| 1. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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Criminalization of scientific misconduct
- 2019
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 22:2, s. 245-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the criminalization of scientific misconduct, as discussed and defended in the bioethics literature. In doing so it argues against the claim that fabrication, falsification and plagiarism (FFP) together identify the most serious forms of misconduct, which hence ought to be criminalized, whereas other forms of misconduct should not. Drawing the line strictly at FFP is problematic both in terms of what is included and what is excluded. It is also argued that the criminalization of scientific misconduct, despite its anticipated benefits, is at risk of giving the false impression that dubious practices falling outside the legal regulation do not count. Some doubts are also raised concerning whether criminalization of the most serious forms of misconduct will lower the burdens for universities or successfully increase research integrity. Rather, with or without criminalization, other measures must be taken and are probably more important in order to foster a more healthy research environment.
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| 2. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural Heritage Protection and the Reconciliation Thesis
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: Heritage and War. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780192862648 ; , s. 92-112
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter critically analyses what we label the Reconciliation Thesis, which holds that cultural heritage should be protected during armed conflict because of its instrumental use in promoting peace and reconciliation between warring groups. We begin by arguing that combatants and military decision makers have strong reasons to fight in ways that uphold the prospects of future peace. We then identify several ways in which the safeguarding of cultural heritage might plausibly contribute to post-war peacebuilding. Nevertheless, we ultimately argue that there are reasons to be sceptical of the Reconciliation Thesis, especially when it is evoked as a justification for imposing serious risks or costs on persons, or sacrificing other significant military objectives.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bülow, William, 1986-
(författare)
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Electronic Monitoring of Offenders : An Ethical Review
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science and Engineering Ethics. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1353-3452 .- 1471-5546. ; 20:2, s. 505-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper considers electronic monitoring (EM) a promising alternative to imprisonment as a criminal sanction for a series of criminal offenses. However, little has been said about EM from an ethical perspective. To evaluate EM from an ethical perspective, six initial ethical challenges are addressed and discussed. It is argued that since EM is developing as a technology and a punitive means, it is urgent to discuss its ethical implications and incorporate moral values into its design and development.
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| 5. |
- Bülow, William, 1986-
(författare)
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Ethics of Imprisonment : Essays in Criminal Justice Ethics
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This licentiate thesis consists of three essays which all concern the ethics of imprisonment and what constitutes an ethically defensible treatment of criminal offenders.Paper 1 defends the claim that prisoners have a right to privacy. I argue that the right to privacy is important because of its connection to moral agency. For that reasons is the protection of inmates’ right to privacy also warranted by different established philosophical theories about the justification of legal punishment. I discuss the practical implications of this argument. Ultimately I argue the invasion of privacy should be minimized to the greatest extent possible without compromising other important values and rights to safety and security. In defending this position, I argue that respect for inmates’ privacy should be part of the objective of creating and upholding a secure environment to better effect in the long run.Paper 2 discusses whether the collateral harm of imprisonment to the close family members and children of prison inmates may give rise to special moral obligations towards them. Several collateral harms, including decreased psychological wellbeing, financial costs, loss of economic opportunities, and intrusion and control over their private lives, are identified. Two competing perspectives in moral philosophy are applied in order to assess whether the harms are permissible. The first is consequentialist and the second is deontological, and it is argued that both of them fails and therefore it is hard to defend the position that allowing for these harms would be morally permissible, even for the sake of the overall aims of incarceration. Instead, it is argued that these harms imply that imprisonment should only be used as a last resort. Where it is necessary, imprisonment should give rise to special moral obligations towards families of prisoners. Using the notion of residual obligation, these obligations are defended, categorized and clarified.Paper 3 evaluates electronic monitoring (EM) from an ethical perspective and discusses whether it could be a promising alternative to imprisonment as a criminal sanction for a series of criminal offenses. EM evaluated from an ethical perspective as six initial ethical challenges are addressed and discussed. It is argued that since EM is developing as a technology and a punitive means, it is urgent to discuss its ethical implications and incorporate moral values into its design and development.
