| 1. |
- Andersson, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Visually mediated valence effects in dialogue: an explorative study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Lund University Cognitive Studies. - 1101-8453. ; 151, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is an exploratory study investigating potential effects of emotional valence in images and their influence on conversation in the presence of the images. We used latent-semantic analysis to generalize valence ratings of Swedish words to a corpus of spoken conversations. Each utterance in the conversation was given a valence rating, which represented how emotionally positive or emotionally negative the utterance was. We found no effects that indicate that valenced images have an effect on conversations. However, we find that valenced images in general, and positive images in particular, were considered more helpful by the participants who engaged in the conversations. Additionally, we find no results that interlocutors align over time in their use of valenced language.
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| 2. |
- Anikin, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Human Non-linguistic Vocal Repertoire : Call Types and Their Meaning
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-3653 .- 0191-5886. ; 42:1, s. 53-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research on human nonverbal vocalizations has led to considerable progress in our understanding of vocal communication of emotion. However, in contrast to studies of animal vocalizations, this research has focused mainly on the emotional interpretation of such signals. The repertoire of human nonverbal vocalizations as acoustic types, and the mapping between acoustic and emotional categories, thus remain underexplored. In a cross-linguistic naming task (Experiment 1), verbal categorization of 132 authentic (non-acted) human vocalizations by English-, Swedish- and Russian-speaking participants revealed the same major acoustic types: laugh, cry, scream, moan, and possibly roar and sigh. The association between call type and perceived emotion was systematic but non-redundant: listeners associated every call type with a limited, but in some cases relatively wide, range of emotions. The speed and consistency of naming the call type predicted the speed and consistency of inferring the caller's emotion, suggesting that acoustic and emotional categorizations are closely related. However, participants preferred to name the call type before naming the emotion. Furthermore, nonverbal categorization of the same stimuli in a triad classification task (Experiment 2) was more compatible with classification by call type than by emotion, indicating the former's greater perceptual salience. These results suggest that acoustic categorization may precede attribution of emotion, highlighting the need to distinguish between the overt form of nonverbal signals and their interpretation by the perceiver. Both within- and between-call acoustic variation can then be modeled explicitly, bringing research on human nonverbal vocalizations more in line with the work on animal communication.
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| 3. |
- Arnling Bååth, Jenny, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Biochemical and structural features of diverse bacterial glucuronoyl esterases facilitating recalcitrant biomass conversion
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biotechnology for Biofuels. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1754-6834 .- 1754-6834. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Lignocellulose is highly recalcitrant to enzymatic deconstruction, where the recalcitrance primarily results from chemical linkages between lignin and carbohydrates. Glucuronoyl esterases (GEs) from carbohydrate esterase family 15 (CE15) have been suggested to play key roles in reducing lignocellulose recalcitrance by cleaving covalent ester bonds found between lignin and glucuronoxylan. However, only a limited number of GEs have been biochemically characterized and structurally determined to date, limiting our understanding of these enzymes and their potential exploration. Results Ten CE15 enzymes from three bacterial species, sharing as little as 20% sequence identity, were characterized on a range of model substrates; two protein structures were solved, and insights into their regulation and biological roles were gained through gene expression analysis and enzymatic assays on complex biomass. Several enzymes with higher catalytic efficiencies on a wider range of model substrates than previously characterized fungal GEs were identified. Similarities and differences regarding substrate specificity between the investigated GEs were observed and putatively linked to their positioning in the CE15 phylogenetic tree. The bacterial GEs were able to utilize substrates lacking 4-OH methyl substitutions, known to be important for fungal enzymes. In addition, certain bacterial GEs were able to efficiently cleave esters of galacturonate, a functionality not previously described within the family. The two solved structures revealed similar overall folds to known structures, but also indicated active site regions allowing for more promiscuous substrate specificities. The gene expression analysis demonstrated that bacterial GE-encoding genes were differentially expressed as response to different carbon sources. Further, improved enzymatic saccharification of milled corn cob by a commercial lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail when supplemented with GEs showcased their synergistic potential with other enzyme types on native biomass. Conclusions Bacterial GEs exhibit much larger diversity than fungal counterparts. In this study, we significantly expanded the existing knowledge on CE15 with the in-depth characterization of ten bacterial GEs broadly spanning the phylogenetic tree, and also presented two novel enzyme structures. Variations in transcriptional responses of CE15-encoding genes under different growth conditions suggest nonredundant functions for enzymes found in species with multiple CE15 genes and further illuminate the importance of GEs in native lignin–carbohydrate disassembly.
