| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Bexell, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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Audiences of De(Legitimation) in Global Governance
- 2018
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Ingår i: Legitimacy in Global Governance. : Sources, Processes, and Consequences - Sources, Processes, and Consequences. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780198826873 ; , s. 119-133
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter identifies types of audiences at which legitimation and delegitimation practices are directed in global governance. The concept of “audience” steers attention to processes of communication between those who seek to shape legitimacy perceptions and those whose perceptions would be shaped. (De)legitimation practices may have different implications for different audiences, and the chapter suggests that audiences play an active part in the performance of (de)legitimation in global governance. Two distinctions are introduced for classifying relationships between global governance institutions and the multitude of actors that may hold legitimacy beliefs about them, namely between constituencies and observers and between targeted and self-appointed audiences. Such categories can be used for the purpose of studying patterns and variation in legitimacy beliefs across actors.
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| 3. |
- Bexell, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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(De)Legitimation and the Composition of Audiences. Comparing Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental Global Governance Institutions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Legitimation and Delegitimation in Global Governance. Practices, Justifications, and Audiences. - : Oxford University PressOxford. - 9780192856111 - 9780191946417 ; , s. 215-215
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter explores how and why the composition of audiences of (de)legitimation varies across two key types of global governance institutions (GGIs), namely intergovernmental and nongovernmental institutions. It does so through a comparative study of the United Nations Framework Conventions for Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), holding the policy field of sustainable development constant. Theoretical expectations on variation across these two types of GGIs relate to institutional set-up, democratic normative structures, and politicization. Factors related to institutional set-up and governance mandates as expected contribute significantly to explaining the composition of audiences of both GGIs, albeit in different ways. Explanations related to global and domestic democratic normative structures have become more central over time for the composition of audiences of the UNFCCC compared to the FSC. Politicization stands out as an important factor for explaining the activation of self-appointed audiences in the case of the UNFCCC. Yet, politicization does not appear to be decisive for who was targeted by the UNFCCC. In comparison, politicization is an important explanation for who is targeted by the FSC, as manifested in its attempts at countering critique.
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| 4. |
- Bäckstrand, Jenny, 1979-
(författare)
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Levels of Interaction in Supply Chain Relations
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To be able to retain the manufacturing industry durably, in Europe in general and in Sweden in specific, manufacturing companies have to be competitive also on the global market. One way for companies to realize this ambition is to interact with suppliers and customers in different kinds of supply chains. In the dyadic relation between two companies, three different levels of interaction have been identified. To be able to enhance the competitiveness instead of requiring excess workload, the level of interaction has to be adequate for the specific company and their market conditions. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the characteristics of supply chain interaction, both in terms of different levels of interaction and concerning the factors affecting the appropriate level of interaction. A basic prerequisite to enable companies to select an appropriate level of interaction within their supply chain is also to clarify the present use of terminology. This research is conducted through theoretical studies. The theoretical findings are synthesized in order to fulfill the research objective. Characteristics of supply chain interaction in terms of affecting categories and factors are identified. The factors are sorted according to the category they support. An interaction framework that can be used to gain an overview over the categories and factors affecting the level of interaction in a specific situation is developed. The resulting interaction framework is aiming at industry applicability but is based only on theoretical studies (which in turn are based on empirical data). The aim is to support the interaction level decision for, primarily, small and medium sized manufacturing companies in order to increase their competitiveness. Despite the amount of research within the supply chain area, the question how companies should select the way to interact within their supply chain has so far been left unanswered. In this thesis, a number of categories and factors that affects the appropriate level of interaction are identified and listed.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bäckstrand, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Supply Chain Interaction : Market Requirements Affecting the Level of Interaction
- 2006
