| 1. |
- Thul, Peter J., et al.
(författare)
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A subcellular map of the human proteome
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 356:6340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resolving the spatial distribution of the human proteome at a subcellular level can greatly increase our understanding of human biology and disease. Here we present a comprehensive image-based map of subcellular protein distribution, the Cell Atlas, built by integrating transcriptomics and antibody-based immunofluorescence microscopy with validation by mass spectrometry. Mapping the in situ localization of 12,003 human proteins at a single-cell level to 30 subcellular structures enabled the definition of the proteomes of 13 major organelles. Exploration of the proteomes revealed single-cell variations in abundance or spatial distribution and localization of about half of the proteins to multiple compartments. This subcellular map can be used to refine existing protein-protein interaction networks and provides an important resource to deconvolute the highly complex architecture of the human cell.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Validity of the Brief Child and Family Phone Interview by comparison with Longitudinal Expert All Data diagnoses in outpatients
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2245-8875. ; 6:2, s. 83-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The Brief Child and Family Phone Interview (BCFPI) is a standardized intake and follow-up interview used in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). Although it has shown good validity compared with other measures using parent reports, it has not yet been compared with diagnoses derived from a Longitudinal Expert All Data (LEAD) procedure, which includes information from separate diagnostic interviews with parent(s) and child. The aim was to compare the BCFPI evaluation in an outpatient child and adolescent psychiatry setting with an evaluation derived from a LEAD procedure. Methods: At four Swedish outpatient CAMHS, 267 patients were interviewed at intake with the BCFPI. Within six weeks, patients and parents were interviewed separately with the 2009 version of the semi-structured Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children, Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). LEAD diagnoses were subsequently determined by two senior clinicians based on 1.2 years of clinical records including the K-SADS-PL and ensuing information from further assessments, psychological tests, information from teachers and other informants as well as treatment outcome. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders subscales from the CBCL and the subscales from the BCFPI were compared with LEAD diagnoses. These measured symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder. Results: The criterion validity for BCFPI versus LEAD diagnoses was fair for oppositional defiant disorder (area under curve, 0.73), generalized anxiety disorder (0.73) and major depressive disorder (0.78), good for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (0.81) and conduct disorder (0.83), and excellent for separation anxiety disorder (0.90). The screening properties of BCFPI and CBCL were similar. Conclusion: The BCFPI is a concise and valid tool, performed along with the larger and more established CBCL, in screening for major psychiatric disorders. It is well suited as an intake interview in CAMHS.
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| 3. |
- Argentzell, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring mediators of the recovery process over time among mental health service users, using a mixed model regression analysis based on cluster RCT data
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-244X. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Personal recovery is associated with many significant health-related factors, but studies exploring associations between activity factors and personal recovery among service users are scarce. The aims of this study were hence to; 1) investigate if various aspects of activity may mediate change in recovery while also acknowledging clinical, sociodemographic and well-being factors; 2) explore the effects of two activity-based interventions, Balancing Everyday Life (BEL) or standard occupational therapy (SOT), on personal recovery among service users. Methods: Two-hundred-and-twenty-six service users were included in a cluster RCT, 133 from BEL units and 93 from SOT units. Participants commonly had a diagnosis of mood disorder and the mean age was 40. Instruments used targeted activity, mastery and functioning. A mixed-model regression analysis was employed. Results: The model tested was whether selected variables could be used to mediate the change in recovery from the start to a six-month follow-up after intervention. Participants’ personal recovery increased after treatment and increased further at the follow-up. The general level of recovery was negatively related to a diagnosis of depression/anxiety, both before and after treatment, but depressed/anxious service users still increased their recovery. There were no significant relations between recovery and sex or age. The interactions between change in recovery and changes in depression/anxiety, satisfaction with activities, sex, and age were all non-significant. All possible treatment mediators included were related to change in recovery, the strongest being occupational engagement and mastery, followed by activity satisfaction and symptoms. Mediation was shown by the decrease in the effect of the time factor (from intervention start to completion) when the covariates were introduced. In all cases the time variable was still significant. When testing a model with all variables simultaneously as covariates, occupational engagement and mastery were strongly significant. There was no difference between interventions regarding recovery improvement. Conclusion: The treatments were equally beneficial and were effective regardless of gender, age and diagnosis. Those who gained most from the treatment also gained in feelings of mastery and activity engagement. Activity engagement also moderated the level of recovery. To enhance recovery, interventions should facilitate meaningful activities and gaining control in life. Trial registration: The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. Reg. No. NCT02619318. Retrospectively registered: December 2, 2015.
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| 4. |
- Aspholm-Hurtig, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Functional adaptation of BabA, the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 305:5683, s. 519-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adherence by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disease. Here, we report that more than 95% of strains that bind fucosylated blood group antigen bind A, B, and O antigens (generalists), whereas 60% of adherent South American Amerindian strains bind blood group O antigens best (specialists). This specialization coincides with the unique predominance of blood group O in these Amerindians. Strains differed about 1500-fold in binding affinities, and diversifying selection was evident in babA sequences. We propose that cycles of selection for increased and decreased bacterial adherence contribute to babA diversity and that these cycles have led to gradual replacement of generalist binding by specialist binding in blood group O-dominant human populations.