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| 4. |
- ARNLING BÅÅTH, RASMUS
(författare)
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Subjective rhythmization : A replication and an assessment of two theoretical explanations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Music Perception. - 0730-7829. ; 33:2, s. 244-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Subjective rhythmization is that phenomenon whereby, when one is listening to a monotone metronome sequence, some sounds are experienced as accented. These subjectively accented sounds group the sequence similarly to how the metrical structure of a piece of music groups the beats. Subjective rhythmization was first investigated by Bolton (1894); the present study aims at replicating and extending that work. Consistent with Bolton's results, all participants reported hearing accent patterns when listening to monotone sequences; the reported group size of an accent pattern was highly dependent on the tempo of the sequence. A power relation captured well the relation between the reported group size and the sequence interstimulus interval. Further, the mean group size reported in the subjective rhythmization task was found to correlate with the timing performance in a slowtempo tapping task. These results are consistent with the resonance theory explanation of subjective rhythmization (Large, 2008).
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| 5. |
- Arnling Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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The role of executive control in rhythmic timing at different tempi
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1069-9384 .- 1531-5320. ; 23:6, s. 1954-1960
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the role of attention and executive control in rhythmic timing, using a dual-task paradigm. The main task was a finger tapping task in which participants were asked to tap their index finger in time with metronome sequences. The tempo of the sequences ranged from 600 ms to 3000 ms between each beat. The distractor task, chosen so as to engage executive control processes, was a novel covert n-back task. When the tempo was slow, simultaneous performance of the tapping and n-back tasks resulted in significant performance degradation in both tasks. There was also some dual-task interference at the fast tempo levels, however, the magnitude of the interference was much smaller in comparison. The results suggests that, when the tempo is sufficiently slow, performing rhythmic timing demands attentional resources and executive control. This accords with models of time perception that assume that different timing mechanisms are recruited at different time scales. It also accords with models that assume a dedicated mechanism for rhythm perception and where rhythm perception is assumed to have a slower limit.
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| 6. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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A prototype based resonance model of rhythm categorization
- 2014
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Ingår i: i-Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 2041-6695. ; 5:6, s. 548-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Categorization of rhythmic patterns is prevalent in musical practice, an example of this being the transcription of (possibly not strictly metrical) music into musical notation. In this article we implement a dynamical systems’ model of rhythm categorization based on the resonance theory of rhythm perception developed by Large (2010). This model is used to simulate the categorical choices of participants in two experiments of Desain and Honing (2003). The model accurately replicates the experimental data. Our results support resonance theory as a viable model of rhythm perception and show that by viewing rhythm perception as a dynamical system it is possible to model central properties of rhythm categorization.
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| 7. |
- Bååth, Rasmus
(författare)
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An Investigation into the Perception and Production of Slow Rhythms
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Appreciation and production of musical rhythm is a human universal and, as with other human capacities, it is imperative to understand the extent of our capacity to perceive and produce rhythm. This thesis presents my work on the cognitive and perceptual aspects of rhythm perception and production at a slow tempi. In Paper I I establish that rhythm production, such as keeping the beat to a metronome sequence, gets subjectively more difficult at slower tempi. Difficulty increases gradually with slower tempo, however, there was a was marked increase in rated difficulty when there was more than 1800 ms between each metronome sound, supporting Repp’s (2006) notion of at what tempo keeping a rhythm becomes difficult. Paper II developed a computational cognitive model of rhythm categorization. The model used the resonance theory framework by Large (2010) to model behavioral data on how musicians categorize musical rhythm. The categorization made by the computational model and the categorizations made by the musicians agreed well, supporting the notion that resonance theory is a viable model of rhythm perception. Paper III replicated the study by Bolton (1894) on the auditory illusion subjective rhythmization. Paper IV further explored aspects of this illusion and tested two theoretical explanations of why this illusion occurs. The results strongly favored the resonance theory explanation of subjective rhythmization. In connection to rhythm perception at slow tempi, the paper developed an argument for how participants' experience of subjective rhythmization relates to their slower limit of rhythm perception. In Paper V I show that conventional methods for measuring timing performance do not work correctly when applied to data from rhythmic timing task performed at tempi slower than 30 BPM. A solution to this problem is presented in the form of a problem specific Bayesian model, which was subsequently used to calculate timing variability in Papers VI and VII. Paper VI examine the relationship between auditory working memory, sensorimotor synchronization performance, and memory capacity for rhythms. The results showed that auditory working memory and memory capacity for rhythms are related. However, the influence of memory capacity on synchronization performance showed no interaction with sequence tempo, suggesting that auditory memory does not play an integral role in rhythm perception. Paper VII showed that, when the tempo is sufficiently slow, performing rhythmic timing demands attentional resources and involvement of executive control. This result resonates with neural models of timing that suggest a dedicated timing mechanism for short intervals and a general, cognitive timing mechanism for longer intervals.