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the mobile manufacturing concept is to provide solutions for mobile and flexible manufacturing capacity on demand. The idea with the concept is that a mobile manufacturing unit (MMU) could sent to the place where it is needed, either within the company, to a local supplier, to a customer, or to a partner, in order to, for example, cover a temporary volume peak.Within the research project Factory-in-a-Box, five fully operative MMUs have been designed and realized in close contact with Swedish manufacturing industries. The main logistic focus within the research project has been put on optimizing the transport solutions, while the implications on the relations in the supply chain have still not been analyzed. It is however, important to clarify that the geographical and organizational distance between the stationary site and the site where the MMU temporarily is located, affects the complexity of the information and material flow. In order to secure MMU productivity, both information and material flow to and from the stationary factory, the stationary factory’s sub-suppliers, the local suppliers, and the customer, must be handled.In order to use the MMU’s resources efficiently, the level of interaction with all these actors has to be selected wisely. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the information flow and material flow in one of the demonstrators within the Factory-in-a-Box project, in order to highlight the importance of selecting appropriate level of interaction and how mobility affects the supply chain relations.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bäckstrand, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Annual carbon gas budget for a subarctic peatland, northern Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 7:1, s. 95-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temperatures in the Arctic regions are rising, thawing permafrost and exposing previously stable soil organic carbon (OC) to decomposition. This can result in northern latitude soils, which have accumulated large amounts of OC potentially shifting from atmospheric C sinks to C sources with positive feedback on climate warming. In this paper, we estimate the annual net C gas balance (NCB) of the subarctic mire Stordalen, based on automatic chamber measurements of CO2 and total hydrocarbon (THC; CH4 and NMVOCs) exchange. We studied the dominant vegetation communities with different moisture and permafrost characteristics; a dry Palsa underlain by permafrost, an intermediate thaw site with Sphagnum spp. and a wet site with Eriophorum spp. where the soil thaws completely. Whole year accumulated fluxes of CO2 were estimated to 29.7, −35.3 and −34.9 gC m−2 respectively for the Palsa, Sphagnum and Eriophorum sites (positive flux indicates an addition of C to the atmospheric pool). The corresponding annual THC emissions were 0.5, 6.2 and 31.8 gC m−2 for the same sites. Therefore, the NCB for each of the sites was 30.2, −29.1 and −3.1 gC m−2 respectively for the Palsa, Sphagnum and Eriophorum site. On average, the whole mire was a CO2 sink of 2.6 gC m−2 and a THC source of 6.4 gC m−2 over a year. Consequently, the mire was a net source of C to the atmosphere by 3.9 gC m−2 (based on area weighted estimates for each of the three plant communities). Early and late snow season efflux of CO2 and THC emphasize the importance of winter measurements for complete annual C budgets. Decadal vegetation changes at Stordalen indicate that both the productivity and the THC emissions increased between 1970 and 2000. Considering the GWP100 of CH4, the net radiative forcing on climate increased 21% over the same time. In conclusion, reduced C compounds in these environments have high importance for both the annual C balance and climate.
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| 11. |
- Bäckstrand, Kristina, 1979-
(författare)
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Carbon gas biogeochemistry of a northern peatland - in a dynamic permafrost landscape
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is about biogeochemical processes of a northern peatland and their importance as a link between the climate and the terrestrial system. Increased temperatures on a global level, and particularly in the Arctic, have led to melting permafrost and changes in hydrology. In turn, this affect the natural exchange of radiatively important trace gases between land and atmosphere that may reinforce climate change. The aim of this thesis is to increase the understanding about the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) occurring in northern peatlands, to decrease uncertainty about their future carbon (C) balance. In order to pursue this aim, we designed a study that allowed measuring the C exchange at a subarctic peatland, accounting for spatial and temporal analysis at several levels. The field site was the Stordalen mire, northern Sweden. Exchange rates of CO2, and total hydrocarbons (THCs; CH4 and NMVOCs) were measured using an automatic chamber system for up to six years, at three different types of vegetation communities and permafrost regimes. The gas exchange was found to relate to different environmental and biological variables at different vegetation communities and at different temporal scales. Differences in flux rates and controls between sites could be explained with biological and environmental variables in a better way than the seasonal and interannual variability within a site.Snow season flux measurements were determined to be of high importance regarding the annual C budget. By excluding the snow season, the potential C source strength of a peatland is likely to be underestimated. The importance of combining the THCs with the CO2 to estimate the annual C balance was demonstrated as THC could be sufficient to shift the mire from a sink to a source of C to the atmosphere. Again, the C source strength may be significantly underestimated if only focusing on CO2 fluxes in wet peatland environments.
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| 12. |
- Bäckstrand, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Non-methane volatile organic compound flux from a subarctic mire in Northern Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology. - : Stockholm University Press. - 0280-6509 .- 1600-0889. ; 60:2, s. 226-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biogenic NMVOCs are mainly formed by plants and microorganisms. They have strong impact on the local atmospheric chemistry when emitted to the atmosphere. The objective of this study was to determine if there are significant emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from a subarctic mire in northern Sweden. Subarctic peatlands in discontinuous permafrost regions are undergoing substantial environmental changes due to their high sensitivity to climate warming and there is need for including NMVOCs in the overall carbon budget. Automatic and manual chamber measurements were used to estimate NMVOC fluxes from three dominating subhabitats on the mire during three growing seasons. Emission rates varied and were related to plant species distribution and seasonal net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide. The highest fluxes were observed from wetter sites dominated by Eriophorum and Sphagnum spp. Total NMVOC emissions from the mire (similar to 17 ha) is estimated to consist of similar to 150 kgC during a growing season with 150 d. NMVOC fluxes can account for similar to 5% of total net carbon exchange (-3177 kgC) at the mire during the same period. NMVOC emissions are therefore a significant component in a local carbon budget for peatlands.
