| 1. |
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- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Review D. - 2470-0010 .- 2470-0029. ; 96:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hudson, Thomas J., et al.
(författare)
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International network of cancer genome projects
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 464:7291, s. 993-998
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) was launched to coordinate large-scale cancer genome studies in tumours from 50 different cancer types and/or subtypes that are of clinical and societal importance across the globe. Systematic studies of more than 25,000 cancer genomes at the genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic levels will reveal the repertoire of oncogenic mutations, uncover traces of the mutagenic influences, define clinically relevant subtypes for prognosis and therapeutic management, and enable the development of new cancer therapies.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bader, Thomas K., et al.
(författare)
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A nano to macroscale study on structure-mechanics relationships of archaeological oak
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Cultural Heritage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1296-2074 .- 1778-3674. ; 14:5, s. 377-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mechanical properties of wood at different length scales of its hierarchical structure are governed by structural and compositional properties on smaller length scales. This opens up the possibility to use microstructural data for estimating mechanical properties, which are difficult to assess by conventional, destructive testing but are nevertheless of high relevance for conservation practice. Herein, we investigate such microstructure-mechanics relationships for a particular example, namely the load bearing archaeological oak of the Oseberg Viking ship, displayed at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway. In order to identify the effects of degradation on the mechanical behavior and their relations to the microstructure, recent oak specimens of different geographical origin (Norway and Austria) are investigated as well. Wood exhibits a cellular structure. Its cell walls are composed of an amorphous polymer matrix consisting of lignin and hemicelluloses and embedded, stiff cellulose fibers. At the cell level, experimental studies comprised microscopic investigations of the cellular structure, chemical analyses of the composition of the cell walls, as well as nanoindentation tests on single cell walls. The same samples were also analyzed on the macroscopic level, where additionally mass density and annual ring data were measured together with ultrasonic stiffnesses. The chemical data clearly indicate deterioration in the archaeological oak, affecting mainly hemicelluloses and amorphous cellulose. At the cell wall scale, however, this does not necessarily lead to a weaker material behavior. The nanoindentation modulus, as a measure of the cell wall stiffness, was found to even increase. This is counterintuitive to our understanding of the effects of chemical degradation. It might be due to possible modification of lignin in the Oseberg oak, and thus have a stronger effect on the indentation modulus than the concurrent weakening of the interfaces between the load-carrying cellulose fibers and the connecting cell wall matrix when analyzing wood at the microscopic level. A similar effect is also observed for the transversal stiffness of macroscopic samples, which increases. In tension-dominated loading modes, however, the degradation of the interfaces is the dominant effect, resulting for example in a considerable reduction of the macroscopic stiffness in longitudinal direction. This underlines the utmost relevance of the loading condition on the remaining load-carrying capacity of degraded wood. On the macroscale, effects of the geographical origin (i.e. growth conditions) on ring characteristics of the oak tissues override the effects of degradation on the mechanical behavior. They have to be carefully extracted in order to come up with conclusions on the effect of degradation from macroscopic test results. The identified microstructure-mechanics relationships provide the basis for–in further research steps–building mathematical models describing the relations between microstructural characteristics and macroscopic mechanical properties and, thereon, for structural analyses of historical wooden objects.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Konnerth, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Macro- and micro-mechanical properties of red oak wood (Quercus rubra L.) treated with hemicellulases
- 2010
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Ingår i: Holzforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0018-3830 .- 1437-434X. ; 64:4, s. 447-453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Red oak wood (Quercus rubra L.) samples were submitted to an enzymatic treatment with a commercial mixture of hemicellulases aiming at the selective depolymerization and removal of the hemicelluloses. Mechanical properties of treated samples were characterized and compared with untreated samples at two hierarchical levels. At the macrolevel, tensile properties revealed to be less sensitive to degradation of the cell wall matrix compared to compression and hardness properties. Results obtained through indentation at the microlevel indicated that hardness and the so-called reduced modulus of treated wood were significantly lowered. Accordingly, hardness and reduced elastic modulus have proven to be most sensitive to modification of the cell wall matrix by reducing the content of hemicelluloses. It is proposed that transversal and shear stresses, which are mainly carried by the cell wall matrix, are additional parameters having strong effects on elastic modulus obtained by nanoindentation. Micromechanical modeling was employed to confirm the observed changes. There is consistency between the measured and the modeled properties, obtained at both the microlevel and the macrolevel of wood.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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Mixed numerical-experimental methods in woodmicromechanics
- 2012
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Ingår i: COST Action FP 0802. - Edinburgh, Scotland : Proceedings of the Annual Workshop of COST Action FP0802: Micro-characterisation of wood materials and properties. ; , s. 86-87
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)
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| 12. |
- Pinto, Dalila, et al.
(författare)
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Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 466:7304, s. 368-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours. Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability. Although ASDs are known to be highly heritable ( approximately 90%), the underlying genetic determinants are still largely unknown. Here we analysed the genome-wide characteristics of rare (<1% frequency) copy number variation in ASD using dense genotyping arrays. When comparing 996 ASD individuals of European ancestry to 1,287 matched controls, cases were found to carry a higher global burden of rare, genic copy number variants (CNVs) (1.19 fold, P = 0.012), especially so for loci previously implicated in either ASD and/or intellectual disability (1.69 fold, P = 3.4 x 10(-4)). Among the CNVs there were numerous de novo and inherited events, sometimes in combination in a given family, implicating many novel ASD genes such as SHANK2, SYNGAP1, DLGAP2 and the X-linked DDX53-PTCHD1 locus. We also discovered an enrichment of CNVs disrupting functional gene sets involved in cellular proliferation, projection and motility, and GTPase/Ras signalling. Our results reveal many new genetic and functional targets in ASD that may lead to final connected pathways.