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| 8. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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An Oscillator Model of Categorical Rhythm Perception
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cooperative Minds: Social Interaction and Group Dynamics. - Austin, TX : Cognitive Science Society, Inc.. - 9780976831891 ; , s. 1803-1808
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Categorical perception is a well studied phenomenon in, for example, colour perception, phonetics and music. In this article we implement a dynamical systems model of categorical rhythm perception based on the resonance theory of rhythm perception developed by Large (2010). This model is used to simulate the categorical choices of participants in two experiments of Desain and Honing (2003). The model is able to accurately replicate the experimental data. Our results supports that resonance theory is a viable model of rhythm perception and they show that by viewing rhythm perception as a dynamical system it is possible to model properties of categorical perception.
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| 9. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Cats and Illusory Motion
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychology. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2152-7180 .- 2152-7199. ; 5:9, s. 1131-1134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the first evidence that cats experience visual illusions and that a non-human animal can see illusory motion. In three videos we show cats reacting with hunting behavior when watching the Rotating Snakes illusion. This is taken to mean that cats see illusory motion in this image due to the propensity of cats to pursue movement. This is further supported by a survey where 29% of the respondents answered that their cat reacted to the illusion. A number of preferential looking experiments were also indicative of cats experiencing the illusion, but not conclusively so.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bååth, Rasmus
(författare)
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Estimating the distribution of sensorimotor synchronization data : A Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-3528.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sensorimotor synchronization paradigm is used when studying the coordination of rhythmic motor responses with a pacing stimulus and is an important paradigm in the study of human timing and time perception. Two measures of performance frequently calculated using sensorimotor synchronization data are the average offset and variability of the stimulus-to-response asynchronies-the offsets between the stimuli and the motor responses. Here it is shown that assuming that asynchronies are normally distributed when estimating these measures can result in considerable underestimation of both the average offset and variability. This is due to a tendency for the distribution of the asynchronies to be bimodal and left skewed when the interstimulus interval is longer than 2 s. It is argued that (1) this asymmetry is the result of the distribution of the asynchronies being a mixture of two types of responses-predictive and reactive-and (2) the main interest in a sensorimotor synchronization study is the predictive responses. A Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach is proposed in which sensorimotor synchronization data are modeled as coming from a right-censored normal distribution that effectively separates the predictive responses from the reactive responses. Evaluation using both simulated data and experimental data from a study by Repp and Doggett (2007) showed that the proposed approach produces more precise estimates of the average offset and variability, with considerably less underestimation.
