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| 5. |
- Andersson, Björn A., 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Materials constraints in a global energy scenario based on thin-film solar cells
- 1998
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Ingår i: Energy. - 0360-5442. ; 23, s. 407-411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Harnessing solar energy by using photovoltaic cells has the potential to become a major CO2-free energy source. Materials requirements for the solar cells based on four types of thin-film photovoltaics have been estimated and compared with global reserves, resources and annual refining. The use of solar cells based on Cd, Ga, Ge, In, Ru, Se and Te as a major energy-supply technology has severe resource constraints. Other systems such as a-Si without Ge and crystalline silicon do not involve such constraints. For some of these metals, there is the risk of enhanced, environmentally deleterious concentrations in the ecosphere due to leakage from manufacturing, use or waste handling.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, David, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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DN Debatt: LRF och Svenskt flyg svarar inte om klimatmålen
- 2015
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sammantaget ser vi inget i motdebattörernas argument som talar emot att införa styrmedel, till exempel konsumtionsskatter, inom dessa områden där inga stora tekniska lösningar finns i sikte, skriver 14 miljö- och energiforskare i slutrepliken till sin text om flyg- och köttskatt (26/2).
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| 7. |
- Andersson, David, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Nu krävs kraftfulla åtgärder mot nötkött och flygresor
- 2015
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447. ; 2015-02-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Svenskarnas globala utsläpp från köttkonsumtion och flygresor motsvarar hälften av de totala utsläppen på hemmaplan. I vår rapport till Naturvårdsverket föreslår vi tydliga styrmedel – som nya skatter – för att begränsa konsumtionen på dessa områden, skriver 14 miljö- och energiforskare.
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- Azar, Christian, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Att jämföra koldioxid och metan – varför GWP inte ger hela bilden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Uppsalainiativet.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Eftersom det finns fler växthusgaser än en, så behöver vi kunna göra relevanta jämförelser mellan utsläpp av olika sådana. Hur stort metanutsläpp orsakar lika mycket förhöjd växthuseffekt som en given mängd koldioxid? Frågan är mer komplicerad än man kanske först anar, och vi har idag glädjen att presentera ett gästinlägg om saken av Chalmersforskarna Christian Azar, David Bryngelsson, Daniel Johansson, Erik Sterner och Stefan Wirsenius. /O.H.
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- Azar, Christian, 1969
(författare)
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Biomass for energy: a dream come true ... or a nightmare?
- 2011
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Ingår i: WIREs Climate Change. - : Wiley. - 1757-7780 .- 1757-7799. ; 2:3, s. 309-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy can come to play a significant role in the global energy system and perhaps account for one fifth of global energy supply in 50 years in response to ambitions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. But bioenergy is complicated. There are both traditional and modern forms. In this article, I will exclusively look at modern forms, i.e., biomass for electricity, transport and heat, and process heat (not traditional forms used for cooking in developing countries). Furthermore, there are both 'good' and 'bad' kinds, expensive and inexpensive technologies, bioenergy systems that lead to massive carbon dioxide emissions and systems that are carbon neutral, and even ones that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while delivering energy. There is concern that certain bioenergy forms will, in response to increasing carbon prices, become so attractive that food prices increase significantly, that poor people are evicted from their lands, and that rainforest and other sensitive ecosystem are destroyed in order to pave the way for bioenergy plantations. This article offers a survey of these risks, and the policy instruments intended to deal with the challenges.