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| 13. |
- van Setten, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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PR interval genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 50 loci associated with atrial and atrioventricular electrical activity
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrocardiographic PR interval measures atrio-ventricular depolarization and conduction, and abnormal PR interval is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and heart block. Our genomewide association study of over 92,000 European-descent individuals identifies 44 PR interval loci (34 novel). Examination of these loci reveals known and previously not-yet-reported biological processes involved in cardiac atrial electrical activity. Genes in these loci are overrepresented in cardiac disease processes including heart block and atrial fibrillation. Variants in over half of the 44 loci were associated with atrial or blood transcript expression levels, or were in high linkage disequilibrium with missense variants. Six additional loci were identified either by meta-analysis of similar to 105,000 African and European-descent individuals and/or by pleiotropic analyses combining PR interval with heart rate, QRS interval, and atrial fibrillation. These findings implicate developmental pathways, and identify transcription factors, ionchannel genes, and cell-junction/cell-signaling proteins in atrio-ventricular conduction, identifying potential targets for drug development.
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| 14. |
- Wagner, Leopold, et al.
(författare)
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A combined view on composition, molecular structure, and micromechanics of fungal degraded softwood
- 2015
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Ingår i: Holzforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0018-3830 .- 1437-434X. ; 69:4, s. 471-482
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungal decay alters the composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of wood cell walls. To understand better the structure-function relationships during fungal decay, selected annual rings of fungal deteriorated Scots pine sapwood were analyzed in terms of their composition, microstructure, and micromechanical properties. The datasets were acquired separately for earlywood and latewood concerning the S2 cell wall layer and the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and analyzed by means of principal component analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. Links between cell wall stiffness and hardness and the composition and microstructure could be established. Increased mechanical properties in the CCML, as obtained by nanoindentation, were correlated to the degradation of pectins. In the S2 layer, the altered data were related to the degradation of hemicelluloses and lignin modification during fungal decay.
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| 15. |
- Wagner, Leopold, et al.
(författare)
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Cell wall properties of softwood deteriorated by fungi: combined chemical analyses, FT-IR spectroscopy, nanoindentation and micromechanical modelling
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings IRG Annual Meeting. - Stockholm : The International Research Group on Wood Protection.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mechanical properties of wood are determined by its inherent hierarchical microstructure, starting at the nanometer scale, where the elementary components cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin build up the wood cell wall material. Fungi cause degradation and decomposition of these components and, thus, alter the mechanical properties of wood. The aim of this study is to gain new insight into these relationships at the cell wall level, particularly at early stages of degradation, characterized by a mass loss of less than 10 %. Early detection of deterioration is essential during monitoring of timber structures as it may help avoiding subsequent larger scale damages. This contribution presents results of an ambitious experimental programme covering the determination of earlywood/latewood specific compositional data with consistent microstructural and micromechanical properties. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was studied in reference condition and after degradation by brown rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white rot (Trametes versicolor), respectively. Ultrastructural and compositional data were acquired by means of FT-IR spectroscopy and wet chemical analyses. Micro-structural features, such as the microfibril angle, were determined by X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties of sound and degraded wood cell walls were determined using nanoindentation, yielding the (anisotropic) indentation modulus of the S2 cell wall layer and the cell corner middle lamella of Scots pine tracheids. Aiming at the identification of relationships between ultrastructural and micromechanical characteristics, two different approaches were followed. On the one hand, multivariate data analysis was applied. On the other hand, a multiscale micromechanical model was used to derive causal relationships between structure and (mechanical) function for deteriorated wood. Anisotropic indentation theory allows calculating model predictions for the indentation modulus of the S2 cell wall layer based on measured chemical compositions resulting from the degradation process. Comparing these predictions with the experimental results enables to test hypotheses on possible scenarios of wood cell wall deterioration during fungal attack. Identified relationships between ultrastructural, microstructural, and micromechanical characteristics will be discussed as well as the potential of micromechanical modelling in the analysis of fungal degradation strategies and their effect on the mechanical behaviour.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(författare)
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A numerical study of the stiffness and strength of cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor connections under compression perpendicular to the grain
- 2021
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Ingår i: Buildings. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-5309. ; 11:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in multi-story buildings is increasing due to the potential of wood to reduce green house gas emissions and the high load-bearing capacity of CLT. Compression perpendicular to the grain (CPG) in CLT is an important design aspect, especially in multi-storied platform-type CLT buildings, where CPG stress develops in CLT floors due to loads from the roof or from upper floors. Here, CPG of CLT wall-to-floor connections are studied by means of finite element modeling with elasto-plastic material behavior based on a previously validated Quadratic multi-surface (QMS) failure criterion. Model predictions were first compared with experiments on CLT connections, before the model was used in a parameter study, to investigate the influence of wall and floor thicknesses, the annual ring pattern of the boards and the number of layers in the CLT elements. The finite element model agreed well with experimental findings. Connection stiffness was overestimated, while the strength was only slightly underestimated. The parameter study revealed that the wall thickness effect on the stiffness and strength of the connection was strongest for the practically most relevant wall thicknesses between 80 and about 160 mm. It also showed that an increasing floor thickness leads to higher stiffness and strength, due to the load dispersion effect. The increase was found to be stronger for smaller wall thicknesses. The influence of the annual ring orientation, or the pith location, was assessed as well and showed that boards cut closer to the pith yielded lower stiffness and strength. The findings of the parameter study were fitted with regression equations. Finally, a dimensionless ratio of the wall-to-floor thickness was used for deriving regression equations for stiffness and strength, as well as for load and stiffness increase factors, which could be used for the engineering design of CLT connections.