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| 13. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Eye Tapping: How to Beat Out an Accurate Rhythm using Eye Movements
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedThe aim of this study was to investigate how well subjects beat out a rhythm using eye movements and to establish the most accurate method of doing this. Eighteen subjects participated in an experiment were five different methods were evaluated and a fixation based method was found to be the most accurate. All subjects were able to synchronize their eye movements with a given beat but the accuracy was much lower than usually found in finger tapping stud- ies. Many parts of the body are used to make music but so far, with a few exceptions, the eyes have been silent. The re- search presented here provides guidelines for implementing eye controlled musical interfaces. Such interfaces would en- able performers and artists to use eye movement for musical expression and would open up new, exiting possibilities.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Latent Semantic Analysis Discriminates Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) from Children with Typical Language Development
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-6905 .- 1573-6555. ; 48:3, s. 683-697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer based analyses offer a possibility for objective methods to assess semantic-linguistic quality of narratives at the text level. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether a semantic language impairment index (SELIMI) based on latent semantic analysis (LSA) can discriminate between children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and children with typical language development. Spoken narratives from 54 children with DLD and 54 age matched controls with typical language development were summarized in a semantic representation generated using LSA. A statistical model was trained to discriminate between children with DLD and children with typical language development, given the semantic vector representing each individual child’s narrative. The results show that SELIMI could distinguish between children with DLD and children with typical language development significantly better than chance and thus has a potential to complement traditional analyses focussed on form or on the word level.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Separating predictive responses from reactive responses in isochronous finger tapping using Bayesian hierarchical modeling
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics. ; 29, s. 72-72
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finger tapping to isochronous pacing stimuli is a well established experimental paradigm first described in the late 19th century. Two variables of common interest in rhythmic tapping tasks are timing variability and constant error. However, a difficulty when estimating these variables is that at interstimulus intervals longer than 2 seconds participants regularly overshoot the target interval and instead react to the pacing stimulus. These reactive responses result in a left skewed, non-normal response distribution, which can lead to underestimation of both the constant error and timing variability when using classical moment estimators such as the sample mean and standard deviation. A Bayesian hierarchical model is presented that models the timing responses as coming from a right censored normal distribution. Comparing this model with classical estimators using both simulated and experimental data shows that the Bayesian model measures timing variability and constant error more accurately and with less bias.
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| 19. |
- Bååth, Rasmus
(författare)
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The State of Naming Conventions in R
- 2012
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Ingår i: The R Journal. - 2073-4859. ; 4:2, s. 74-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most programming language communities have naming conventions that are generally agreed upon, that is, a set of rules that governs how functions and variables are named. This is not the case with R, and a review of unofficial style guides and naming convention usage on CRAN shows that a number of different naming conventions are currently in use. Some naming conventions are, however, more popular than others and as a newcomer to the R community or as a developer of a new package this could be useful to consider when choosing what naming convention to adopt.
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| 20. |
- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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The Subjective Difficulty of Tapping to a Slow Beat
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music.. ; , s. 82-85
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Dahlman, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Prototype effect and the persuasiveness of generalizations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Review of Philosophy and Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1878-5166 .- 1878-5158. ; 7:1, s. 163-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An argument that makes use of a generalization activates the prototype for the category used in the generalization. We conducted two experiments that investigated how the activation of the prototype affects the persuasiveness of the argument. The results of the experiments suggest that the features of the prototype overshadow and partly overwrite the actual facts of the case. The case is, to some extent, judged as if it had the features of the prototype instead of the features it actually has. This prototype effect increases the persuasiveness of the argument in situations where the audience finds the judgment more warranted for the prototype than for the actual case (positive prototype effect), but decreases persuasiveness in situations where the audience finds the judgment less warranted for the prototype than for the actual case (negative prototype effect).
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| 23. |
- Dahlman, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Imprecise Expressions in Argumentation-Theory and Experimental Results
- 2012
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Ingår i: ARGUMENTATION 2012: International Conference on Alternative Methods of Argumentation in Law. - 9788021059481 ; , s. 15-30
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate argumentation where an expression is substituted with a less precise expression. We propose that the effect that this deprecization has on the audience be called deprecization effect. When the audience agrees more with the less precise version of the argument, there is a positive deprecization effect. We conducted an experiment where the participants were presented with a court room scenario. The results of the experiment confirm the following hypothesis: If the participants find it hard to agree with the precise version of the argument and accept the use of the imprecise term, they will agree more with the imprecise version of the argument. Furthermore, we show that a person who reacts in this way to deprecization commits the fallacy of equivocation.
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| 24. |
- De Bruin, Wändi Bruine, et al.
(författare)
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Asking about Social Circles Improves Election Predictions Even with Many Political Parties
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Public Opinion Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0954-2892 .- 1471-6909. ; 34:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditionally, election polls have asked for participants' own voting intentions. In four elections, we previously found that we could improve predictions by asking participants how they thought their social circles would vote. A potential concern is that the social-circle question might predict results less well in elections with larger numbers of political options because it becomes harder to accurately track how social contacts plan to vote. However, we now find that the social-circle question performs better than the own-intention question in predicting two elections with many political parties: The Netherlands' 2017 general election and the Swedish 2018 general election.