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| 5. |
- Bengtsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental method for verification of calculated Cs-137 content in nuclear fuel assemblies
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nuclear Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0029-5450 .- 1943-7471. ; 208:2, s. 295-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method to determine the absolute activity of 137Cs in irradiated nuclear fuel is presented. Using a well-known point-like calibration source in combination with measurements of the gamma-ray intensity from the nuclear fuel and Monte Carlo calculations based on the nominal measurement geometry, the activity content can be determined without prior knowledge of the intrinsic detection efficiency of the gamma-ray detector. The presented method is tested using measurements of the 137Cs intensity from spent nuclear fuel of the pressurized water type at the central interim storage in Sweden. Using an assumption of homogeneous distribution of 137Cs throughout the fuel, we demonstrate a linear relationship between measured activity and the activity calculated by a state-of-the-art simulation code. For future studies, we suggest some factors that potentially can decrease the uncertainty in the correlation between measured and calculated activity.
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| 6. |
- Bergh, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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In the eye of both patient and spouse: memory is poor 1 to 2 years after coronary bypass and angioplasty.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Annals of Thoracic Surgery. - 1552-6259. ; 74:3, s. 689-693
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The study aimed to investigate patient and spouse perception of cognitive functioning 1 to 2 years after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Seventy-six married patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting were selected and sex- and age-matched with 75 concurrent married patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Couples received a letter of explanation and then completed telephone interviews. Forty-seven questions assessed memory, concentration, general health, social functioning, and emotional state. Response choices were: improved, unchanged, or deteriorated function after coronary artery bypass grafting/percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. RESULTS: Patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting did not differ in subjective ratings on any measure from patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. There were no differences between spouses in the respective groups; spouse ratings also did not differ from patient ratings. Only in memory function did patients and spouses report a postprocedural decline. CONCLUSIONS: No subjective differences were found in patients who had undergone either coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Spouse ratings agreed with each other and with patient ratings. Positive correlations were found between the questionnaire factors, suggesting that perceived health and well-being are associated with subjective cognition.
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| 7. |
- Bergh, Cecilia, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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In the eye of both patient and spouse: memory is poor 1 to 2 years after coronary bypass and angioplasty
- 2002
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Ingår i: Annals of Thoracic Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-4975 .- 1552-6259. ; 74:3, s. 689-693
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The study aimed to investigate patient and spouse perception of cognitive functioning 1 to 2 years after coronary artery bypass grafting.Methods. Seventy-six married patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting were selected and sex- and age-matched with 75 concurrent married patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Couples received a letter of explanation and then completed telephone interviews. Forty-seven questions assessed memory, concentration, general health, social functioning, and emotional state. Response choices were: improved, unchanged, or deteriorated function after coronary artery bypass grafting/percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.Results. Patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting did not differ in subjective ratings on any measure from patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. There were no differences between spouses in the respective groups; spouse ratings also did not differ from patient ratings. Only in memory function did patients and spouses report a postprocedural decline.Conclusions. No subjective differences were found in patients who had undergone either coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Spouse ratings agreed with each other and with patient ratings. Positive correlations were found between the questionnaire factors, suggesting that perceived health and well-being are associated with subjective cognition.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bjursten, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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God livskvalitet efter hjärtoperation. Bedöms lika av patient och anhörig
- 1999
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 96:47, s. 5233-5236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a series of 83 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting for angina, perceived QOL (quality of life) was rated by the patients and their spouses, preoperatively and at two and 12 months postoperatively, using the SWED-QUAL instrument. One year after surgery, QOL had improved to a level which might be expected of a normal population comparable in age and gender distribution. Good correlation existed between patient and spouse ratings, especially on physical measures.
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| 11. |
- Bjursten, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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S100beta after coronary artery surgery: release pattern, source of contamination, and relation to neuropsychological outcome
- 1999
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Ingår i: Annals of Thoracic Surgery. - 1552-6259. ; 68:6, s. 2202-2208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: S100beta has been suggested as a marker of brain damage after cardiac operation. The aim of this study was to characterize the early S100beta release in detail and relate it to neuropsychological outcome. METHODS: Three groups of patients were investigated. All patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation. In group A, 110 patients had sampling of S100beta for the first 10 postoperative hours and also underwent neuropsychological testing. In group B, 14 patients were examined for the effect of autotransfusion on S100beta levels. Eight patients in group C had their intraoperative bleeding processed with a cell-saving device. RESULTS: Group A had a heterogeneous release pattern with several rapid elevations in S100beta concentration. In group B, high concentrations of S100beta were found in the autotransfusion blood (range 0.2 to 210 microg/L) with a concurrent elevation of serum S100beta levels after transfusion of shed blood. In group C, high levels of S100beta were found in the blood from the surgical field (12.0+/-6.0 microg/L) and decreased (1.1+/-0.64 microg/L) after wash. Group C had significantly lower S100beta values at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass compared to group A (0.53+/-0.35 microg/L versus 2.40+/-1.5 microg/L). S100beta values were corrected for extracerebral contamination with a kinetic model. With this correction, an association was found between adverse neuropsychological outcome and S100beta release in group A (r = 0.39, p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: A significant amount of S100beta is found both in the blood from the surgical field and in the shed mediastinal blood postoperatively. Infusion of this blood will result in infusion of S100beta into the blood and interfere in the interpretation of early systemic S100beta values.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Björklund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Company norms affect which traits are preferred in job candidates and may cause employment discrimination
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and applied. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1940-1019. ; 146:6, s. 579-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated a possible mechanism behind employment discrimination. Participants completed a recruitment task where emphasis on cohesion (employees should “fit in”) vs. fairness (everybody should be treated equally) was manipulated by describing the norms of a fictitious company differently. There was a comparatively stronger preference in the cohesion condition for traits and interview questions related to social competence (e.g. friendliness, gregariousness, empathy). Furthermore, participants in the cohesion condition primarily pictured socially competent employees, whereas those in the fairness condition primarily pictured employees possessing productivity-related characteristics (e.g. education, experience and talent). The norm effect was moderated by participants’ awareness of the applicants’ ethnicity. When expecting applicants with foreign backgrounds, participants in the cohesion condition showed increased preference for selection methods related to social competence. Implications for recruitment practices are discussed.