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| 6. |
- Bülow, William
(författare)
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Felon Disenfranchisement and the Argument from Democratic Self-Determination
- 2016
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Ingår i: Philosophia. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0048-3893 .- 1574-9274. ; 44:3, s. 759-774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses an argument in defense of felon disenfranchisement originally proposed by Andrew Altman, which states that as a matter of democratic self-determination, members of a legitimate democratic community have a collective right to decide whether to disenfranchise felons. Although this argument-which is here referred to as the argument from democratic self-determination-is held to justify policies that are significantly broader in scope than many critics of existing disenfranchisement practices would allow for, it has received little attention from philosophers and political theorists. One exception is Claudio Lpez-Guerra, who recently raised several objections to the argument. In this paper, I argue that the argument from democratic self-determination can avoid Lpez-Guerra's objections. In responding to these, I explicate how and when it can be permissible for a legitimate democratic community to disenfranchise felons. I propose that this is the case only if the disenfranchisement of felons is not intended as a punishment, but as a way to express the view about citizenship one endorses as a democratic collective. I also discuss the implications of the argument in terms of offender reintegration.
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| 7. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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From rehabilitation to penal communication : The role of furlough and visitation within a retributivist framework
- 2021
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Ingår i: Punishment & Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1462-4745 .- 1741-3095. ; 23:3, s. 376-393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Retributivism is one of the most prevalent theories in contemporary penal theory. However, despite its popularity it is frequently argued that too little attention has been paid to the implications of retributivism for prison management and prison life, including prison visits and furlough. More so, it has been questioned both whether the various forms of retributivism found in the philosophical literature on criminal punishment have anything to say about what prison life ought to be like and whether they are able to criticize deeply contested rules and practices, such as those that deny inmates contact with family-members for the sake of prison discipline. In this paper, we argue that prison visits and furlough have a crucial role in a prison system based on retributivist principles. In particular, we argue that the communicative theory of punishment has important theoretical resources for proving a strong and compelling rationale for both furlough and visitation on retributivist grounds. Besides exploring this rationale, we also discuss the practical implications of this view for the penal policy.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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Hostage authorship and the problem of dirty hands
- 2018
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Ingår i: Research Ethics. - : SAGE Publications Ltd. - 1747-0161 .- 2047-6094. ; 14:1, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article discusses gift authorship, the practice where co-authorship is awarded to a person who has not contributed significantly to the study. From an ethical point of view, gift authorship raises concerns about desert, fairness, honesty and transparency, and its prevalence in research is rightly considered a serious ethical concern. We argue that even though misuse of authorship is always bad, there are instances where accepting requests of gift authorship may nevertheless be the right thing to do. More specifically, we propose that researchers may find themselves in a situation much similar to the problem of dirty hands, which has been frequently discussed in political philosophy and applied ethics. The problem of dirty hands is relevant to what we call hostage authorship, where the researchers include undeserving authors unwillingly, and only because they find it unavoidable in order to accomplish a morally important research goal.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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On Friendship Between Online Equals
- 2016
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Ingår i: Philosophy & Technology. - : Springer Netherlands. - 2210-5433 .- 2210-5441. ; 29:1, s. 21-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an ongoing debate about the value of virtual friendship. In contrast to previous authorships, this paper argues that virtual friendship can have independent value. It is argued that within an Aristotelian framework, some friendships that are perhaps impossible offline can exist online, i.e., some offline unequals can be online equals and thus form online friendships of independent value.