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| 25. |
- Hansson, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Linguistic : Application of LSA to predict linguistic maturity and language disorder in children
- 2020
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Ingår i: Statistical Semantics : Methods and Applications - Methods and Applications. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030372507 - 9783030372491 ; , s. 237-248
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter we will describe applications of latent semantic analysis to assess semantic linguistic maturity in children and how well the method can predict whether a child has developmental language disorder (DLD), based on orally produced narratives. Assessment of narrative ability in preschool years captures important cognitive, linguistic and socio-pragmatic skills and is an important prognostic tool for later academic success. We discuss the usefulness and potential of computerized methods to quantify semantics in research on typical and disordered language development. More importantly, we also discuss if and how such methods can be applied in clinical or educational contexts for diagnosis of language disorder in different populations, as an objective measure to complement standardized and decontextualized tests and assessment methods.
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| 26. |
- Hansson, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying Semantic Linguistic Maturity in Children
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-6905 .- 1573-6555. ; 45:5, s. 1183-1199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a method to quantify semantic linguistic maturity (SELMA) based on a high dimensional semantic representation ofwords created from the co-occurrence of words in a large text corpus. The method was applied to oral narratives from 108 children aged 4;0–12;10. By comparing the SELMA measure with maturity ratings made by human raters we found that SELMA predicted the rating of semantic maturity made by human raters over and above the prediction made using a child’s age and number of words produced. We conclude that the semantic content of narratives changes in a predictable pattern with children’s age and argue that SELMA is a measure quantifying semantic linguistic maturity. The study opens up the possibility of using quantitative measures for studying the development of semantic representation in children’s narratives, and emphasizes the importance of word co-occurrences for understanding the development of meaning.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Löwgren, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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Weak correlations between cerebellar tests
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eyeblink conditioning, finger tapping, and prism adaptation are three tasks that have been linked to the cerebellum. Previous research suggests that these tasks recruit distinct but partially overlapping parts of the cerebellum, as well as different extra-cerebellar networks. However, the relationships between the performances on these tasks remain unclear. Here we tested eyeblink conditioning, finger tapping, and prism adaptation in 42 children and 44 adults and estimated the degree of correlation between the performance measures. The results show that performance on all three tasks improves with age in typically developing school-aged children. However, the correlations between the performance measures of the different tasks were consistently weak and without any consistent directions. This reinforces the view that eyeblink conditioning, finger tapping, and prism adaptation rely on distinct mechanisms. Consequently, performance on these tasks cannot be used separately to assess a common cerebellar function or to make general conclusions about cerebellar dysfunction. However, together, these three behavioral tasks have the potential to contribute to a nuanced picture of human cerebellar functions during development.
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| 29. |
- Mazurkewich, Scott, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Biochemical and structural investigation of the CE15 family: Glucuronoyl esterases acting on recalcitrant biomass
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Glucuronoyl esterases (GEs) are a relatively new class of enzymes which cleave ester linkages between lignin and glucuronoxylan. GEs have been identified in many biomass-degrading microbes and are now classified into the Carbohydrate Esterase Family 15 (CE15). The CE15 family is diverse (as low as 20% sequence identity), however to-date only a few GEs from a small clade of the CE15 phylogenetic tree have been biochemically characterized and only two protein structures have been solved. To investigate the diversity of CE15 members, we have studied a broad range of proteins from across the phylogenetic tree. Enzymes were biochemically characterized and three-dimensional structures for two of the enzymes were solved. Analysis of the structures suggest possible binding sites for lignin fragments and xylooligosaccharides that have not been previously reported. Investigations into the molecular determinants supporting the potential binding sites is being pursued.