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| 19. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental assessment of failure criteria for the interaction of normal stress perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress in Norway spruce clear wood
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. - : Springer. - 0018-3768 .- 1436-736X. ; 78, s. 1105-1123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The anisotropic material behavior of wood, considered as a cylindrically orthotropic material with annual rings, leads to several different failure mechanisms already under uniaxial stresses. Stress interaction becomes important in the engineering design of structural elements and is often predicted by failure criteria based on uniaxial properties. The prediction quality of failure criteria has been assessed with longitudinal shear stress interaction, though less is known on rolling shear stress in interaction with stress perpendicular to the grain. The study aims at investigating the corresponding mechanical behavior of Norway spruce (Picea abies) clear wood by validating failure envelopes for stress combinations in the cross-sectional plane, based on experimental investigations. For this purpose, a test setup that controls the stress interaction and loading of clear wood along pre-defined displacement paths needed to be developed. Experimentally defined failure states could then be compared to failure surfaces predicted by the phenomenological failure criteria. Material behavior was quantified in terms of stiffness, strength, and elastic and post-elastic responses on dog-bone shaped specimens loaded along 12 different displacement paths. A comparison with failure criteria for two nominal compressive strain levels showed that a combination of failure criteria would be required to represent the material behavior and consider the positive effect of compressive stresses on the rolling shear strength. The findings of this work will contribute to studying local stress distribution of structural elements and construction details, where stress interactions with rolling shear develop.
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| 20. |
- Akter, Shaheda T.
(författare)
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Experimental characterization and numerical modeling of compression perpendicular to the grain in wood and cross-laminated timber
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Compression perpendicular to the grain (CPG) of wood is a typical loading situation in timber structures. It has been an extensively studied research topic for decades, due to the highly ductile behavior of wood under such loading, the large variations in mechanical properties, and the relevance of these properties in structural design. Among others, the main influencing factors for CPG properties are stressed volume, load and support configurations, and annual ring orientations to the loading direction. After the innovation of the massive, engineered wood based product, cross-laminated timber (CLT) and its application in high rise buildings, CPG of wood has gained further importance. The development of a non-homogeneous, undesired and combined stress state under CPG in solid wood, due to the material anisotropy in the radial-tangential plane, can build up a complex multi-axial stress state in CLT. As a comparatively new product, the study of the influencing factors for CPG properties of CLT, and an understanding of the local material behavior under such loading, is essential for product characterization and for the development of design guidelines to ensure safe and efficient design.The main aim of the doctoral thesis is to establish a relationship betweenthe anisotropic behavior of clear wood in the transverse plane and the structural response of CLT under CPG loading. Both experimental and numerical studies were adopted herein, to enhance the understanding of the basic material behavior and the product and structural behavior. On the clear wood scale, the focus was on developing a test setup for uniaxial and biaxial loading in the radial-tangential(RT) plane. The potential of the developed test setup for the biaxial testing in the transverse plane was exploited for the investigation of the moisture and time dependent behavior of clear wood under radial compression and rolling shear loading. For data acquisition, in addition to the force and displacement data measured by the internal actuators of the testing machine and an external load cell,a contact-free digital image correlation (DIC) system was used in the experimental investigations. A numerical model was developed, which can describe the elasto-plastic behavior of wood under compression in the transverse plane and predict the structural behavior of solid wood and CLT. For that purpose, a novel Quadratic multi-surface (QMS) failure criterion and a simplified Hoffman failure criterion were implemented in a user-subroutine in the finite element software Abaqus®, and their suitability was compared with the Abaqus implemented Hill’s criterion.The validation of the material models was based on the experimental investigations of failure behavior of clear wood under stress perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear interaction. The material models were further utilized to predict the structural response of solid wood and CLT wall-to-floor connections under CPG loading. The predicted response of CLT connections under CPG by using the above-mentioned material models was compared with experiments, which investigated the influences of different connection types, wall and floor thicknesses, positions of walls, and outer deck layer orientations. The models were then applied to investigate the influence of the pith location in the boards, the number of layers and the thickness of walls and the floor on the stiffness and strength of CLT connections. Moreover, the CLT connection’s rotational rigidity as a consequence of compressive force from the upper floor in a multi-story building was studied by means of finite element calculations.The DIC measured strain fields from the experiments on clear wood confirmed the dependence of strain field on the curvature of the annual rings. As regards the material models, Hill’s model resulted in significantly higher force carrying capacity than experiments on clear wood, whereas Hoffman’s and QMS models predicted reasonably well the force-displacement relationships as found in experiments. The Hoffman’s and QMS models predicted stiffness was about 5–10% higher than corresponding experimental results on clear wood, and about 25% higher for CLT connections. The higher difference in the latter case is due to the difference in material properties of clear wood and structural timber, and the contact behavior between the structural members. The results from CLT wall-to-floor connections revealed a strong influence of loading and supporting configurations, wall thickness and pith locations on their stiffness and strength. A compressive loading on the CLT wall showed a positive effect on the rotational stiffness of CLT wall-to-floor connections, which considerably reduces the CLT floor mid-span deflection in comparison to a simply-supported floor.The thesis work contributes to an enhanced understanding of the anisotropic material behavior of wood in the RT-plane and of its effects on structural timber and CLT under CPG loading. The outcomes of the thesis are beneficial to the product design and standardization of CLT and can be applied in further product development and in optimized structural design.