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| 14. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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On the Ethics of Reconstructing Destroyed Cultural Heritage Monuments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Philosophical Association. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2053-4477 .- 2053-4485. ; 6:4, s. 483-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Philosophers, archeologists, and other heritage professionals often take a rather negative view of heritage reconstruction, holding that it is inappropriate or even impermissible. In this essay, we argue that taking such hardline attitudes toward the reconstruction of heritage is unjustified. To the contrary, we believe that the reconstruction of heritage can be both permissible and beneficial, all things considered. In other words, sometimes we have good reasons, on balance, to pursue reconstructions, and doing so can be morally acceptable. In defending this claim, we discern a number of arguments made against heritage reconstruction and demonstrate that these arguments are either exaggerated or lack support.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Bülow, William
(författare)
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Retributivism and the Use of Imprisonment as the Ultimate Back-up Sanction
- 2019
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0841-8209 .- 2056-4260. ; 32:2, s. 285-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Imprisonment is often said to be the ultimate back-up sanction for offenders who do not abide by their non-custodial sentence. From a standard consequentialist perspective this is morally justified, if it is a cost-effective means to crime prevention. In contrast, the use of imprisonment as a back-up is much harder to justify from retributivist perspectives, with their emphasis on just desert or deserved censure. The crux is this: if the reason for a non-custodial sentence is that a prison sentence risks being a disproportionate or inappropriate sanction, retributivists need to explain how a prison term can be warranted as the backup sanction for those who breach the requirements of their non-custodial sentence, even though their original crime wasn't serious enough to warrant imprisonment in the first place. The aim in this paper is to critically assess the extent to which retributivists can justify the use of imprisonment as the ultimate back-up sanction. In doing so, I first examine two broad strategies that are discussed in the literature, and which retributivists could employ in order to respond to this problem. The first strategy stresses how desert has only a limited role in sentencing such that it demarcates a range of deserved punishment. On this view, associated with limiting retributivism, one could initially opt for a less harsh yet deserved punishment, leaving room for the imposition of back-up sanctions when needed. The second strategy focuses on how the act of breach is a reprehensible act that can allow for a penalty increase, and thereby lead to imprisonment. Although it is argued that both strategies fail, the paper proposes an alternative solution to this problem.
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| 17. |
- Bülow, William
(författare)
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Risking Civilian Lives to Avoid Harm to Cultural Heritage?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy. - : Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy. - 1559-3061. ; 18:3, s. 266-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the circumstances under which it is morally permissible to impose non-negligible risks of serious harm (including lethal harm) on innocent civilians in order not to endanger tangible cultural heritage during armed conflict. Building on a previous account of the value of cultural heritage, it is argued that tangible cultural heritage is valuable because of how it contributes to valuable and meaningful human lives. Taking this account as the point of departure I examine the claim that commanders should be prepared to risk lives of innocent civilians in order to avoid harm to tangible cultural heritage. I argue that imposing high risks of serious harm on innocent civilians without their consent constitutes a wrong that can be justified only in order to avoid a greater evil. It is then argued that damage to cultural heritage sites rarely constitutes the greater evil when weighed against the imposition of non-consensual risks of serious harm on innocent civilians, especially when the risk is substantial. Still, imposing substantial risks might be morally permissible under the condition that they are consensually imposed, even if they are not the lesser evil. However, I argue that even if one has reason to suspect that there are civilians who might consent to at least some significant risks in order to avoid damage to their cultural heritage, it is not clear that commanders should take this into account when deciding what to do. Unless all of those who are at risk consent, the fact that some of those whose lives are at risk consent to the risk of being killed do not make it morally permissible to impose this risk on the group as a whole.
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| 18. |
- Bülow, William, 1986-
(författare)
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The Harms Beyond Imprisonment : Do We Have Special Moral Obligations Towards Families and Children of Prisoners?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1386-2820 .- 1572-8447. ; 17:4, s. 775-789
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses whether the collateral harm of imprisonment to the close family members and children of prison inmates may give rise to special moral obligations towards them. Several collateral harms, including decreased psychological wellbeing, financial costs, loss of economic opportunities, and intrusion and control over their private lives, are identified. Two competing perspectives in moral philosophy are then applied in order to assess whether the harms are permissible. The first is consequentialist and the second is deontological. It is argued that both of them fails and therefore it is hard to defend the position that allowing for these harms would be morally permissible, even for the sake of the overall aims of incarceration. Instead, it is argued that these harms imply that imprisonment should only be used as a last resort. Where it is necessary, it should give rise to special moral obligations. Using the notion of residual obligation, these obligations are defended, categorized and clarified.