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| 14. |
- Björklund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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In-group ratings are affected by who asks and how: interactive effects of experimenter group-membership and response format.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-4545 .- 1940-1183. ; 151:5, s. 625-634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In three experiments, participants rated how well a number of adjectives described their in-group (e.g. kind-hearted, helpful, intelligent, efficient, etc.). In Experiment 1, females were found to rate their ingroup (females) more favorably when reporting verbally to female (rather than male) experimenters. This finding was further explored in two subsequent experiments where response format (written vs. verbal) was also manipulated. Both experiments revealed an interaction such that ethnic Swedes rated their in-group (Swedes) the most favorably when reporting verbally to an in-group experimenter and the least favorably when reporting verbally to a Middle Eastern experimenter. Results are discussed in relation to correction and contextual activation of social norms.
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| 15. |
- Björklund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Individual differences in processing styles: validity of the Rational-Experiential Inventory.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 49:5, s. 439-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Study 1 (N= 203) the factor structure of a Swedish translation of Pacini and Epstein's Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI-40) was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis. The hypothesized model with rationality and experientiality as orthogonal factors had satisfactory fit to the data, significantly better than alternative models (with two correlated factors or a single factor). Inclusion of "ability" and "favorability" subscales for rationality and experientiality increased fit further. It was concluded that the structural validity of the REI is adequate. In Study 2 (N= 72) the REI-factors were shown to have theoretically meaningful correlations to other personality traits, indicating convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, scores on the rationality scale were negatively related to risky choice framing effects in Kahneman and Tversky's Asian disease task, indicating concurrent validity. On the basis of these findings it was concluded that the test has satisfactory psychometric properties.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Blom, Victoria, 1975-
(författare)
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Striving for self-esteem : Conceptualizations and role in burnout
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When self-esteem is dependent on competence individuals invest a great deal of effort in their accomplishments in order to validate themselves. The aim of the present thesis was to develop a theoretically sound and valid concept and measure of contingent self-esteem dependent on competence, and examine its vulnerable implications and role in burnout. In Study I a concept and measure of contingent self-esteem dependent on competence, termed competence-based self-esteem (CBSE), was developed. Confirmatory factor analyses showed its distinctiveness from other sources of self-esteem and revealed two dimensions comprising behaviors referring to: i) Self-esteem conditional upon competence and ii) Frustrated self-critical strivings. The new scale showed high reliability and gained both convergent and discriminative validity through different methods in different samples. Study II set out to experimentally test the vulnerable implications of CBSE in a performance situation. The results showed that high, as compared to low, scorers on the scale exhibited stronger physiological reactivity and momentary exertion coupled with frustrated mood. Study III focused on the role of self-esteem contingent on competence in the burnout process and its association with work- and private-life stressors over time in working women and men. The analyses showed that contingent self-esteem was a predictor of burnout. In addition, women scored higher on both contingent self-esteem and burnout and reported higher general life stress than did men, whereas men showed stronger associations between work stressors and burnout. The results of the three studies suggest that contingent self-esteem, where outcomes of one’s acts and performance serve to compensate an impoverished basic self-worth, facilitates the understanding of stress-related vulnerability and ill-health.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Bunke, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of social influence on physical activity among adolescents: a longitudinal study
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Sport Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1536-7290 .- 1746-1391. ; 13:1, s. 86-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in Undetermined Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of social support and negative social influence from various contexts on adolescents’ current and intended physical activity (C&IPA) two years later. In addition, social influence related to C&IPA at baseline (16–17 years old) is compared to follow-up (18–19 years old). Methods: Questionnaire data was obtained from 404 students at the age of 16–17 and again at the age of 18–19. Relationships among variables were examined with structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Social influence experienced by high-school students at 16–17 years of age had a direct suppressing effect and an indirect positive effect on their C&IPA two years later. Social support for physical activity was more complex and related to positive as well as negative relations at the age of 16–17 compared to two years later. Conclusions: The results imply that social support to adolescents should be offered over a longer period of time, with increased focus on its significance as a link from an initially external regulation to a more internal regulation of physical activity as students get older. Closer examination of maintaining, pro-activating and intervening effects of social support could enhance our understanding of direct and indirect effects of social support on physical activity.
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| 20. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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A small economic inducement to stimulate increased reporting of adverse drug reactions - a way of dealing with an old problem?
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-6970 .- 1432-1041. ; 62:5, s. 381-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To assess the effect of a small economic inducement on the rate of spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and the attitudes of general practitioners and physicians towards reporting of ADRs. METHOD: One intervention and one control county were selected for the study. Written information about the main purpose of spontaneous reporting of ADRs was personally addressed to all physicians in the two counties. The information was identical, except for the addition that during a period of 6 months two lottery tickets would be given to the receivers in the intervention area with the standard personal feedback to the reporter of the ADR. After the 6-month study period, the actual number of reported ADRs and the seriousness of the reported ADRs were assessed. To investigate the attitude towards this stimulation of reporting, a questionnaire was addressed to all physicians within the intervention area (IA). RESULTS: From the IA a total number of 57 ADR reports were received containing 62 suspected ADRs, 40% of which were assessed as serious reactions. From the control area (CA), 49 reports containing 50 suspected ADRs were received, 32% of which were assessed as serious reactions. The increase of ADR reports from the IA compared to the same time period the previous year was 59% as compared to an unchanged reporting from the CA. Of those responding to the questionnaire, 80% did not believe that a small economic bonus would be a useful tool to improve the reporting rate. CONCLUSION: A small economic inducement is associated with an increase in the reporting of suspected ADRs.