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| 21. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(författare)
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Failure envelope for interaction of stresses perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress in wood
- 2018
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Ingår i: 6<sup>th</sup> European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 6), 7<sup>th</sup> European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD 7), 11 – 15 June 2018, Glasgow, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The orthotropic material property in combination with ductility in compression, brittleness in shear and tension, very low shear modulus in radial-tangential (RT) plane etc. requires anisotropic stress failure criteria, as well as their evolution with increasing strains. Three- dimensional failure criteria have been proposed for this purpose, but their validation in the RT plane with interaction of rolling shear stresses has attracted less attention. Corresponding stress interactions are however important for modelling of engineered wood-based products under compression perpendicular to the grain when taking into account influence of the annual ring structure.The work aims at defining failure envelopes for stresses perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress interaction based on experimental investigations performed on Norway spruce. The experimental set-up was realized in a biaxial testing frame and consisted of stiff steel plates to transfer load from the testing machine to wood specimen. Mechanical grips prevented rotation and uplifting of the specimen in case of pure shear and tensile loading, respectively. In addition to conventional linear variable differential transformers, a digital image correlation system was used to measure strain fields on the surface of wood specimens and steel plates. Measurements of dog-bone shaped specimens were carried out along different stress interaction paths by displacement controlled loading.The experimental dataset was then compared with commonly used phenomenological failure criteria, namely Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu [1], Norris [2] and Hoffman, as well as with regression equations from previous works [3].Experiments revealed that the stress-strain relationship under compression, shear, and biaxial loading differs in radial and tangential directions. None of the three-dimensional stress failure criteria provided good prediction of experiments under compression and rolling shear, but experimental data was closer to the regression equation proposed in [3].
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(författare)
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Moisture and short-term time-dependent behavior of Norway spruce clear wood under compression perpendicular to the grain and rolling shear
- 2023
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Ingår i: Wood Material Science & Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 18:2, s. 580-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Material properties of wood under compression perpendicular to the grain and rolling shear are important for the engineering design of timber structures. This regards the short-term stiffness and strength, their dependence on the moisture content of wood, as well as the time-dependent behavior. Norway spruce clear wood properties in the transverse plane of wood were studied inan experimental campaign exploiting an earlier developed biaxial test setup. The moisture dependence of the stiffness and strength and the short-term time-dependent creep deformations under compression in the radial direction and under rolling shear were characterized. Loading and unloading stiffness, as well as the strength, were determined in quasi-static tests at five different moisture contents from 4% to 29%. The elastic and viscous stiffnesses were identified in creep tests at three compressive stress levels of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 N/mm2, and at two rolling shear stress levels of 0.33 and 0.50 N/mm2. The test data complements the existing experimental database, especially with novel data regarding the moisture dependence of the rolling shear strength, which showed less moisture dependence than the compressive strength perpendicular to the grain. The results of the creep tests revealed different material properties for the different loading and material directions of wood.
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| 25. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(författare)
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Numerical modelling of wood under combined loading of compressionperpendicular to the grain and rolling shear
- 2021
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Ingår i: Engineering structures. - : Elsevier. - 0141-0296 .- 1873-7323. ; 244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical modeling is an efficient tool for experimental validation and for gaining a deeper understanding of complex material phenomena, especially when causal relationships are overlaid by material variability. Wood is such a highly orthotropic and complex material, which in engineering problems however is considered as macro- homogeneous. The aim of this study is to numerically investigate stress and strain states of wood in the radial- tangential plane and the influence of the orthotropic material behavior on the structural response. Model vali-dation is based on experiments performed on clear wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies) by using a biaxial test setup. Three material models were used, namely Hill’s plasticity model, the Hoffman criterion and a novel quadratic multi-surface (QMS) criterion. After validation on the local material scale, the models were applied to the engineering problem of compression perpendicular to the grain for studying the effect of the unloaded length. As a novel part, the influence of the annual ring structure on the local material behavior and the global elasto- plastic force–displacement behavior of wood under compression perpendicular to the grain were numerically investigated. Hill’s failure criterion was found to be the least suitable at both length scales, local material behavior and global structural response. The Hoffman and the QMS criteria showed quite good agreement with the biaxial experiments in terms of force–displacement relations and strain distributions for different loading situations, especially for combinations with radial compression, while there was less agreement with experiments for the behavior of combinations with tangential compression. Application of these material models to compression perpendicular to the grain for studying the unloaded length effect yielded similar trends as observed in structural tests. A reasonable and similar force–displacement response by Hoffman and QMS criteria was observed, while Hill’s model yielded significantly overestimated force carrying capacity. Differences in force-–displacement response for different loading situations were well in line with literature findings and the infl-ence of the annual ring curvature on the overall force–displacement behavior could be quantified.