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| 19. |
- Bülow, William
(författare)
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The New Philosophy of the Criminal Law
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Philosophy. - : WILEY. - 0264-3758 .- 1468-5930. ; 34:3, s. 449-451
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bülow, William
(författare)
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The Rights of Children of Prisoners During a Pandemic : A Case for Early Release of Imprisoned Parents?
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Global and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030979812 - 9783030979843 - 9783030979829 ; , s. 199-214
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, states in the developed world suspended prison visits as part of their attempt to contain the pandemic. This has had negative consequences for both prisoners and their children. In this chapter I argue that states, as a matter of justice, should seek to alleviate the harm caused to the children of prisoners during a pandemic. Besides other measures, I argue that the appropriate way to do so should include granting early release to a subset of imprisoned parents, most notably those sentenced for less serious crimes and, to some extent, those who served a majority of their sentence already. My defense of early release is based on the observation that children of prisoners often are unfairly burdened by the type of restrictions now associated with the Covid-19 pandemic, but also that maintaining a ban on prison visits during a pandemic might render the harm caused to them disproportionate to the anticipated benefits of some prison sentences. In developing this argument, I defend my proposal from a few possible objections.
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| 22. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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The social injustice of parental imprisonment
- 2020
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Ingår i: Moral Philosophy and Politics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2194-5616 .- 2194-5624. ; 7:2, s. 299-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children of prisoners are often negatively affected by their parents’ incarceration, which raises issues of justice. A common view is that the many negative effects associated with parental imprisonment are unjust, simply because children of prisoners are impermissibly harmed or unjustly punished by their parents’ incarceration. We argue that proposals of this kind have problems with accounting for cases where it is intuitive that prison might create social injustices for children of prisoners. Therefore, we suggest that in addition to the question of whether children of prisoners are impermissibly harmed, we should ask whether the inequalities that these children endure because of their parent’s incarceration are objectionable from a social justice perspective. To answer this latter question, we examine the negative effects associated with parental imprisonment from the perspective of luck egalitarianism. We develop a luck egalitarian account that incorporates insights from the philosophy of childhood. On our account, children of prisoners might endure two different types of objectionable inequalities, since they are often deprived of resources that are important for ensuring fair equality of opportunity in adulthood, but also because they are likely to suffer inequalities in terms of childhood welfare. After defending this account, we explore its implications for policy.
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| 23. |
- Bülow, William, 1986-
(författare)
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Treating Inmates as Moral Agents: A Defense of the Right to Privacy in Prison
- 2014
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Ingår i: Criminal Justice Ethics. - 0731-129X .- 1937-5948. ; 33:1, s. 21-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper my concern is with the collective moral responsibility of criminal investigators for the outcomes of their investigations, bearing in mind that it is important to distinguish collective moral responsibility from, and relate it to, individual moral responsibility. In what sense, if any, are police detectives individually and collectively morally responsible for their success (or, for that matter, their failure) in gathering sufficient evidence to identify, arrest, and charge an offender who has committed a serious crime? Alternatively, in what sense are they morally responsible in cases where they identify, arrest, and charge an innocent person? And in what sense, if any, are police detectives individually and collectively morally responsible for the ultimate outcome of the trial, the finding by the courts of someone they have investigated and charged with a serious crime to be guilty or innocent?