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| 21. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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A Structural Validation of an Inventory Based on the Abridged Five Factor Circumplex Model (AB5C)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality Assessment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-7752 .- 0022-3891. ; 91:5, s. 462-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the structural validity of an inventory from the International Personality Item Pool (Goldberg et al., 2006) that is based on the Abridged Five Factor Circumplex (AB5C) model. In a Swedish sample of 1,080 subjects using confirmatory factor analysis, we found that the majority of investigated facets had a primary loading on 1 of the 5 personality factors and a secondary loading on another factor. These results provide overall support for the inventory and indirect support for the AB5C model. Some of the problems detected in the inventory appear to be rooted at the item level and may be a result of how the AB5C is operationalized. Thus, the inventory still requires some refinement and is not in its final stage of development. Nevertheless, our preliminary results are very promising, and we believe the AB5C model deserves renewed attention in trait psychology.
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| 22. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Attitudes among nurses in Sweden and factors for their reporting of adverse drug reactions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Abstracts 27th International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology & Therapeutic Risk Management Hyatt Regency Chicago. - : Wiley. ; , s. S202-S203
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is a common cause for hospitalization and death. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs remains as one of the cornerstones in post marketing drug safety surveillance. In March 2007 the Medical Product Agency (MPA) in Sweden decided to also accept reports of suspected ADRs from all nurses. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate attitudes and factors for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from nurses within the health care system in Sweden. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to 753 randomly selected nurses in Sweden. Results: The most important factors in their decision to report as suspected ADRs were the severity, if the drug was newly approved and if the reaction were unusual. The nurses with a shorter professional experience responded to a higher degree than their colleagues that they made other priorities, did not have the time or where unaware/uncertain what and how to report. Almost two - thirds of the responders assessed that they had insufficient pharmacological knowledge. A vast majority (84%) of the responders would prefer a possibility to report a suspected ADR using a web - based formula. Conclusions: Nurses in Sweden have a fairly good knowledge about the existing rules for reporting. However, there is room for improvement in some areas. Further education and information is needed.
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| 23. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Attitudes to reporting adverse drug reaction in northern Sweden
- 2000
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-6970 .- 1432-1041. ; 56:9-10, s. 729-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) and hospital physicians in Sweden towards spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). METHOD: Two areas in the northern region of Sweden were selected for the study. A knowledge and attitude questionnaire followed by a reminder letter 2 weeks later was addressed to all GPs and hospital physicians in the study areas. RESULT: The total response rate from the study areas was 748 of the 1274 questionnaires sent out (58.7%). Of those who responded, 236 were GPs, 433 were hospital physicians and 79 had other positions. Of the responders, 252 stated that they had never reported any ADR and 488 that they had reported at least once in their career. Issues that came out as important in the decision to report or not to report were whether the reaction was considered well-known or not, the severity of the reaction, hesitance to report only on suspicion, lack of knowledge of existing rules, giving priority to other matters and lack of time to report ADRs. Only minor differences in these regards were observed between male and female physicians. CONCLUSION: Our investigation shows that the physicians in northern Sweden have a fairly good knowledge about the existing rules for reporting ADRs in Sweden. However, the attitudes leave room for considerable under-reporting due to matters related mainly to the medical impact of the reaction and of reporting it, but also to the scientific "paradox" of reporting only on suspicion and of course due to lack of time in the health care setting.
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| 24. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Criterion validity is maintained when items are evaluatively neutralized: Evidence from a full scale FFM-inventory
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - : SAGE Publications. - 1099-0984 .- 0890-2070. ; 28:6, s. 620-633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The original version and an evaluatively neutralized version (with items rephrased to reduce popularity) of a personality inventory were compared. The results revealed A) Similar criterion validity across three different sets of self-rated behaviors, B) Stronger relations to the rated social desirability of criteria for the original version, and C) Less correlation between factors for the neutralized version (replicating Bäckström, Björklund & Larsson, 2009). We take the results to indicate that evaluative neutralization is a viable technique for reducing social desirability in self-ratings. Implications for test construction are discussed.
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| 25. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Five-factor inventories have a major higher order factor related to social desirability which can be reduced by framing items neutrally
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier BV. - 0092-6566. ; 43:3, s. 335-344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The factors in self-report inventories measuring the five-factor model (FFM) correlate with one another although they theoretically should not. Study 1 showed, across three different FFM-questionnaires, that almost all of the common variance between factors can be attributed to a single general factor related to social desirability. In Study 2, simple rephrasing of items from a FFM-questionnaire made them substantially less socially desirable, while the inventory’s empirical (five factor) structure remained the same. Participants low in social desirability showed little difference between how they responded to the original items vs. the neutral items. For participants high in social desirability the difference was considerably larger. The simplicity of reducing social desirability in self-rating inventories of the FFM, and the usefulness of this endeavor, is discussed.