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| 26. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(författare)
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Stiffness of cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall-to-floor-to-wall connections in platform-type structures
- 2021
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Ingår i: World Conference on Timber Engineering 2021, WCTE 2021. - Santiago, Chile : World Conference on Timber Engineering, WCTE.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wall-to-floor-to-wall connections are important for the performance of multi-storey, platform-type cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures. Their stiffness properties are studied by means of a numerical model, which was previously validated with experimental data from material testing and CLT connections loaded perpendicular to the grain. In this work, the stiffness of CLT wall-to-floor-to-wall connections is derived and its dependence on the compressive loading in the CLT walls and on wall and floor thicknesses were investigated. The compatibility of the local model with the connection size in structural design models, was investigated by studying the effect of the floor length and the wall height in the numerical model. The results showed that both rotational elastic stiffness and moment capacity of the floor connection increase with increasing compressive force on the CLT wall. However, a moderate decrease in stiffness, but a stronger rotation hardening was found for higher wall pressures, while lower wall pressures yielded an ideal plastic behaviour. The wall thickness showed a higher influence on the connection stiffness and moment capacity than the floor thickness. The influence of the support condition on the deflection of a CLT floor was exemplified. This study includes novel stiffness data for the design of CLT floors in platform type constructions.
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| 27. |
- Alfredsen, Gry, et al.
(författare)
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Basidiomycete colonization of Scots pine sapwood quantified by qPCR and TGA
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is an important softwood species in Northern Europe and is frequently used as material for various wood protection systems. In Europe, EN 113 is the standard basidiomycete laboratory durability test method, using mass loss as evaluation criteria. In this paper quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to characterize colonization by basidiomycetes in Scots pine sapwood, but also to learn more about the EN 113 test. Two different wood sample sizes were tested. For Gloeophyllum trabeum the largest sample size gave the highest mass loss, while for the smallest samples Trametes versicolor gave the highest mass loss. As expected, fungal DNA content and mass loss in Scots pine sapwood samples decayed by G. trabeum became higher with increasing incubation time of 16 weeks. More unexpectedly, the T. versicolor DNA content in Scots pine sapwood samples was highest at the start of the incubation period and declined during the incubation period, while mass loss increased during the 28 week incubation period. The fungal colonization in the side and middle of EN 113 samples was tested. Highest DNA contents of G. trabeum were measured in the sides during 16 weeks of incubation. The T. versicolor DNA content was higher or similar in the side compared to the middle of the samples until week 20. For weeks 20 and 22 the DNA content was higher in the middle than in the sides, while for the remaining incubation period (weeks 24, 26 and 28) it was quite similar. TGA was shown to be a useful and fast method for chemical characterization of brown rot decayed wood, but cannot be used for white rot decayed wood. For T. versicolor moisture and fungal DNA explained most of the variation in mass loss, while for G. trabeum moisture explained most of the variation in mass loss.
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| 28. |
- Alfredsen, Gry, et al.
(författare)
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Thermogravimetric analysis for wood decay characterisation
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-3768 .- 1436-736X. ; 70:4, s. 527-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper focuses on the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as a fast method for estimating the change of lignocellulosic materials during fungal degradation in laboratory trials. Traditionally, evaluations of durability tests are based on mass loss. However, to gain more knowledge of the reasons for differences in durability and strength between wooden materials, information on the chemical changes is needed. Pinus sylvestris sapwood was incubated with the brown rot fungusGloeophyllum trabeum and the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor. The TGA approach used was found to be reproducible between laboratories. The TGA method did not prove useful for wood deteriorated by white rot, but the TGA showed to be a convenient tool for fast estimation of lignocellulosic components both in sound wood and wood decayed by brown rot.
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| 29. |
- Bader, Thomas K.
(författare)
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Adaptability and Structural Design of Stadia
- 2008
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this master's thesis is to analyse recent developments in the design of stadia. In particular, the aim to make stadia adaptable in terms of use led to new challenges for the structural design. On one side, in order to increase event days per year, there are multi-purpose stadia for various sports, as well as for non-sporting events. Movable structures for seating tiers, pitches, and roofs developed for stadia that are suitable for various events. The design of these structures is discussed in this thesis. On the other side, major events require stadia with pre-determined capacities, which may be unsuitable for a long-term use. For this purpose, demountable structures for spectator accommodation are used to increase the capacity just temporary for the duration of a major event. Furthermore, general concepts for the structural design of stands and roofs are discussed. In addition, case studies of recent developments for major events, multi-purpose stadia, and stadia in the UK are analysed. Due to a study in the UK, there are British guidelines discussed in this thesis.
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| 30. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Berechnungsmodell für das Last-Verformungsverhalten von Stabdübelgruppen im Ingenieurholzbau
- 2014
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Ingår i: Berichte der Fachtagung Baustatik-Baupraxis 12. - München : Technischen Universität, München. - 9783000412561 ; , s. 113-121
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In diesem Beitrag wird ein Berechnungsmodell für das Last-Verformungsverhalten von Stabdübelgruppen vorgestellt, mit dem lokale Verbindungsmittelkräfte und Verbindungsmitteldeformationen mit zugehörigen globale Schnittgrößen und Relativverformungen konsistent berechnet werden können. Grundlage dafür bildet das Last-Verformungsverhalten des Einzeldübels, das mit Hilfe eines baustatischen Modellierungsansatzes hergeleitet wird. Ein wesentlicher Eingangsparameter dieses Modells ist die Lochleibungsfestigkeit von Holz, die für beliebige Kraft-Faserrichtungen experimentell untersucht wurde. Mit Hilfe des vorgestellten Berechnungsmodells für Stabdübelgruppen können die Tragfähigkeit einer Verbindung unter einer beliebigen Kombination von Normalkraft, Querkraft und Momentenbeanspruchung und die zugehörige Relativverformung berechnet werden. Mit dem vorgestellten Berechnungsmodell kann der lastfallabhängige Einfluss einer Verbindung auf Schnittgrößen-Verformungsinteraktionen direkt in der baustatischen Berechnung von Holzkonstruktionen berücksichtigt werden.