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| 30. |
- Michaelsen, Tore Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Uncertainty and ignored information in the analysis of bat ultrasound : Bayesian approximation to the rescue
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecological Informatics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1574-9541. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bat ultrasound analysis has been around for several decades and it is one of the most important tools in studies of bat ecology. Discrimination between species is based on intra-specific features of echolocation calls. Identification of species and genera in audio files can be attempted either manually or through software which performs a fully automated discrimination between species. However, significant overlap in various features (e.g. frequencies of calls) exists between species and even genera. Species ID is therefore often not an absolute conclusion, but rather an opinion or best guess, as opposed to DNA tests or measurements on external characters of captured bats. To make things even worse, the probability of actually observing a bat of a given species in space and time is ignored when performing bat ultrasound analysis. This study introduces Bayesian approximation through a new method we have named Alternative Bayesian Bat Analysis (ABBA). We show, through a simple proof-of-concept example, the importance of adding information about the local composition of the bat community, hence making informed decisions regarding which species is most likely present in audio files. The superior performance of ABBA is also shown through an example using R code. Here, we use simulated data for three Pipistrellus spp., a genus with significant overlap in frequencies, but the code can easily be adapted to other bat species and genera worldwide. ABBA outperformed the non-Bayesian approach for all three species. The rare species in the simulated data set was super-inflated when using the non-Bayesian method. Further the results show, contrarily to common belief, that the frequency dominated by a given species in a data set, depends on the composition of the bat fauna and not just means and SDs reported in the literature. ABBA allows researchers to include all observations in statistical modeling, rather than excluding observations, an approach which can affect the reliability of studies. This study also, to a great extent, explains the poor performance of software attempting automated bat ID. Implementing Bayesian algorithms, and thereby allowing users to interact with the software, should significantly improve their performance.
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| 31. |
- Osvath, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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An Exploration of Play Behaviors in Raven Nestlings
- 2014
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Ingår i: Animal behavior and cognition. - : Animal Behavior and Cognition. - 2372-5052 .- 2372-4323. ; 1:2, s. 157-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Play is widespread among vertebrates. Some animal groups stand out in their play behaviors in levels of complexity, innovativeness, sociality, and volume. Despite the vast phylogenetic distance between corvids, parrots, great apes, and dolphins, all are usually identified as among the most playful. These groups also have several complex cognitive skills in common. There is growing agreement that play has evolved multiple times under different selective pressures in different lineages. As these groups appear similar in their complex play but are separated by considerable evolutionary distance, the similarity is unlikely to result from homology. Far more probable is that the similarity has arisen from convergent or parallel evolution. It is important to conduct comparative ontogenetic play studies on these groups to learn more about what basic processes underlie complex play and whether such play is, indeed, related to complex cognition. Toward that end, we explored the play behavior of raven nestlings over the last ten days before they fledged. We found high levels of play both in terms of instances initiated and duration. The play behaviors were at level with – or above – maintenance behaviors and flight training. Most of the play was object play, but social object play and apparent play contagion was also recorded. The importance of play in developing young ravens is clear. The reasons might be less clear, however play could underlie both object-related and social development.
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| 32. |
- Patching, Geoffrey, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing response times and force of responses to the size and brightness of visual stimuli.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fechner Day 2013. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics. ; 29, s. 85-85
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Together with response time the force of responses to stimuli can provide important clues about cognitive and affective processes. However, while there has been much discussion of factors involved in the accurate measurement of response time (RT), key issues and assumptions in assessment of response force (RF) have been far less studied. Here, hierarchical Bayesian analysis is used to examine the extent to which changes in RTs and peak RFs to visual stimuli of increasing brightness and size arise as a result of the subjective control of force parameters. The findings show RTs to decrease with increased stimulus magnitude, but no corresponding increase in peak RFs. Yet, peak RFs were affected by instructions informing participants that the force of their responses was being measured and by auditory feedback when RF crossed a minimum criterion sufficient for RT registration. Implications of these findings for measuring RF in RT research are discussed.
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| 33. |
- Roll, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Atypical associations to abstract words in Broca's aphasia
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier BV. - 1973-8102 .- 0010-9452. ; 48:8, s. 1068-1072
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Left frontal brain lesions are known to give rise to aphasia and impaired word associations. These associations have previously been difficult to analyze. We used a semantic space method to investigate associations to cue words. The degree of abstractness of the generated words and semantic similarity to the cue words were measured. Method Three subjects diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia and twelve control subjects associated freely to cue words. Results were evaluated with latent semantic analysis (LSA) applied to the Swedish Parole corpus. Results The aphasic subjects could be clearly distinguished from controls by a lower degree of abstractness in the words they generated. The aphasic group’s associations showed a negative correlation between semantic similarity to cue word and abstractness of cue word. Conclusions By developing novel semantic measures, we showed that Broca’s aphasic subjects’ word production was characterized by a low degree of abstractness and low degree of coherence in associations to abstract cue words. The results support models where meanings of concrete words are represented in neural networks involving perceptual and motor areas, whereas the meaning of abstract words is more dependent on connections to other word forms in the left frontal region. Semantic spaces can be used in future developments of evaluative tools for both diagnosis and research purposes.