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| 26. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Five-factor personality inventories have a competence-related higher-order factor due to item phrasing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research examines whether the items of some of the most well-established five-factor inventories refer to competence. Results reveal that both experts and laymen can distinguish between items that refer to how competently a behavior is performed and items that do not (Study 1). Responses to items that refer to competence create a higher-order factor in the personality inventories (Study 2), and the variability in responses to competence-related items in personality self-ratings is best modeled as a general factor rather than as also tied to the specific Big Five factors (Studies 3 and 4). We suggest that a focused debate on what personality items should refer to is likely to have considerable positive consequences for both theory and measurement of personality.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Bäckström, Martin
(författare)
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Higher-order factors in a five-factor personality inventory and its relation to social desirability
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Journal of Psychological Assessment. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2426 .- 1015-5759. ; 23:2, s. 63-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compared two higher-order factor models using a 100-item, five-factor personality inventory originating from the IPIP database. The sample consisted of 2,019 subjects tested on the Internet. The two models were compared using confirmatory factor analysis. The two-factor model showed a similar fit to the data. The criteria for parsimony favored a hierarchical model with one higher-order factor at the top and five personality factors beneath. The single higher-order factor was found to be related to social desirability in a subsample of 196 subjects.
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| 29. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing systematicity leads to better selection decisions: Evidence from a computer paradigm for evaluating selection tools.
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A computerized paradigm was created to allow for testing in the laboratory whether increasing systematicity helps the recruiter make better selection decisions. Participants were introduced to the job and the applicants on the computer screen and asked to select who they thought should be considered for the job and who should not. Level of systematicity, i.e. the extent to which the recruitment is methodical and uses prepared tools, was manipulated between subjects. Depending on experimental condition participants were helped by means of a tool for extracting judgment criteria (job analysis) and a tool for making judgments related to selected criteria (including calculation of a final score). The general prediction that increased systematicity leads to the selection of more qualified candidates was supported by the results, particularly when the motivation to put time and effort into the task was higher. The results support the claim from Industrial/Organizational psychologists that systematicity is a desirable characteristic in selection processes. The fact that increasing systematicity led to better selection decisions in a controlled laboratory experiment, along with process-related measures, suggests that this kind of paradigm could be useful when evaluating new tools for improving selection decisions, before they are tested in large (and costly) field studies of actual personnel selection.
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| 30. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Is reliability compromised towards the end of long personality inventories?
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Psychological Assessment. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2426 .- 1015-5759. ; 35, s. 14-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During very long self-rating sessions there is a risk that respondents will be tired and/or lose interest. Is this a concern for users of long personality inventories, such that the reliability becomes threatened in the latter half when respondents have made hundreds of personality self-ratings? Two thousand three hundred and fifty two volunteers completed long (≈ 500 items) personality inventories on the Internet, where items were presented in a unique random order for each participant. Perhaps counterintuitively, there was no evidence that reliability is threatened as respondents approach the end of a long personality inventory. If anything, the ratings in the second half of the inventories had higher reliability than ratings in the first half. Ratings were quicker towards the end of the inventories, but equally reliable. The criterion validity, estimated using Paunonen’s Behavior Report Form, was maintained too. The current results provide little reason to mistrust responses to items that appear towards the end of long personality inventories.
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| 31. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Is the general factor of personality based on evaluative responding? Experimental manipulation of item-popularity in personality inventories.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3549 .- 0191-8869. ; 96, s. 31-35
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The general factor of personality (GFP) is understood as a hierarchically superordinate factor, which suggests that it and the subordinate personality traits are mutually dependent on one another. If a personality inventory captures the subordinate traits the GFP should appear too. Likewise, manipulating the GFP should affect the subordinate traits and vice versa. The current study was an attempt to uniquely affect the size of the GFP by manipulating the evaluativeness of the inventory. First we estimated a general factor in a standard (evaluative) personality inventory, and found it to be robust. Then we estimated it in an inventory with evaluatively neutralized items, and found it to be unreliable. Finally, the neutralized inventory was made evaluative again. As expected, the GFP reappeared, suggesting the increased evaluative content to be the cause. Results are discussed in relation to personality assessment and to higher order factors in personality theory. It is suggested that for determining whether the GFP exists or not researchers should turn to other measures than personality inventories.
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| 32. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Is the General Factor of Personality really related to frequency of agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, extraverted, and open behavior? : An experience sampling study
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 42:3, s. 148-155
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proponents of the general factor of personality have suggested that it is related to more instances of agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, extraverted, and open behavior. We tested this frequency hypothesis by relating the GFP from personality self-ratings to the number of instances of typical Big Five behaviors in real life. For a period of 18 consecutive days, 108 students provided responses to experience sampling items on their mobile phones. The items described concrete behaviors that were rated by experts of the Big Five as typical of either of the five traits and were phrased in a way that made them easy to interpret and respond to. The items were then validated in study 1 and it was found that the behavior correlated with Big Five ratings. In a second study, we tested the hypothesis that GFP is related to a higher frequency of GFP related behavior. The results provided little support for the frequency hypothesis and are more compatible with an interpretation of the GFP in terms of style rather than substance.
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| 33. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring adult attachment: A construct validation of two self report instruments
- 2001
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 42:1, s. 79-86
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reports the Swedish construct validation of two translated attachment style scales. The factor structure of the attachment construct was investigated via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of attachment scores from 515 students of a Swedish university. Results supported the expected two-factor solution, but found a three-factor solution to be a viable alternative. In addition, the attachment scales were compared with the Big Five personality inventory (NEO-PI), using a sample of 87 Swedish students, and found to have expected correlation to this scale.
