| 1. |
- Börjesson, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
-
In vivo analysis of cadmium in battery workers versus measurements of blood, urine and work-place air
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1470-7926. ; 54:6, s. 424-431
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To measure in vivo the cadmium concentrations in kidney cortex (kidney-Cd) and in superficial liver tissue (liver-Cd) of nickel cadmium battery workers, and to compare the results with other commonly used estimates of cadmium exposure (current concentrations of cadmium in blood (B-Cd) and urine (U-Cd)) or repeated measurements of cadmium in workplace air (CumAir-Cd). METHODS: The study comprised 30 workers with a range of duration of exposure of 11-51 years. 13 subjects were currently employed, whereas the other 17 had a median period without occupational exposure of eight years before the measurements. The in vivo measurements were made with an x ray fluorescence technique permitting average detection limits of 30 and 3 micrograms cadmium per g tissue in kidney and liver, respectively. RESULTS: 19 of 30 (63%) people had kidney-Cd and 13 of 27 (48%) had liver-Cd above the detection limits. Kidney-Cd ranged from non-detectable to 350 micrograms/g and liver-Cd from non-detectable to 80 micrograms/g. The median kidney-Cd and liver-Cd were 55 micrograms/g and 3 micrograms/g, respectively. Kidney-Cd correlated significantly with B-Cd (r, 0.49) and U-Cd (r, 0.70), whereas liver-Cd correlated significantly with U-Cd (r, 0.58). Neither kidney-Cd nor liver-Cd correlated with the CumAir-Cd. The prevalence of beta 2-microglobulinurea increased with increased liver-Cd. CONCLUSIONS: Current U-Cd can be used to predict the kidney-Cd and liver-Cd measured in vivo. In vivo measurements of kidney-Cd and liver-Cd were not shown to correlate with the individual cadmium exposure estimates, obtained by integration of the cadmium concentration in workplace air. There may be several reasons for this, including uncertainties in the estimate of the individual cumulative exposures as well as in the in vivo measurements. There was a suggestion of a relation between liver-Cd and tubular proteinuria.
|
|
| 2. |
- Börjesson, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
-
In vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead, cadmium and mercury in occupational and environmental studies: a review of work conducted in Sweden 1970-2005
- 2008
-
Ingår i: X-Ray Spectrometry. - : Wiley. - 0049-8246 .- 1097-4539. ; 37:1, s. 58-68
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lead, cadmium and mercury are toxic elements capable of causing temporary or permanent damage to human organs and tissues. An adequate control of these elements necessitates measurements in humans, on samples from man and the environment. This applies to both occupationally exposed subjects and to members of the general public including patients. The present paper will review the in vivo x-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique for non-invasive estimation of element levels directly in humans. Focus is on work conducted by researchers in Sweden between 1970 and 2005. Results from studies made with in vivo XRF on occupationally lead and cadmium exposed groups of workers have revealed very high levels of these elements in bone and kidneys, respectively. The development of the cadmium in vivo XRF technique implies usefilness even for measuring the low levels found in subjects of the general public, e.g. the detection limit for cadmium in kidney cortex allows for groups of smokers and non-smokers to be separated. Retired lead workers show a clear association between bone lead and blood lead due to the endogenous lead excretion from bone. Longitudinal studies of retired workers show biological half-lives for bone lead of several years. A study of mercury in vivo showed that the technique is capable of detecting the element in the kidneys of the most heavily exposed workers. In vivo XRF in oncology and rheumatology subjects, administered with therapeutic compounds containing platinum and gold, respectively, helps to understand the retention of these compounds in the human body. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
|
| 3. |
- Börjesson, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
-
In vivo XRF analysis of mercury: the relation between concentrations in the kidney and the urine
- 1995
-
Ingår i: Physics in Medicine and Biology. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6560 .- 0031-9155. ; 40:3, s. 413-426
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of mercury in organs of occupationally exposed workers using in vivo x-ray fluorescence analysis. Twenty mercury exposed workers and twelve occupationally unexposed referents participated in the study. Their mercury levels in kidney, liver and thyroid were measured using a technique based on excitation with partly plane polarized photons. The mercury levels in blood and urine were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The detection limit for mercury in the kidney was exceeded in nine of the exposed workers, but in none of the referents. The mean kidney mercury concentration (including estimates below the detection limits) was 24 mu g g(-1) in the exposed workers, and 1 mu g g(-1) in the referents. The association between mercury in the kidney and in urine was statistically significant, but it was unclear whether the relation was linear. The measurements on liver (n = 10) and thyroid (n = 8) in the exposed workers showed mercury levels below the detection limit. The study shows that it is now possible to measure the mercury concentrations in kidneys of occupationally exposed persons, using in vivo x-ray fluorescence. The estimated concentrations are in reasonable agreement with the limited human autopsy data, and the results of animal studies.
|
|
| 4. |
- Börjesson, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
-
Kidney cadmium as compared to other markers of cadmium exposure in workers at a secondary metal smelter
- 2001
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. - 0271-3586. ; 39:1, s. 19-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether cadmium concentrations in kidney (K-Cd), blood (B-Cd) or urine (U-Cd) could reveal previous occupational cadmium exposure at a metal smelter. METHODS: The study included 90 smelters and 35 controls (B-Cd and U-Cd determination). In a subgroup (N = 33), K-Cd was also determined. RESULTS: B-Cd (median 4.6; range 0.5-53 nmol/L), U-Cd (0. 29; 0.04-1.9 micromol/mol creatinine) and K-Cd (14; 3-61 microg/g wet weight) were similar to reported concentrations in the general Swedish population. In the subgroup, significant associations (P<0. 001) were obtained between B-Cd and K-Cd (r = 0.70), U-Cd and K-Cd (r = 0.60) and between U-Cd and B-Cd (r = 0.62). Multiple regression analyses revealed smoking as the major predictor of K-Cd, B-Cd, and U-Cd. B-Cd and U-Cd were both associated with the duration of employment at the smelter. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant evidence of previous occupational exposure at the smelter from measurement of K-Cd.