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| 31. |
- Bader, Thomas K., et al.
(författare)
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Changes in microstructure and stiffness of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) sapwood degraded by Gloeophyllum trabeum and Trametes versicolor Part II : Anisotropic stiffness properties
- 2012
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Ingår i: Holzforschung. - 0018-3830 .- 1437-434X. ; 66:2, s. 199-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungal decay considerably affects the macroscopic mechanical properties of wood as a result of modifications and degradations in its microscopic structure. While effects on mechanical properties related to the stem direction are fairly well understood, effects on radial and tangential directions (transverse properties) are less well investigated. In the present study, changes of longitudinal elastic moduli and stiffness data in all anatomical directions of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood which was degraded by Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot) and Trametes versicolor (white rot) for up to 28 weeks have been investigated. Transverse properties were found to be much more deteriorated than the longitudinal ones. This is because of the degradation of the polymer matrix between the cellulose microfibrils, which has a strong effect on transverse stiffness. Longitudinal stiffness, on the other hand, is mainly governed by cellulose microfibrils, which are more stable agains fungal decay. G. trabeum (more active in earlywood) strongly weakens radial stiffness, whereas T. versicolor (more active in latewood) strongly reduces tangential stiffness. The data in terms of radial and tangential stiffnesses, as well as the corresponding anisotropy ratios, seem to be suitable as durability indicators of wood and even allow conclusions to be made on the degradation mechanisms of fungi.
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| 32. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Combined ultrasonic-mechanical characterization of orthotropic elastic properties of an unrefined bagasse fiber-polypropylene composite
- 2016
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Ingår i: Composites Part B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-8368 .- 1879-1069. ; 95, s. 96-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of wood-fiber plastics for construction purposes calls for comprehensive understanding of their anisotropic mechanical properties. As a respective contribution, we here report the first-ever complete elasticity characterization of an orthotropic bagasse fiber polypropylene composite, requiring identification of nine independent constants. For this purpose, we carry out characterization in principal material directions. Six diagonal stiffness tensor components are quantified based on ultrasonic longitudinal and shear wave velocity measurements; and three diagonal compliance tensor components are identified as the inverses of three Young’s moduli derived from unloading regimes of quasi-static uniaxial compression tests. Combination of all measurement data in the framework of orthotropic linear elasticity provides access to all off-diagonal stiffness and compliance tensor components, opening the door to quantifying six Poisson’s ratios.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Decrease of stiffness properties of degraded wood predicted by means of micromechanical modeling
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Research Group on Wood Protection IRG/WP 11-40570. - : International Research Group on Wood Protection. ; , s. 2-15
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wood exhibits a highly anisotropic mechanical behavior due to its heterogeneous microscopic structure and composition. Its microstructure is organized in a strictly hierarchical manner from a length scale of some nanometers, where the elementary constituents cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and extractives are found, up to a length scale of some millimeters, where growth rings composed of earlywood and latewood are observed. To resolve the microscale origin of the mechanical response of the macro-homogeneous but micro-heterogeneous material wood, micromechanical modeling techniques were applied. They allow for prediction of clear wood stiffness from microstructural characteristics. Fungal decay causes changes in the wood microstructure, expressed by modification or degradation of its components. Consequently, macroscopic mechanical properties are decreasing. Thus, in the same manner as for clear wood, consideration of alterations of wood in a micromechanical model allows predicting changes in the macroscopic mechanical properties. This contribution covers results from an extensive experimental program, where changes in chemophysical properties and corresponding changes in the mechanical behavior were investigated. For this purpose, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples were measured in the reference condition, as well as degraded by brown rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) or white rot (Trametes versicolor). Stiffness properties of the unaffected and the degraded material were not only measured in uniaxial tension tests in the longitudinal direction, but also in the three principal material directions by means of ultrasonic testing. The experiments revealed transversal stiffness properties to be much more sensitive to degradation than longitudinal stiffness properties. This is due to the degradation of the polymer matrix between the cellulose fibers, which has a strong effect on the transversal stiffness. On the contrary, longitudinal stiffness is mainly governed by cellulose, which is more stable with respect to degradation by fungi. Consequently, transversal stiffness properties or ratios of normal stiffness tensor components may constitute suitable durability indicators. Subsequently, simple micromechanical models, as well as a multiscale micromechanical model for wood stiffness, were applied for verification of hypotheses on degradation mechanisms and model validation.