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| 23. |
- Azar, Christian, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Brazilian Ethanol has the Edge.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Financial Times.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
- Azar, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass - : Costs and potential role in stabilizing the atmosphere
- 2006
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Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Nature. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 74:1-3, s. 47-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The capture and storage of CO2 from combustion of fossil fuels is gaining attraction as a means to deal with climate change. CO2 emissions from biomass conversion processes can also be captured. If that is done, biomass energy with CO2 capture and storage (BECS) would become a technology that removes CO2 from the atmosphere and at the same time deliver CO2-neutral energy carriers (heat, electricity or hydrogen) to society. Here we present estimates of the costs and conversion efficiency of electricity, hydrogen and heat generation from fossil fuels and biomass with CO2 capture and storage. We then insert these technology characteristics into a global energy and transportation model (GET 5.0), and calculate costs of stabilizing atmospheric CO2 concentration at 350 and 450 ppm. We find that carbon capture and storage technologies applied to fossil fuels have the potential to reduce the cost of meeting the 350 ppm stabilisation targets by 50% compared to a case where these technologies are not available and by 80% when BECS is allowed. For the 450 ppm scenario, the reduction in costs is 40 and 42%, respectively. Thus, the difference in costs between cases where BECS technologies are allowed and where they are not is marginal for the 450 ppm stabilization target. It is for very low stabilization targets that negative emissions become warranted, and this makes BECS more valuable than in cases with higher stabilization targets. Systematic and stochastic sensitivity analysis is performed. Finally, BECS opens up the possibility to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. But this option should not be seen as an argument in favour of doing nothing about the climate problem now and then switching on this technology if climate change turns out to be a significant problem. It is not likely that BECS can be initiated sufficiently rapidly at a sufficient scale to follow this path to avoiding abrupt and serious climate changes if that would happen.
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- Azar, Christian, 1969
(författare)
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Cost-efficiency and political feasibility
- 2010
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Ingår i: Climatic Change - Science and Policy. (Eds) Stephen H. Schneider, Rosencranz, A., Mastrandrea, M.D., and Kuntz-Duriseti, K.. - 9781597265676
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Azar, Christian, 1969
(författare)
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Demokratiproblem när Sverige påverkar tysk energipolitik.
- 2015
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Ingår i: DN Debatt. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Man kan inte undvika utsläpp i så stor omfattning som delar av miljörörelsen hävdar genom att äga och inte bruka kolgruvor. Men än viktigare för frågan om Vattenfalls kolinnehav i Tyskland är demokratin. Med tanke på att Tyskland fattat de viktigaste besluten i klimatpolitiken bör vi visa ödmjukhet inför deras energipolitik snarare än att klampa in där och tro att vi kan och bör styra över den, skriver Christian Azar.
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- Azar, Christian, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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DICE and the Carbon Budget for Ambitious Climate Targets
- 2021
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Ingår i: Earth's Future. - 2328-4277. ; 9:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy (DICE) model is one of the most influential Integrated Assessment Models available. Its founder Professor William Nordhaus was recently awarded Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel due to his pioneering work on the economics of climate change. In a recent paper in American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Nordhaus uses the model to conclude that a 2.5°C target is almost out of reach. In this paper, we update DICE 2016 R2 with state-of-the-art models of the carbon cycle, heat uptake into the oceans, and the role of non-CO2 forcers. We find that the allowable remaining carbon budget (over the period 2015–2100) to meet a 2.5°C target to be 2,360 GtCO2 whereas the estimate obtained using DICE 2016 R2 is about 460 GtCO2. Nordhaus's estimate of the remaining carbon budget for this target is hence five times lower than estimates made by our updated DICE. We also compare our results with estimates by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and find our results to be in line with the carbon budgets presented in IPCC SR 1.5. We explain the reasons behind the difference between our result and that of Nordhaus and propose that an updated climate module in DICE is warranted.
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- Azar, Christian, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Discounting and distributional considerations in the context of global warming
- 2017
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Ingår i: Climate Change. ; , s. 253-268
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The economics of global warming is reviewed with special emphasis on how the cost depends on the discount rate and on how costs in poor and rich regions are aggregated into a global cost estimate. Both of these factors depend on the assumptions made concerning the underlying utility and welfare functions. It is common to aggregate welfare gains and losses across generations and countries as if the utility of money were constant, but it is not If we assume that a C02-equivalent doubling implies costs equal to 1.5% of the income in both high and low income countries, a pure rate of time preference equal to zero, and a utility function which is logarithmic in income, then the marginal cost of C02 emissions is estimated at 260-590 USD/ton C for a time horizon in the range 300-1000 years, an estimate which is large enough to justify significant reductions of C02 emissions on purely economic grounds. The estimate is approximately 50-100-times larger than the estimate made by Nordhaus in his DICE model and the difference is almost completely due to the choice of discount rate and the weight given to the costs in the developing world as well as a more accurate model of the carbon cycle. Finally, the sensitivity of the marginal cost estimate with respect to several parameters is analyzed.
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