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| 34. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring attachment security directly: A suggested extension to the two-factor adult attachment construct
- 2007
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Ingår i: Individual Differences Research. - 1541-745X. ; 5:2, s. 124-149
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated a three-dimensional model of attachment based on the Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ-R; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) in three different samples (n=254, n=129, n=168). Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a three-dimensional model to have better fit than a two dimensional one. The three factors were named Secure/Insecure, Avoidant/Dismissive, and Preoccupied/Anxious. Data from other tests supported the model as a viable alternative to a two-dimensional one. The model was discussed from the view that security/insecurity should be included in a complete measurement model of attachment.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Social desirability in personality inventories: Symptoms, diagnosis and prescribed cure
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 54:2, s. 152-159
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An analysis of social desirability in personality assessment is presented. Starting with the symptoms, Study 1 showed that mean ratings of graded personality items are moderately to strongly linearly related to social desirability (Self deception, Impression formation, and the first PC), suggesting that item popularity may be a useful heuristic tool for identifying items which elicit socially desirable responding. We diagnose the cause of socially desirable responding as an interaction between the evaluative content of the item and enhancement motivation in the rater. Study 2 introduced a possible cure; evaluative neutralization of items. To test the feasibility of the method lay psychometricians (undergraduates) reformulated existing personality test items according to written instructions. The new items were indeed lower in social desirability while essentially retaining the five factor structure and reliability of the inventory. We conclude that although neutralization is no miracle cure, it is simple and has beneficial effects.
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| 37. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Social desirability in personality inventories: The nature of the evaluative factor
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2299 .- 1614-0001. ; 35:3, s. 144-157
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The difference between evaluatively loaded and evaluatively neutralized fivefactor inventory items was used to create new variables, one for each factor in the fivefactor model. Study 1 showed that these variables can be represented in terms of a general evaluative factor which is related to social desirability measures and indicated that the factor may equally well be represented as separate from the Big Five as superordinate to them. Study 2 revealed an evaluative factor in self-ratings and peer ratings of the Big Five, but the evaluative factor in self-reports did not correlate with such a factor in ratings by peers. In Study 3 the evaluative factor contributed above the Big Five in predicting work performance, indicating a substance component. The results are discussed in relation to measurement issues and self-serving biases.
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| 38. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Socially desirable responding in experience sampling : Consequences for personality research
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 42:4, s. 157-166
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experience sampling often makes use of items that are similar to personality questionnaire items. Arguably, this opens up for item-popularity effects, where some respondents react to the items' level of evaluative phrasing, causing a separate factor. Gauging the risk of item popularity effects in experience sampling is important since the multifactorial aspect of the responses to the items may cause spurious correlations. We investigate this in one original study and two existing datasets. The results reveal that evaluativeness in experience sampling items creates the same type of problems as in self-rating inventories. We conclude that personality researchers need to be aware that the experience sampling method is not vaccinated against socially desirable responding, and that careful phrasing of items promotes purer personality measures. This allows for more optimal testing of theoretical models of personality, as the fit between data and model will not concern variance in socially desirable responding but in the relevant constructs.
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| 39. |
- Bäckström, Martin, 1955-
(författare)
-
Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions : Possibilities and limitations
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute a major problem in society and in drug therapy. They are a common cause of short-term hospitalization, prolonged hospitalization and death. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs remains one the most effective methods for detecting new and serious drug reactions. In Sweden physicians are legally required to report fatal and serious ADRs. We know from previous studies that there is a substantial degree of under-reporting of ADRs also in Sweden.Attitudes towards reporting of ADRs among physicians in the northern region of Sweden were investigated using a questionnaire. The most important factor for not reporting ADRs among physicians and general practioners in our region was that the reaction was considered to be well known. However, their attitudes could also allow for a considerable rate of under-reporting.The effect on the reporting rate when nurses received instruction and were encouraged to report ADRs was studied. During a 12-month study period, 18 ADR reports with a total number of 22 ADRs were sent in by the nurses participating in the study to test nurses as reporters of ADRs.Using the Swedish ADR database, we calculated the risk of agranulocytosis associated with the use of metamizole by using consumption data from the case records of scrutinized patients’ and stored prescriptions. Over the period from 1996 to 1999, ten cases of agranulocytosis during treatment with metamizole were reported to SADRAC. Metamizole was prescribed to 666 (19%) inpatients during the 3-month study period and 112 prescriptions were identified at the participating pharmacies. Thirty-eight percent of them indicated treatment for more than 15 days. Making certain assumptions, the calculated risk of agranulocytosis was one out of every 31 000 inpatients and one out of every 1400 outpatients. The degree of under-reporting of serious ADRs was studied in five hospitals. More than 1300 case records were scrutinized and among these we found 107 cases that according to current rules for ADR reporting, should have been reported. Only fifteen of these were found in the SADRAC database, indicating a under-reporting rate of 86%.The effect on the reporting rate of ADRs was studied in an intervention study in which a small economical inducement was given to those who reported ADRs.The effect of a small economical stimulation to increase the reporting rate was studied. From the intervention area we received 62 suspected ADRs compared with 50 from the control area. The increase in the number of reports was 59% compared with an unchanged reporting rate from the control area.The physicians in northern Sweden have a relatively good knowledge of the existing rules for ADR reporting. Nurses could play an important role in detecting and reporting suspected ADRs.The risk of developing an metamizole induced agranulocytosis is considerably increased if metamizole is given to patients for a longer time than recommended. The rate of reported ADRs is very low, also for serious and fatal reactions. An increase in the reporting rate of suspected ADRs was observed during study period.