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| 34. |
- Sauciuc, Gabriela-Alina, et al.
(författare)
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Affective forecasting in an orangutan : predicting the hedonic outcome of novel juice mixes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Animal Cognition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-9456 .- 1435-9448. ; 19:6, s. 1081-1092
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Affective forecasting is an ability that allows the prediction of the hedonic outcome of never-before experienced situations, by mentally recombining elements of prior experiences into possible scenarios, and pre-experiencing what these might feel like. It has been hypothesised that this ability is uniquely human. For example, given prior experience with the ingredients, but in the absence of direct experience with the mixture, only humans are said to be able to predict that lemonade tastes better with sugar than without it. Non-human animals, on the other hand, are claimed to be confined to predicting—exclusively and inflexibly—the outcome of previously experienced situations. Relying on gustatory stimuli, we devised a non-verbal method for assessing affective forecasting and tested comparatively one Sumatran orangutan and ten human participants. Administered as binary choices, the test required the participants to mentally construct novel juice blends from familiar ingredients and to make hedonic predictions concerning the ensuing mixes. The orangutan’s performance was within the range of that shown by the humans. Both species made consistent choices that reflected independently measured taste preferences for the stimuli. Statistical models fitted to the data confirmed the predictive accuracy of such a relationship. The orangutan, just like humans, thus seems to have been able to make hedonic predictions concerning never-before experienced events.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Seddigh, Aram, et al.
(författare)
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The association between office design and performance on demanding cognitive tasks
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 42, s. 172-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The physical office environment has been shown to be associated with indicators of both health and performance. This study focuses on how memory performance is affected in normal working conditions compared to a quiet baseline (with low amount irrelevant stimuli) in different office types, including cell offices, small open-plan offices, medium-sized open-plan offices and large open-plan offices. The results showed that the drop in performance from the quiet baseline to normal working conditions was higher in larger, compared to smaller, open-plan offices. However, contrary to our hypothesis we found that cell offices might have negative effects on performance comparable to those of large open-plan offices. These results indicate that employees in small open-plan offices, in comparison to large, have better possibilities to conduct cognitively demanding tasks and that cell offices might not be as advantageous as previously thought.
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| 37. |
- Williams, Matt N., et al.
(författare)
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Using Bayes Factors to Test Hypotheses in Developmental Research
- 2017
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Ingår i: Research in Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1542-7609 .- 1542-7617. ; 14:4, s. 321-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article discusses the concept of Bayes factors as inferential tools that can serve as an alternative to null hypothesis significance testing in the day-to-day work of developmental researchers. A Bayes factor indicates the degree to which data observed should increase (or decrease) the credibility of one hypothesis in comparison to another. Bayes factor analyses can be used to compare many types of models but are particularly helpful when comparing a point null hypothesis to a directional or nondirectional alternative hypothesis. A key advantage of this approach is that a Bayes factor analysis makes it clear when a set of observed data is more consistent with the null hypothesis than the alternative. Bayes factor alternatives to common tests used by developmental psychologists are available in easy-to-use software. However, we note that analysis using Bayes factors is a less general approach than Bayesian estimation/modeling, and is not the right tool for every research question.
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| 38. |
- Zenker, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Reasons Pro et Contra as a Debiasing Technique in Legal Contexts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychological Reports. - : SAGE Publications. - 0033-2941 .- 1558-691X. ; 121:3, s. 511-526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although legal contexts are subject to biased reasoning and decision making, to identify and test debiasing techniques has largely remained an open task. We report on experimentally deploying the technique “giving reasons pro et contra” with professional (N = 239) and lay judges (N = 372) at Swedish municipal courts. Using a mock legal scenario, participants assessed the relevance of an eyewitness’s previous conviction for his credibility. On average, both groups displayed low degrees of bias. We observed a small positive debiasing effect only for professional judges. Strong evidence was obtained for a relation between profession and relevance-assessment: Lay judges seemed to assign a greater importance to the prior conviction than professional judges did. We discuss challenges for future research, calling other research groups to contribute additional samples.
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