|
|
| 5. |
- Isaksson, Mats, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing 131I in thyroid by non-spectroscopic instruments - a European intercomparison exercise
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Radiation Measurements. - : Elsevier BV. - 1350-4487 .- 1879-0925. ; 128:September
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the issues of the Open Project for the European Radiation Research Area (OPERRA) was human thyroid monitoring in case of a large scale nuclear accident. This issue was covered in task 5.4 as project “CaThyMARA” (Child and Adult Thyroid Monitoring After Reactor Accident), which included several aspects of thyroid monitoring, e.g. screening of facilities able to perform thyroid monitoring in the European countries, dose estimation, modelling of detector response, and two intercomparison exercises. The intercomparison described in this paper focused on thyroid monitoring by non-spectrometric instruments, including gamma cameras and other instruments that were considered available for measurements made by members of the public. A total of 12 facilities from 7 European countries have participated and 43 various measuring devices have been evaluated. The main conclusion of this intercomparison is that the ability to make assessments of 131I activity in the thyroid to the exposed population after an accidental release must, on the average, be considered as good among the European laboratories taking part in this study. This intercomparison also gave the participants the possibility to calibrate the measuring devices for thyroid measurements of children where this procedure was not available before. A comprehensive report of the intercomparison is given.
|
|
| 6. |
- Schütz, Andrejs, et al.
(författare)
-
Lead in finger bone, whole blood, plasma and urine in lead-smelter workers: extended exposure range.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: International archives of occupational and environmental health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0131 .- 1432-1246. ; 78:1, s. 35-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To assess the historical exposure and to study the relationships between lead concentrations in whole blood (B-Pb), plasma (P-Pb), urine (U-Pb), finger bone (Bone-Pb) and duration of employment in workers at a secondary lead smelter and to compare the relationships between B-Pb and P-Pb with results from previous studies of populations with a wide range of lead exposure. METHODS: In 39 lead workers (29 active, ten retired), recruited from those with the highest exposure at a German secondary lead smelter, levels of B-Pb, P-Pb and U-Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Bone-Pb was determined by in vivo X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Results were compared with data from a previous study on 90 workers (71 active, 19 retired) with lower exposure, from a Swedish secondary lead smelter, as well as with previously collected data from 42 active Russian lead workers and 34 Ecuadorian lead-exposed subjects. RESULTS: The median values in the active/retired German lead workers were: age 44/59 years, duration of employment 20/38 years, Bone-Pb 71/150 microg/g, B-Pb 500/330 microg/l, P-Pb 2.7/1.1 microg/l, and U-Pb 25/13 micromol/mol creatinine. Bone-Pb increased with duration of employment by 4.2 microg/g per year and 1.6 microg/g per year in German and Swedish workers, respectively. The median Bone-Pb was three times higher in both active and retired German workers than in Swedish smelter workers with essentially the same age distribution and duration of employment. The linear regression equation between B-Pb and log P-Pb in the combined group of Ecuadorian, German, Russian and Swedish lead-exposed subjects (n=176) was B-Pb=545 x log[P-Pb] + 258 (r(s)=0.94; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The high Bone-Pb values recorded for the German smelters implied a historical lead exposure of considerable magnitude. The long-term high lead exposure also showed up in the B-Pb levels for both active and retired workers, leading to the implementation of necessary industrial safety measures in order to respond to biological threshold limits. The suggested equation describing the relationship between B-Pb and P-Pb in the combined group of subjects with a wide range of lead exposure can be useful in future cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of lead-exposed populations, relating, e.g., lead exposure to adverse health outcomes.
|
|
| 7. |
- Österberg, Kai, et al.
(författare)
-
A neurobehavioural study of long-term occupational inorganic lead exposure
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697. ; 201:1, s. 39-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A group of 38 male workers at a secondary smelter (period of employment 2-35 years; median 10 years) was divided into two subgroups depending on bone-lead concentration, arranged as 19 matched pairs according to age, education and job level. The median concentrations for finger-bone lead (Bone-Pb) were 16 vs. 32 μg/g; for current blood-lead (B-Pb), 1.6 vs. 1.8 μmol/l; for retrospective peak blood-lead (Peak-Pb), 2.7 vs. 3.0 μmol/l; and for a retrospective cumulative blood lead index (CBLI), 143 vs. 233 μmol/l x months. Nineteen unexposed male workers from a nearby mechanical plant served as controls, using the same matching algorithm. The triplets were examined with a standardised neuropsychological test battery, and four questionnaires for self-rating of symptoms and activity/stress level related to work environment. No sign of behavioural deterioration was observed in the exposed groups, either in objective cognitive tests or in subjective symptom/mood self-rating scales. Despite the limited sample size, the statistical power was sufficient to conclude that a concealed lead-associated effect was unlikely. Covariations between behavioural measures and lead exposure indices were generally low and non-significant, as a whole not exceeding a random level. No confounding or effect-modifying factor was detected that could explain the results as a type II error. To conclude, a current B-Pb of 1.8 μmol/l was not associated with adverse behavioural effects, and a long-term lead exposure around 2.0 μmol/l for 13 years (mean values) was not associated with permanent brain dysfunction.
|
|