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| 40. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions by nurses
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. - : Wiley. - 1053-8569 .- 1099-1557. ; 11:8, s. 647-650
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remains one of the most effective methods to detect new and serious drug reactions. However, it is well known that there is a high degree of under-reporting. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out as an attempt to improve and increase the reporting of ADRs by investigating the utility of nurses reporting in addition to physicians, as usual. METHODS: During a 12-month study period, nurses working at two departments of geriatric medicine in northern Sweden received special instruction regarding drugs and ADRs, ADR reporting and special aspects of ADRs in elderly people. The reports from the nurses were scrutinized concerning the seriousness of the reaction, reported drugs and type of reaction (type A or B). All nurses working at the two departments (117) were eligible to report but in practice only those attending the teaching sessions did so. A comparison with historical reporting and with reporting from other geriatric departments in Sweden was also carried out. At the end of the study all participating nurses received a questionnaire aimed at investigating their attitudes towards ADR reporting. RESULTS: After the 12-month study period 18 ADR reports involving 22 reactions had been received. Seven of these were assessed as serious reactions. All of the reactions were of type A. In comparison, during the corresponding time period from the study clinics during the preceding year, only two reports were registered. During the study period only 15 reports were registered from the other 50 geriatric departments in Sweden. CONCLUSION: Even though the total number of ADR reports was small, our data indicate a substantial increase in the reporting rate. This indicates that instructed and interested nurses could play an important role in detecting and reporting suspected ADRs.
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| 41. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Structural modeling of generalized prejudice: The role of social dominance, authoritarianism, and empathy
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2299 .- 1614-0001. ; 28:1, s. 10-17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Structural equation modeling on questionnaire data showed that prejudice toward different target groups can be represented in terms of a general prejudice factor. Distinction of classical and modern prejudice only increased model fit marginally. In two separate samples (paper and pencil vs. Internet) several structural models of the relationship between key individual difference variables and prejudice were tested, revealing highly similar results. Social dominance orientation, empathy, and right-wing authoritarianism had direct effects on generalized prejudice. The effect of participant sex on generalized prejudice, where the men scored higher, was largely mediated by empathy. The benefit of including empathy in structural models of prejudice is emphasized.
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| 42. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
The Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA): Further testing of structural and criterion-related validity
- 2008
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Ingår i: Criminal Justice and Behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 35:11, s. 1398-1410
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The validity of a Swedish translation of the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) was evaluated. All four subscales showed acceptable reliability, but the Entitlement scale can be improved by replacing items with low loadings. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a model with one common criminal attitude factor and three subfactors (corresponding to subscales of the test). The Antisocial Intent scale failed to come out as a separate factor. The criterion-related validity was evidenced through offenders having more positive attitudes to criminality than a sample from a public Internet site, a treatment program having an effect on the ratings, and test scores being meaningfully related to criminal history variables. It was concluded that the MCAA has satisfactory psychometric properties.
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| 43. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
The NB5I: A full-scale Big-Five inventory with evaluatively neutralized items
- 2023
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Psychological Assessment. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2426 .- 1015-5759. ; 39:2, s. 132-140
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personality is usually measured by means of self-ratings. Despite some drawbacks, the method is here to stay, and improving on it, particularly regarding social desirability, is essential. One way to do this is evaluative neutralization, that is, to rephrase items such that it is less obvious to the respondent what would be a desirable response. We present a 120-item evaluatively neutralized five-factor inventory and compare it to the IPIP-NEO (Goldberg et al., 2006). Psychometric analyses revealed that the new inventory has high factor homogeneity, relatively independent facets with acceptable homogeneity and normally distributed ratings, and relatively evaluatively neutral ratings (as indicated by the level of item popularity). In sum, this new inventory captures the same personality variance as other five-factor inventories but with less influence from individual differences in evaluative responding, resulting in less correlation between factors and a factor structure more in line with the simple structure model than many other five-factor inventories. Evaluatively neutralized inventories should be particularly useful when the factor structure is central to the research question and focuses on discriminant validity, such as identifying theoretically valid relationships between personality traits and other concepts.
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| 44. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
The properties and utility of less evaluative personality scales: Reduction of social desirability; increase of construct and discriminant validity.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 11, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluative neutralization implies rephrasing items such that it is less clear to the respondent what would be a desirable response in the given population. The current research compares evaluatively neutralized scales measuring the FFM model with standard counterparts. Study 1 reveals that evaluatively neutralized scales are less influenced by social desirability. Study 2 estimates higher-order factor models for neutralized vs. standard five-factor scales. In contrast to standard inventories, there was little support for higher-order factors for neutralized scales. Study 3 demonstrates the convergent and discriminant validity for the neutralized scales, e.g., by less inflated correlations to external measures. It is argued that evaluatively neutralized inventories help researchers come to grips with social desirability in personality measurement, and are particularly useful when the factor structure is central to the research question and there is a focus on discriminant validity.
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| 45. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Under-reporting of serious adverse drug reaction in Sweden
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. - : Wiley. - 1053-8569 .- 1099-1557. ; 13:7, s. 483-487
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) constitute a major problem, both from a medical point of view and as an economical burden. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs is one of the methods for post marketing surveillance of drug safety. Under-reporting can also provide an important obstacle to rapid and relevant signal detection. AIM: To investigate the rate of under-reporting serious ADRs of selected ICD 10 diagnoses. METHOD: In order to investigate the under-reporting rate we investigated at five hospitals within the county of Norrbotten in Sweden the total number of diagnosed cases during a period of 5 years (1996-2000) with the following diagnoses: cerebral haemorrhage (I 61.0-I 61.9), pulmonary embolism (I 26.0 and I 26.9), embolism or thrombosis (I 74.0-I 74.9), phlebititis, thrombophlebitits or venous thrombosis (I 80.0-I 80.3, I 80.8 and I 80.9) and portal vein thrombosis and other thrombosis or emboli (I 82.0-I 82.3, I 82.8 and I 82.9). The identity of these patients was obtained through a database search. The patients' case records were then scrutinized by a specially trained nurse and the drugs used at the time of the event were noted. An assessment of the possibility of an ADR was performed using standard WHO causality criteria. Later, database search in the Swedish ADR registry was performed in order to investigate whether these suspected ADRs had been reported to the national authority in Sweden or not. RESULTS: In total 1349 case records were found and scrutinized. Of these, 107 patients had received drugs that could have been a probable or possible cause to the diagnoses. Of these 92 cases had not been reported and only 15 patients were found in the database, giving an overall under-reporting rate of all ADRs of 86%. The most commonly occurring diagnoses were cerebral haemorrhage followed by venous thrombosis, 545 and 468 respectively. Among those cases that should have been reported according to the existing rules for spontaneous reporting of suspected ADRs the most frequently occurring diagnosis was cerebral haemorrhage (I 61.0) in connection to treatment with anticoagulants. CONCLUSION: The rate of spontaneous ADR reporting is very low, also for serious and fatal reactions.