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| 13. |
- Deng, J., et al.
(författare)
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Assessing effects of permafrost thaw on C fluxes based on multiyear modeling across a permafrost thaw gradient at Stordalen, Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 11:17, s. 4753-4770
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Northern peatlands in permafrost regions contain a large amount of organic carbon (C) in the soil. Climate warming and associated permafrost degradation are expected to have significant impacts on the C balance of these ecosystems, but the magnitude is uncertain. We incorporated a permafrost model, Northern Ecosystem Soil Temperature (NEST), into a biogeochemical model, DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC), to model C dynamics in high-latitude peatland ecosystems. The enhanced model was applied to assess effects of permafrost thaw on C fluxes of a subarctic peatland at Stordalen, Sweden. DNDC simulated soil freeze-thaw dynamics, net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), and CH4 fluxes across three typical land cover types, which represent a gradient in the process of ongoing permafrost thaw at Stordalen. Model results were compared with multiyear field measurements, and the validation indicates that DNDC was able to simulate observed differences in seasonal soil thaw, NEE, and CH4 fluxes across the three land cover types. Consistent with the results from field studies, the modeled C fluxes across the permafrost thaw gradient demonstrate that permafrost thaw and the associated changes in soil hydrology and vegetation not only increase net uptake of C from the atmosphere but also increase the annual to decadal radiative forcing impacts on climate due to increased CH4 emissions. This study indicates the potential of utilizing biogeochemical models, such as DNDC, to predict the soil thermal regime in permafrost areas and to investigate impacts of permafrost thaw on ecosystem C fluxes after incorporating a permafrost component into the model framework.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Holst, T., et al.
(författare)
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BVOC ecosystem flux measurements at a high latitude wetland site
- 2010
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 10:4, s. 1617-1634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we present summertime concentrations and fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) measured at a sub-arctic wetland in northern Sweden using a disjunct eddy-covariance (DEC) technique based on a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The vegetation at the site was dominated by Sphagnum, Carex and Eriophorum spp. The measurements reported here cover a period of 50 days (1 August to 19 September 2006), approximately one half of the growing season at the site, and allowed to investigate the effect of day-to-day variation in weather as well as of vegetation senescence on daily BVOC fluxes, and on their temperature and light responses. The sensitivity drift of the DEC system was assessed by comparing H3O+-ion cluster formed with water molecules (H3O+(H2O) at m37) with water vapour concentration measurements made using an adjacent humidity sensor, and the applicability of the DEC method was analysed by a comparison of sensible heat fluxes for high frequency and DEC data obtained from the sonic anemometer. These analyses showed no significant PTR-MS sensor drift over a period of several weeks and only a small flux-loss due to high-frequency spectrum omissions. This loss was within the range expected from other studies and the theoretical considerations. Standardised (20 degrees C and 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) PAR) summer isoprene emission rates found in this study of 329 mu g Cm-2 (ground area) h(-1) were comparable with findings from more southern boreal forests, and fen-like ecosystems. On a diel scale, measured fluxes indicated a stronger temperature dependence than emissions from temperate or (sub) tropical ecosystems. For the first time, to our knowledge, we report ecosystem methanol fluxes from a sub-arctic ecosystem. Maximum daytime emission fluxes were around 270 mu g m(-2) h(-1) (ca. 100 mu g Cm-2 h(-1)), and during most nights small negative fluxes directed from the atmosphere to the surface were observed.
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| 16. |
- Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, et al.