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| 24. |
- Bülow, William, 1986-
(författare)
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Unfit to live among others : Essays on the ethics of imprisonment
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis provides an ethical analysis of imprisonment as a mode of punishment. Consisting in an introduction and four papers the thesis addresses several important questions concerning imprisonment from a number of different perspectives and theoretical starting points. One overall conclusion of this thesis is that imprisonment, as a mode of punishment, deserves more attention from moral and legal philosophers. It is also concluded that a more complete ethical assessment of prison conditions and prison management requires a broader focus. It must include an explicit discussion of both how imprisonment directly affects prison inmates and its negative side-effects on third parties. Another conclusion is that ethical discussions on prison conditions should not be too easily reduced to a question about how harsh or lenient is should be.Paper 1 argues that prisoners have a right to privacy. It is argued that respect for inmates’ privacy is related to respect for them as moral agents. Consequently, respect for inmates’ privacy is called for by different established philosophical theories about the justification of legal punishment. Practical implications of this argument are discussed and it is argued that invasion of privacy should be minimized to the greatest extent possible, without compromising other important values or the rights to safety and security. It is also proposed that respect for privacy should be part of the objective of creating and upholding a secure environment.Paper 2 discusses whether the collateral harm of imprisonment to the children and other close family members of prison inmates may give rise to special moral obligations towards them. Several collateral harms, including decreased psychological wellbeing, financial costs, loss of economic opportunities, and intrusion and control over their private lives, are identified. Two perspectives in moral philosophy, consequentialism and deontology, are then applied in order to assess whether these harms are permissible. It is argued that from either perspective it is hard to defend the claim that allowing for these harms are morally permissible. Consequently, imprisonment should be used only as a last resort. Where it is deemed necessary, it gives rise to special moral obligations. Using the notion of residual obligation, these obligations are then categorized and clarified. Paper 3 focuses on an argument that has figured in the philosophical debate on felon disenfranchisement. This argument states that as a matter of democratic self-determination, a legitimate democratic collective has the collective right to decide whether to disenfranchise felons as a way of defining their political identity. Yet, such a collective’s right to self-determination is limited, since the choice to disenfranchise anyone must be connected to normative considerations of political significance. This paper defends this argument against three charges that has been raised to it. In doing so it also explores under what circumstances felon disenfranchisement can be permissible.Paper 4 explores the question of whether prison inmates suffering from ADHD should be administered psychopharmacological intervention (methylphenidate) for their condition. The theoretical starting point for the discussion is the communicative theory of punishment, which understands criminal punishment as a form of secular penance. Viewed through the lens of the communicative theory it is argued that the provision of pharmacological treatment to offenders with ADHD need not necessarily be conceived of as an alternative to punishment, but as an aid to achieving the penological ends of secular penance. Thus, in this view offenders diagnosed with ADHD should have the option to undergo pharmacological treatment.
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| 25. |
- Bülow, William
(författare)
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Who is Responsible for Remedying the Harm Caused to Children of Prisoners?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ethics and social welfare. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1749-6535 .- 1749-6543. ; 17:3, s. 256-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been argued that the social circumstances of many children of prisoners goes against established principles of social justice. In this paper the proper allocation of responsibility for remedying this social injustice is discussed. Through a discussion of four principles for allocating remedial responsibility, it is argued that the responsibility for children of incarcerated parents is shared among several actors, including the incarcerated parent, remaining caregivers, prison officials, social work professionals, and, to some extent, members of the wider community. While incarcerated parents are partially responsible for remedying the harm caused to their children, prison officials have the responsibility to uphold the types of prison conditions under which incarcerated parents are able to fulfill their responsibilities to their children and socially contribute to their well-being. Similarly, whereas the main responsibility to care for the children of incarcerated parents falls on the caregivers (such as the remaining parent or other family relatives), states are at the same time responsible for implementing social welfare policies of the sort that can help caregivers fulfill their responsibilities for the well-being of these children. As for individual members of the wider community, they have an obligation not to contribute to the stigmatization and marginalization of the families of incarcerated individuals.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Bülow, William, et al.