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| 35. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Dowel deformations in multi-dowel LVL-connections under moment loading
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wood Material Science & Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 10:3, s. 216-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the experimental study presented herein is the assessment and quantification of the behavior of individual dowels in multi-dowel connections loaded by a bending moment. For this purpose, double-shear, steel-to-timber connections with nine steel dowels arranged in different patterns and with different dowel diameters were tested in four-point bending. In order to achieve a ductile behavior with up to 7° relative rotation, the connections were partly reinforced with self-tapping screws. The reinforcement did not influence the global load–deformation behavior, neither for dowel diameters of 12 mm nor for 20 mm, as long as cracking was not decisive. The deformation of the individual dowels was studied by means of a non-contact deformation measurement system. Thus, the crushing deformation, that is, the deformation at the steel plate, and the bending deformation of the dowels could be quantified. In the case of 12 mm dowels, the bending deformation was larger than the crushing deformation, while it was smaller in the case of 20 mm dowels. Moreover, dowels loaded parallel to the grain showed larger bending deformations than dowels loaded perpendicular to the grain. This indicates that the loading of the individual dowels in the connection differs depending on their location.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Engineering design for anefficient assembly of multi-storycross-laminated timber structures : A survey conducted between November 2020 and November 2021
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Design for efficient assembly is essential to further enhance the competitiveness of cross-laminated timber building systems for multi-story timber structures. This requires a holistic view from the design of the load bearing structures by structural engineers, over the production, pre-fabrication, and transport to the assembly of the structural elements on-site, which often is done by different companies with input from different stakeholders in the construction process. Especially the design of connections between CLT elements, and CLT and other construction materials and products, as well as the size of CLT elements and possibilities for pre-fabrication are crucial for an efficient assembly process. The paper summarizes findings from expert interviews with a focus on Sweden along the before-mentioned value chain, with the aim to identify current practice and potentials for further improvements. Design for efficient assembly starts at the early-stage design and involves all stakeholders in the design construction process. The reduction of uncertainties in the design and assembly process of multi-storey CLT structures as well as knowledge and experience transfer could lead to more efficient design. The identified requirements for efficient assembly should be combined with a life cycle analysis to quantify the potential for a reduction of the carbon footprint of CLT-based building systems, which is the aim of the ongoing research project ‘Improving the competitive advantage of CLT-based building systems through engineering design and reduced carbon footprint’.
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| 38. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Assessment of the Load Distribution in Multi-Dowel Timber Connections
- 2016
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Ingår i: 17th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Rhodes, Greece, July 3-7, 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An integrative, hierarchically organized testing procedure for the quantification of the load distribution in multi-dowel timber connections is presented herein. The use of contactless deformation measurement systems allowed the combination of test data from single dowel and multi-dowel connections, which gave access to the loads acting on each dowel over the full loading history. As a consequence of the anisotropic material behavior of wood, a nonuniform and progressively changing load distribution among the dowels was found.
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| 39. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental characterization of the global and local behavior of multi-dowel LVL-connections under complex loading
- 2016
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Ingår i: Materials and Structures. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1359-5997 .- 1871-6873. ; 49:6, s. 2407-2424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thorough experimental characterization of a dowel-type connection under various combinations of bending moments and normal forces is presented in this study. Double-shear steel-to-timber connections with 12 and 20 mm steel dowels were tested in a 4-point bending test set-up. The load, between the connected steel and wood beams, was transferred by the dowels themselves and also via an additional (passive) contact device, which introduced an eccentric normal force in the timber beam. The behavior of the connections was studied at the global scale of the connection and at the local scale of the individual dowels. A non-contact deformation measurement system was used to assess the changes of the location of the center of relative rotation over the entire loading. At the same time, the head deformations of the individual dowels could be measured, giving a direct indication about the force distribution among the dowels. Due to reinforcement, connections behaved distinctly ductile with a global relative rotation of up to 3°. Pre-stressing of the contact device by a force of 40 kN yielded an even stiffer behavior. For the particular configurations tested herein, the center of rotation was found to be close to the vertical axis of symmetry of the joint and close to the top row of the dowels. Moreover, the superimposed vertical shift of the center of relative rotation in case of a delayed normal force could be quantified. © 2015 RILEM
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| 40. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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From lignin to spruce : Poromechanical upscaling of wood strength
- 2011
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Ingår i: 2010 MRS Fall Meeting. - Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA : Materials Research Society. - 9781605112787 ; , s. 75-80
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wood strength is highly anisotropic, due to the inherent structural hierarchy of the material. In the framework of a combined random-periodic multiscale poro-micromechanics model, we here translate compositional information throughout this hierarchy into the resulting anisotropic strength at the softwood level, based on “universal” elastic properties of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, and on the shear strength of the latter elementary constituent. Therefore, derivation of the elastic energy in a piece (representative volume element – RVE) of softwood, stemming from homogeneous macroscopic strains prescribed in terms of displacements at the boundary of the RVE and from pressure exerted by water filling the nanoporous space between the hemicelluloses-lignin network within the cell walls, with respect to the shear stiffness of lignin, yields higher order strains in the lignin phase, approximating micro-stress peaks leading to local lignin failure. Relating this (quasi-brittle) failure to overall softwood failure (or strictly speaking, elastic limit of softwood) results in a macroscopic microstructure-dependent failure criterion for softwood. The latter satisfactorily predicts the biaxial strength of spruce at various loading angles with respect to the grain direction. The model also predicts the experimentally well-established fact that uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths, as well as the shear strength of wood, depend quasi-linearly on the cell water content, but highly nonlinearly on the lumen porosity.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Ingenieurmodelle für die Strukturmodellierung und Nachweisführung von stiftförmigen Verbindungen im Holzbau : (Engineering models for the structural design and verification of dowel-type connections in timber structures)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Österreichische Ingenieur- und Architekten-Zeitschrift. - : Oesterreichischen Ingenieur- und Architekten-Vereines. - 0721-9415. ; 162:1-12, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Connections of elements in timber structures play an important role, not only due to their pronounced effect on the mechanical behavior of structures, but also due to the fact they can be decisive for the economic success of timber structures. Herein, approaches for a calculation of the ductile load-displacement behavior of dowel-type connections, of multi-dowel joints and of stresses in their timber matrix, by means of numerical methods, are presented. With these methods, kinematically compatible relative deformations of joints under arbitrary plane loading conditions and their effect on the mechanical behavior of timber structures can be reasonably predicted. The combination of the presented models and their integration in the structural analysis and the verification of timber structures lead to a more realistic prediction of their behavior (internal forces, stresses and deformations), as well as to a more economic design of timber structures.