(författare)
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Annual cycle of methane emissions from a subarctic peatland
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 115, s. G02009-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although much attention in recent years has been devoted to methane (CH4) emissions from northern wetlands, measurement based data sets providing full annual budgets are still limited in number. This study was designed to help fill the gap of year-round measurements of CH4 emissions from subarctic mires. We report continuous eddy correlation CH4 flux measurements made during 2006 and 2007 over the Stordalen mire in subarctic Sweden (68 degrees 20'N, 19 degrees 03'E, altitude 351 m) using a cryocooled tunable diode laser. The landscape-scale CH4 fluxes originated mainly from the permafrost free wet parts of the mire dominated by tall graminoid vegetation. The midseason average CH4 emission mean was 6.2 +/- 2.6 mg m(-2) h(-1). A detailed footprint analysis indicates an additional strong influence on the flux by the nearby shallow Lake Villasjon (0.17 km(2), maximum depth 1.3 m). A stable bimodal distribution of wind flow from either the east or the west allowed separating the lake and mire vegetation signals. The midseason lake emission rates were as high as 12.3 +/- 3.3 mg m(-2) h(-1). Documented CH4 fluxes are similar to results obtained by automatic chamber technique and higher than manual chamber measurements made in the wet minerotrophic section dominated by Eriophorum angustifolium. The high fluxes observed from this vegetation type are significant because the areal distribution of this source in the mire is expanding due to ongoing thawing of the permafrost. A simple peat temperature relationship with CH4 emissions was used to fill data gaps to construct a complete annual budget of CH4 fluxes over the studied area. The calculated annual CH4 emissions in 2006 and 2007 equaled 24.5 and 29.5 g CH4 m(-2) yr(-1), respectively. The summer season CH4 emissions dominated (65%) the annual flux, with the shoulder seasons of spring and autumn significant (25%) and a minor flux from the winter (10%).
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| 17. |
- Olefeldt, David, et al.
(författare)
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Net carbon accumulation of a high-latitude permafrost palsa mire similar to permafrost-free peatlands
- 2012
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 39, s. L03501-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Palsa mires, nutrient poor permafrost peatlands common in subarctic regions, store a significant amount of carbon (C) and it has been hypothesized their net ecosystem C balance (NECB) is sensitive to climate change. Over two years we measured the NECB for Stordalen palsa mire and found it to accumulate 46 g C m(-2) yr(-1). While Stordalen NECB is comparable to nutrient poor peatlands without permafrost, the component fluxes differ considerably in magnitude. Specifically, Stordalen had both lower growing season CO2 uptake and wintertime CO2 losses, but importantly also low dissolved organic carbon exports and hydrocarbon (mainly methane) emissions. Restricted C losses from palsa mires are likely to have facilitated C accumulation of unproductive subarctic permafrost peatlands. Continued climate change and permafrost thaw is likely to amplify several component fluxes, with an uncertain overall effect on NECB - highlighting the necessity for projections of high-latitude C storage to consider all C fluxes.
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| 18. |
- Petrescu, A. M. R., et al.
(författare)
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Modelling CH4 emissions from arctic wetlands : effects of hydrological parameterization
- 2008
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 5:1, s. 111-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compares the CH4 fluxes from two arctic wetland sites of different annual temperatures during 2004 to 2006. The PEATLAND-VU model was used to simulate the emissions. The CH4 module of PEATLAND-VU is based on the Walter-Heimann model. The first site is located in northeast Siberia, Indigirka lowlands, Kytalyk reserve (70 degrees N, 147 degrees E) in a continuous permafrost region with mean annual temperatures of -14.3 degrees C. The other site is Stordalen mire in the eastern part of Lake Tornetrask (68 degrees N, 19 degrees E) ten kilometres east of Abisko, northern Sweden. It is located in a discontinuous permafrost region. Stordalen has a sub arctic climate with a mean annual temperature of -0.7 degrees C. Model input consisted of observed temperature, precipitation and snow cover data. In all cases, modelled CH4 emissions show a direct correlation between variations in water table and soil temperature variations. The differences in CH4 emissions between the two sites are caused by different climate, hydrology, soil physical properties, vegetation type and NPP. For Kytalyk the simulated CH4 fluxes show similar trends during the growing season, having average values for 2004 to 2006 between 1.29-2.09 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1). At Stordalen the simulated fluxes show a slightly lower average value for the same years (3.52 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1)) than the observed 4.7 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1). The effect of the longer growing season at Stordalen is simulated correctly. Our study shows that modelling of arctic CH4 fluxes is improved by adding a relatively simple hydrological model that simulates the water table position from generic weather data. Our results support the generalization in literature that CH4 fluxes in northern wetland are regulated more tightly by water table than temperature. Furthermore, parameter uncertainty at site level in wetland CH4 process models is an important factor in large scale modelling of CH4 fluxes.
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| 19. |
- Säfsten, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Co-creation of knowledge : Key aspects for relevance in collaborative research projects
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can relevance for both industry and academia be achieved in collaborative research project? Despite the vast amount of literature on collaborative research, there is still a lack of empirically grounded studies on their practical use. We have investigated how the co-creation of knowledge was carried out in six collaborative projects, what was considered to be relevant results and what aspects that were found critical during the different phases of a collaborative research project. We found that joint activities during the initial phases, together with joint implementation of development initiates, was found most critical for relevance.
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