(författare)
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Why unethical papers should be retracted
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0306-6800 .- 1473-4257. ; 47:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of retracting published papers is to maintain the integrity of academic research. Recent work in research ethics has devoted important attention to how to improve the system of paper retraction. In this context, the focus has primarily been on how to handle fraudulent or flawed research papers, and how to encourage the retraction of papers based on honest mistakes. Less attention has been paid to whether papers that report unethical research – for example, research performed without appropriate concern for the moral rights and interests of the research participants – should be retracted. The aim of this paper is to examine to what extent retraction policies of academic journals and publishers address retractions of unethical research and to discuss critically various policy options and the reasons for accepting them. This paper starts by reviewing retraction policies of academic publishers. The results show that many journals do not have explicit policies for how to handle unethical research. Against this background, we discuss four normative arguments for why unethical research should be retracted. In conclusion, we suggest a retraction policy in light of our empirical and normative investigations.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Bülow, William, 1986-
(författare)
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Ö̈ga för öga? Om retributivism och dödsstraff
- 2013
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Ingår i: Tidskrift för politisk filosofi. - : Thales. - 1402-2710 .- 2002-3383. ; :2, s. 19-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 30. |
- Godskesen, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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How do journals publishing palliative and end‐of‐life care research report ethical approval and informed consent?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Learned Publishing. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0953-1513 .- 1741-4857. ; 36:4, s. 554-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores how papers published in internationaljournals in palliative and end-of-life care report ethical approval andinformed consent. A literature search following PRISMA guidelines wasconducted in PubMed, the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, theProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). A total of169 empirical studies from 101 journals were deductively coded andanalysed. The results showed that 5% of publications provided no information on ethical approval, 12% reported minimal information, 56%reported rudimentary information, and 27% reported comprehensivedetails. We also found that 13% did not report any information oninformed consent, 17% reported minimal information, 50% reported rudimentary information, and 19% reported comprehensive details. The prevalence of missing and incomplete ethical statements and inadequatereporting of informed consent processes in recent publications raises concerns and highlights the need for improvement. We suggest that journalsadvocate high reporting standards and potentially reject papers that donot meet ethical requirements, as this is the quickest path toimprovement.
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| 31. |
- Helgesson, Gert, et al.
(författare)
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How to Handle Co-authorship When Not Everyone's Research Contributions Make It into the Paper
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science and Engineering Ethics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1353-3452 .- 1471-5546. ; 27:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While much of the scholarly work on ethics relating to academic authorship examines the fair distribution of authorship credit, none has yet examined situations where a researcher contributes significantly to the project, but whose contributions do not make it into the final manuscript. Such a scenario is commonplace in collaborative research settings in many disciplines and may occur for a number of reasons, such as excluding research in order to provide the paper with a clearer focus, tell a particular story, or exclude negative results that do not fit the hypothesis. Our concern in this paper is less about the reasons for including or excluding data from a paper and more about distributing credit in this type of scenario. In particular, we argue that the notion 'substantial contribution', which is part of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria, is ambiguous and that we should ask whether it concerns what ends up in the paper or what is a substantial contribution to the research process leading up to the paper. We then argue, based on the principles of fairness, due credit, and ensuring transparency and accountability in research, that the latter interpretation is more plausible from a research ethics point of view. We conclude that the ICMJE and other organizations interested in authorship and publication ethics should consider including guidance on authorship attribution in situations where researchers contribute significantly to the research process leading up to a specific paper, but where their contribution is finally omitted.
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| 32. |
- Helgesson, Gert, et al.
(författare)
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Research Integrity and Hidden Value Conflicts
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Academic Ethics. - : Springer Nature. - 1570-1727 .- 1572-8544. ; 21:1, s. 113-123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research integrity is a well-established term used to talk and write about ethical issues in research. Part of its success might be its broad applicability. In this paper, we suggest that this might also be its Achilles heel, since it has the potential to conceal important value conflicts. We identify three broad domains upon which research integrity is applied in the literature: (1) the researcher (or research group), (2) research, and (3) research-related institutions and systems. Integrity in relation to researchers concerns character, although it remains to specify precisely what character traits are the desirable ones in this context and what values researchers should endorse. Integrity in relation to research concerns correct and sufficient description of the research process, data, results, and overall ‘research record’. Hence, it concerns the quality of research. However, whether or not this notion of research integrity covers all ethical aspects of research depends on whether one endorses a wider or a narrower interpretation of the ‘research process’. Integrity in relation to research-related institutions and systems leaves open whether they should be understood as agents in their own right or merely as means to research integrity. Besides the potential lack of clarity that our analysis reveals, we point to how this variety in uses might lead to concealment of value conflicts and propose an open discussion of central values.
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| 33. |
- Helgesson, Gert, et al.