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| 46. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Utilization pattern of metamizole in northern Sweden and risk estimate of agranulocytosis
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. - : Wiley. - 1053-8569 .- 1099-1557. ; 11:3, s. 239-245
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in order to investigate the utilization pattern of metamizole to better estimate the quantitative risk of agranulocytosis since a cluster of such cases have been observed in Sweden. METHODS: Cases of agranulocytosis submitted to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (SADRAC) between 1996 and 1999 were identified. Based on the utilization pattern of metamizole in inpatients at three hospitals and in outpatients in two counties in northern Sweden risk estimates of agranulocytosis during metamizole treatment were estimated. The utilization of metamizole was investigated by scanning 3567 case records at 10 hospital departments as well as stored prescriptions at six pharmacies during a 3-month study period. RESULTS: Ten cases of agranulocytosis during treatment with metamizole have been reported to SADRAC over the period 1996 to 1999. During the 3-month study period metamizole was prescribed to 666 (19%) inpatients. Of these, approximately 96% received the drug for less than 1 week, 7.2% had used the drug previously. At the participating pharmacies 112 metamizole prescriptions for outpatients were found. The drug was prescribed in 34% for less than 1 week, in 28% for 7-15 days, and in 38% for more than 15 days. The mean prescribed daily dose was 2.7 g. Given certain assumptions including the actual amounts prescribed the calculated risks of agranulocytosis would be approximately one out of every 31,000 metamizole-treated inpatients and one of every 1400 metamizole-treated outpatients. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that in most inpatients the use of metamizole in northern Sweden was within the approved indications for the drug. However, a considerable number of outpatients received the drug for a longer time than recommended and this may carry an increased risk for developing agranulocytosis.
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| 47. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
What makes some persons more prejudiced than others? Modeling the role of social dominance, empathy, social desirability, and gender
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Structural equation modeling on questionnaire data showed that different kinds of prejudice (concerning sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, and impaired development) can be represented as a general prejudice factor. Specific variability related to classical and modern prejudice only increased model fit marginally. Several causal models of the relation between key individual difference variables and prejudice were tested. Social dominance orientation had a strong, empathy a moderate, and social desirability a comparably weaker direct effect on generalized prejudice. The effects of participant gender on the generalized prejudice factor, where the men scored higher, were almost completely mediated by empathy. The importance of empathy in causal models of prejudice, and of indirect measurement of prejudice, is discussed.
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| 48. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Why forced-choice and Likert items provide the same information on personality, including social desirability
- 2024
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Ingår i: Educational and Psychological Measurement. - 1552-3888. ; 84:3, s. 549-576
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forced-choice response format is often considered superior to standard Likert format for controlling social desirability in personality inventories. We performed simulations and found that the trait information based on the two formats converges when the number of items is high and forced-choice items are mixed with regard to positively and negatively keyed items. Given that forced-choice items extract the same personality information as Likert items do, including socially desirable responding, other means are needed to counteract social desirability. We propose using evaluatively neutralized items in personality measurement, since they can counteract social desirability regardless of response format.
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| 49. |
- Bäckström, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Skill, Drill, and Intelligent Performance : Ryle and Intellectualism
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy. - : New Prairie Press. - 2159-0303. ; 5:5, s. 41-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we aim to show that a study of Gilbert Ryle’s work has much to contribute to the current debate between intellectualism and anti-intellectualism with respect to skill and know-how. According to Ryle, knowing how and skill are distinctive from and do not reduce to knowing that. What is often overlooked is that for Ryle this point is connected to the idea that the distinction between skill and mere habit is a category distinction, or a distinction in form. Criticizing the reading of Ryle presented by Jason Stanley, we argue that once the formal nature of Ryle’s investigation is recognized it becomes clear that his dispositional account is not an instance of reductionist behaviorism, and that his regress argument has a broader target than Stanley appears to recognize.
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| 50. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Mixed discriminatory judgments of individuals’ warmth and competence related abilities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2590 .- 1864-9335. ; 43:3, s. 160-167
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although several studies have demonstrated that stereotypes can be mixed in terms of warmth and competence (e.g., cold but competent), the possibility of mixed discrimination has received very little attention so far. To this end, the present study investigated mixed discriminatory judgments of individuals. In two studies, the participants judged the empathic (warmth) and the cognitive (competence) ability of individuals who differed only in whether they belonged to a group typically stereotyped as warm but incompetent, or cold but competent. Study 1 compared Greeks with Germans (nationality) and Study 2 preschool-teachers with lawyers (occupation). In both studies, the judgments were discriminatory in a mixed pattern consistent with the groups’ stereotype content.
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