida botnica) from the Baltic 1978-2015
  • 2019
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Twenty two pooled samples from 69 juvenile ringed seals collected between 1974 and 2015 were analyzed for PCB (22 congeners), pesticides, PFAS, metals and selenium. Most seals were bycaught in fishing gear. All CB congeners were above the detection limits. CB-138 and -153 accounted for ca 50% of ∑PCB. CB-180 and -101 stood for ca 10 % each. ∑PCB decreased over the study period with approximately -4.6% annually and since 2000 the mean concentrations (i.e. in pooled samples) were below 9 mg/kg in these juvenile seals, which is the lowest suggested threshold for onset of physiological effects in experimental marine mammal studies.sDDT decreased with a rate of ca -8.9% yearly. The proportion of p,p’DDE increased over time as p,p’DDT decreased. Chlordanes and nonachlor also decreased over time (-4.6%). Trans-nonachlor was the most predominating compound. Finally, mirex decreased over time at a rate of approximately -2.3% annually. Nine PBDE congeners were analyzed in blubber. The predominating BDE was BDE-47 (ca 70%) followed by BDE-99 and BDE-100. Most BDE congeners peaked during the 1990s. Eleven perfluorinated substances were analysed. PFHxA and PFHpA were below detection limits in all but three samples not included in the statistical analyses. All but FOSA showed increasing trends over the study period, with increasing rates of +5-9% annually. However, if only looking at the last 15 years the concentrations appear stable (i.e. not increasing or decreasing). FOSA showed decreasing rates over the full period as well as the last 15 years. PFOS was observed in the highest concentrations (range 9.4-400 ng/g ww) and was the predominant PFAS. PFNA was the predominant PFCA followed by PFDA and PFUnDA. Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), (Cr), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were analysed in seal liver. Cr was below detection limit in all samples but one, which was at detection limit. Ni was below detection limit in all samples. Only Co showed slight decreasing concentrations, the concentrations of the other metals were stable over time. However, concentrations of Pb were very low, and after 2000 below detection limit (<0.03 mg/kg ww), indicating decreasing concentrations. The relationship Hg vs Se on a molar basis showed no trend over time. Generally, the ratio was slightly below 1, but in five samples it did exceeded 1 (mean ratio was 0.9).
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15.
  • Schellenberger, Steffen, 1981-, et al. (författare)
  • An Outdoor Aging Study to Investigate the Release of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Functional Textiles
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56, s. 3471-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The emission of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from functional textiles was investigated via an outdoor weathering experiment in Sydney, Australia. Polyamide (PA) textile fabrics treated with different water-repellent, side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFPs) were exposed on a rooftop to multiple natural stressors, including direct sunlight, precipitation, wind, and heat for 6-months. After weathering, additional stress was applied to the fabrics through abrasion and washing. Textile characterization using a multiplatform analytical approach revealed loss of both PFAS-containing textile fragments (e.g., microfibers) as well as formation and loss of low molecular weight PFAS, both of which occurred throughout weathering. These changes were accompanied by a loss of color and water repellency of the textile. The potential formation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from mobile residuals was quantified by oxidative conversion of extracts from unweathered textiles. Each SFP-textile finish emitted a distinct PFAA pattern following weathering, and in some cases the concentrations exceeded regulatory limits for textiles. In addition to transformation of residual low molecular weight PFAA-precursors, release of polymeric PFAS from degradation and loss of textile fibers/particles contributed to overall PFAS emissions during weathering. © 2022 The Authors. 
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Kungliga biblioteket hanterar dina personuppgifter i enlighet med EU:s dataskyddsförordning (2018), GDPR. Läs mer om hur det funkar här.
Så här hanterar KB dina uppgifter vid användning av denna tjänst.

 
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