(författare)
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Should the deceased be listed as authors?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - : BMJ. - 0306-6800 .- 1473-4257. ; 45:5, s. 331-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sometimes participants in research collaboration die before the paper is accepted for publication. The question we raise in this paper is how authorship should be handled in such situations. First, the outcome of a literature survey is presented. Taking this as our starting point, we then go on to discuss authorship of the dead in relation to the requirements of the Vancouver rules. We argue that in principle the deceased can meet the requirements laid down in these authorship guidelines. However, to include a deceased researcher as author requires a strong justification. The more the person has been involved in the research and writing process before he or she passes away, the stronger the justification for inclusion.
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| 34. |
- Johansson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Undantag från kravet på etikprövning av humanistisk och samhällsvetenskaplig forskning : En internationell utblick
- 2023
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Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift. - : Fahlbeckska stiftelsen. - 0039-0747. ; 125:4, s. 1143-1168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Etikprövning av forskning som avser människor ska säkerställa att forskningen bedrivs på ett etiskt försvarbart sätt. En viktig funktion är att skydda dem som deltar i forskningen (fortsättningsvis forskningspersonerna) från fysisk, psykisk och integritetsmässig skada. I Sverige är etikprövning reglerad i lagen (2003:460) om etikprövning av forskning som avser människor (etikprövningslagen, EPL) och det är straffbart att påbörja viss slags forskning utan att först inhämta ett godkännande från Etikprövningsmyndigheten (EPM).2 På senare år har det svenska etikprövningssystemet blivit föremål för hård kritik. Kritiken har rört många olika saker men den har huvudsakligen riktat in sig på systemets utformning och negativa inverkan på humanistisk och samhällsvetenskaplig forskning.
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| 35. |
- Johansson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Undantag från kravet på etikprövning av humanistisk och samhällsvetenskaplig forskning. En internationell utblick
- 2023
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Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift. - 0039-0747. ; 125:4, s. 1143-1168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish ethical review system has recently come under heavy criticism - criticism that has largely centered on the system’s negative impact on research in the humanities and social sciences. Among other things, it has been claimed that the requirement for ethical review is unnecessarily comprehensive. One way of exploring the reasonableness of the Swedish system is to compare it with the rules and considerations found in other jurisdictions regarding the type of research project that needs to undergo ethical review. This study compares the Swedish system with a sample of systems found in Europe, the USA, Canada, and Australia. A number of exemptions from the requirements of ethical review are identified and discussed. These exemptions that can serve as a starting point for further analyses and changes to the Swedish system.
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| 36. |
- Krásničan, Veronika, et al.
(författare)
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Transition from Academic Integrity to Research Integrity: The Use of Checklists in the Supervision of Master and Doctoral Students
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Academic Ethics. - 1570-1727 .- 1572-8544. ; 22:1, s. 149-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the prevalence of misconduct in research and among students in higher education, there is a need to create solutions for how best to prevent such behaviour in academia. This paper proceeds on the assumption that one way forward is to prepare students in higher education at an early stage and to encourage a smoother transition from academic integrity to research integrity by incorporating academic integrity training as an ongoing part of the curriculum. To this end, this paper presents three checklists developed as part of the Erasmus+ Strategic Partnership project Bridging Integrity in Higher Education, Business and Society (BRIDGE, 2020-1-SE01-KA203-077973). The aim of the checklists is to help students and their supervisors to bridge academic integrity and research integrity in research training. The checklists target master students, doctoral students, and their supervisors. This paper presents the theoretical background of the checklists, how they were developed, their content, and how they may be used in supervising thesis/dissertation work to promote a transition from academic integrity to research integrity.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Ozolinčiūtė, Eglė, et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for Research Ethics and Research Integrity in Citizen Science
- 2022
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Ingår i: Research Ideas and Outcomes. - : Pensoft Publishers. - 2367-7163. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Students and researchers might have diverse ideas about and motivations for citizen science (CS) projects. To prevent uncertainty, we address ethical concerns emerging in CS projects and in CS in general, specifically, the transferability of the ethical skills and knowledge gained within academia (e.g. through studying and research conduct). We dedicate these Guidelines for Research Ethics and Research Integrity in Citizen Science primarily to Masters and Doctoral students and their supervisors, to facilitate CS-related research activities (i.e. mainstream CS) in line with the values of academic integrity. Using a pool of 85 papers, we identified nine topics covering 22 customised guidelines and supplemented them with further readings to build more in-depth knowledge.
