| 1. |
- Bellerby, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Acidification in the Arctic Ocean
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chapter 2 in: AMAP, 2013. AMAP Assessment 2013: Arctic Ocean Acidification. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). - Oslo, Norway : AMAP. - 9788279710820 ; , s. 9-36
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A consequence of the persistent release of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere following fossil fuel combustion and changes in land use is that there is an increasing net air-to-sea transport of CO2. Although this oceanic uptake will reduce the potential for greenhouse warming that would have arisen had the gas remained in the atmosphere, it will also result in major changes in ocean chemistry. The most obvious signal in this respect is the fall in ocean pH and the change in the speciation of the marine carbonate system. The Arctic Ocean is one of the regions where ocean acidification is occurring fastest. From a baseline where the seawater is already poorly buffered and thus small changes in CO2 content have large changes in pH, there are a multitude of stressors that act on the Arctic Ocean amplifying the acidification. This chapter summarizes carbonate chemistry in seawater (Section 2.2) and reviews the major processes influencing the Arctic Ocean carbonate system (Section 2.3). The chapter also describes some of the biogeochemical processes sensitive to ocean acidification (Section 2.4). Section 2.5 addresses the major sources and sinks of carbon to the Arctic Ocean, and presents a regional breakdown of contemporary rates of ocean acidification. Finally, simulations from earth system models and regional models are analyzed to project potential changes to the Arctic Ocean carbonate system (Section 2.6).
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| 2. |
- Lauvset, Siv K., et al.
(författare)
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The annual update GLODAPv2.2023: the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product
- 2024
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Ingår i: Earth System Science Data. - 1866-3591. ; 16, s. 2047-2072
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface to bottom ocean biogeochemical bottle data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry and related variables determined through chemical analysis of seawater samples. GLODAPv2.2023 is an update of the previous version, GLODAPv2.2022 (Lauvset et al., 2022). The major changes are as follows: data from 23 new cruises were added. In addition, a number of changes were made to the data included in GLODAPv2.2022. GLODAPv2.2023 includes measurements from more than 1.4 million water samples from the global oceans collected on 1108 cruises. The data for the now 13 GLODAP core variables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4, and SF6) have undergone extensive quality control with a focus on the systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in two formats: (i) as submitted by the data originator but converted to World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) exchange format and (ii) as a merged data product with adjustments applied to minimize bias. For the present annual update, adjustments for the 23 new cruises were derived by comparing those data with the data from the 1085 quality-controlled cruises in the GLODAPv2.2022 data product using crossover analysis. SF6 data from all cruises were evaluated by comparison with CFC-12 data measured on the same cruises. For nutrients and ocean carbon dioxide (CO2), chemistry comparisons to estimates based on empirical algorithms provided additional context for adjustment decisions. The adjustments that we applied are intended to remove potential biases from errors related to measurement, calibration, and data-handling practices without removing known or likely time trends or variations in the variables evaluated. The compiled and adjusted data product is believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1% in oxygen, 2% in nitrate, 2% in silicate, 2% in phosphate, 4µmolkg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4µmolkg−1 in total alkalinity, 0.01–0.02 in pH (depending on region), and 5% in the halogenated transient tracers. The other variables included in the compilation, such as isotopic tracers and discrete CO2 fugacity (fCO2), were not subjected to bias comparison or adjustments. The original data, their documentation, and DOI codes are available at the Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System of NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), which also provides access to the merged data product. This is provided as a single global file and as four regional ones – the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans – under https://doi.org/10.25921/zyrq-ht66 (Lauvset et al., 2023). These bias-adjusted product files also include significant ancillary and approximated data, which were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation from, measured data. This living data update documents the GLODAPv2.2023 methods and provides a broad overview of the secondary quality control procedures and results.
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| 3. |
- Sloyan, Bernadette M., et al.
(författare)
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The global ocean ship-base hydrographic investigations program (GO-SHIP): A platform for integrated multidisciplinary ocean science
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) provides a globally coordinated network and oversight of 55 sustained decadal repeat hydrographic reference (core) lines as part of the global ocean/climate observing systems (GOOS/GCOS) for study of physical oceanography, the ocean carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycles, and marine biogeochemistry. GO-SHIP enables assessment of the ocean sequestration of heat and carbon, changing ocean circulation and ventilation patterns, and their effects on ocean health and Earth's climate. Rapid quality control and open data release along with incorporation of the GO-SHIP effort in the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) in situ Observing Programs Support Center (JCOMMOPS) have increased the profile of, and participation in, the program and led to increased data use for a range of efforts.
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