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| 39. |
- Persson, Vilhelm, et al.
(författare)
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Konsekvenser om etikprövningskrav inte uppfylls : Komplext och svåröverskådligt samspel mellan olika regelverk
- 2023
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Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift. - : Fahlbeckska stiftelsen. - 0039-0747. ; 125:4, s. 1119-1142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I Sverige är det förbjudet att bedriva viss forskning om denna inte först har godkänts vid en etikprövning. Det är endast Etikprövningsmyndigheten eller, efter överklagande, Överklagandenämnden för etikprövning (nedan Önep), som kan ge ett sådant godkännande. Detta framgår av lagen (2003:460) om etikprövning av forskning som avser människor (nedan EPL). Forskning kan ske i strid med förbudet genom att erforderlig prövning aldrig skett, att ansökan om forskningen avslagits eller att forskningen (i relevant mening) skiljt sig från det som angivits i en godkänd ansökan. Att forskare bryter mot lagen kan förstås bero på medvetna val, men kan också orsakas av olika slags missuppfattningar. Om någon bryter mot förbudet kan flera olika konsekvenser uppkomma, vilket diskuteras i denna artikel.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Sochor, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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Privacy in the Eighteen-Wheel Workplace
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to investigate the situation of professional Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) drivers in the mobile workplace; in particular the drivers’ perceptions of privacy regarding the positioning services in their vehicles in contrast to the perceptions of their employers (road haulage companies). Although mobile technologies are increasingly blurring the distinctions between places of work and non-work, most research on workplace privacy has focused on the traditional office setting. The empirical interview results indicate that most respondents are pro-technology and trust the employer to protect driver privacy and HGV data. However, the results also reveal significant gaps in knowledge about what HGV data is collected, in communication between employers and employees regarding data gathering and handling practices, and in expected versus actual behavior modification as a result of workplace monitoring. The employers are perceived as the greatest beneficiaries of the in-vehicle positioning systems and services, which could be linked to the systematic lack of feedback to the drivers. As employees are not normally able to provide informed consent due to their dependent position, recommendations for organizations include performing comprehensive impact assessments, engaging in an ongoing dialogue with employees, and providing an opt-out option in order to move towards a more informed consent.
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| 42. |
- Wahlberg, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Om betydelsen av etikprövningslagens syfte att skydda respekten för människovärdet
- 2023
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Ingår i: Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift. - : Stiftelsen Juridisk Fakultetslitteratur. - 0015-8585. ; :3, s. 309-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lagen (2003:460) om etikprövning av forskning som avser människor (etikprövningslagen) kräver etikprövning för viss forskning på människor. Enligt 1 § är lagens syfte att skydda den enskilda människan och respekten för människovärdet vid forskning. I denna artikel diskuteras betydelsen av lagens syfte att skydda respekten för människovärdet. Eftersom etikprövningslagen och dess förarbeten inte ger en klar bild av vad som avses med ”människovärde” relaterar artikeln det som går att utläsa ur dessa källor till framträdande idéer om människovärde i den internationella rätten om mänskliga rättigheter, inom bioetiken och i förarbetena till andra svenska regelverk. Med detta som utgångspunkt presenterar artikeln en rekonstruktion av den konceptualisering av människovärdet som kan antas ligga till grund för etikprövningslagen. Denna konceptualisering jämförs sedan med den syn på människovärdet som kan urskiljas i beslut från Överklagandenämnden för etikprövning. Artikeln visar att lagen inte bara är överinkluderande, utan också i väsentliga avseenden underinkluderande i förhållande till sitt syfte att skydda respekten för människovärdet, på så vis att det många gånger är en ren tillfällighet om forskning som framstår som relevant för detta syfte alls är tillståndspliktig.
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| 43. |
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