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| 44. |
- Bader, Thomas K., et al.
(författare)
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Integrative experimental characterization and engineering modeling of single-dowel connections in LVL
- 2016
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Ingår i: Construction and Building Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-0618 .- 1879-0526. ; 107, s. 235-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to be able to realistically and consistently elucidate and subsequently simulate the load displacement behavior of single-dowel connections, the material behavior of the individual components, namely steel dowels and wood, needs to be investigated. The behavior of slotted-in, single-dowel steel-to-laminated veneer lumber (LVL) connections with dowel diameters of 12 and 20 mm is thoroughly discussed here in relation to steel dowel and LVL properties. In addition to connection tests at different load-to-grain directions of 0, 45 and 90, the corresponding embedment behavior of LVL was tested up to dowel displacements of three times the dowel diameter. The material behavior of steel dowels was studied by means of tensile and 3-point bending tests and accompanying finite element simulations. A pronounced nonlinear behavior of the single-dowel connections was observed for all load-to-grain directions. In case of loading perpendicular to the grain, a significant hardening behavior was obvious. Due to the anisotropic material properties of wood, enforcing a loading direction of 45 to the grain resulted in an additional force perpendicular to the load direction which was quantified in a novel biaxial test setup. Thus, a comprehensive and consistent database over different scales of observations of dowel connections could be established, which subsequently was exploited by means of engineering modeling. The comparison of experimental and numerical data illustrates the potential of the engineering modeling approach to overcome drawbacks of current design regulations, which are unable to appropriately predict stiffness properties of dowel connections. Moreover, the quasi-elastic limit of dowel connections was calculated and discussed by means of the model. (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Load Distribution in Multi-Dowel Timber Connections under Moment Loading : Integrative Evaluation of Multiscale Experiments
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2016 World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE). - Vienna : Vienna University of Technology. - 9783903039001
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The load distribution in multi-dowel timber connections under bending moments was investigated by means of an integrative evaluation of a hierarchically organized test program, which encompassed component tests as well as single dowel and multi-dowel connection tests. It was demonstrated that the anisotropic material behaviour of LVL, and consequently of wood in general, leads to a non-uniform distribution among the dowels.
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| 48. |
- Bader, Thomas K.
(författare)
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Mechanical properties of sound and of deteriorated softwood at different length scales : Poromicromechanical modeling and experimental investigations
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to its natural origin and its inherent heterogeneities, mechanical properties of wood are highly anisotropic and show a broad variability, not only between different wood species, but also within a tree. Similar to other biological materials, the wood mi- crostructure is well organized and hierarchically structured from the annual rings visible to the naked eye down to the wood polymers cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin at the nanometer-scale. This thesis aims at a deeper understanding of the role of different hi- erarchical levels and their corresponding physical and chemical characteristics in relation to mechanical properties of sound wood and of deteriorated wood. This is achieved by means of micromechanical modeling and experimental analyses.This thesis starts with the re-formulation of an existing micromechanical model for the elastic behavior and elastic limit states of wood in the framework of poromechanics. The mechanical role of cell wall water at different hierarchical levels is investigated by means of this model. In a broader sense, the developed model allows to investigate the transition of eigenstresses from the cell wall to the softwood level. Moreover, this poromicromechanical model forms the basis for subsequent consideration of a microscopic failure criterion for lignin for the derivation of softwood failure stresses. The suitability of the modeling approach is underlined by a satisfactory agreement of the model-predicted failure stresses with experimental results of biaxial strength tests on Norway spruce.As a result of partly considerably different microstructural characteristics, Common yew exhibits exceptional mechanical properties compared to other softwood species. The re- lationship between microstructure and stiffness properties of Common yew and Norway spruce is investigated by means of the poromicromechanical model and mechanical tests across various length scales. Moreover, this offers the opportunity of a broader model validation. The influence of differences in microfibril angle of the S2 cell wall layer and in mass density between yew and spruce is found to be more dominant than the influence of differences in the annual ring characteristics.The suitability of the poromicromechanical model to predict changes in mechanical prop- erties upon fungal decay is demonstrated. For this purpose, relationships between mi- crostructure and mechanical properties of deteriorated wood are experimentally explored. Changes in mechanical properties and in the microstructure, measured at pine wood samples after standard wood durability tests using one brown rot fungus (Gloeophyl- lum trabeum) and one white rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), are presented. Transverse stiffnesses are revealed to be more sensitive to degradation than longitudinal stiffness, particularly as a result of pronounced degradation of hemicelluloses. Moreover, ultrason- ically derived anisotropy ratios of elastic stiffnesses allow to identify certain degradation mechanisms of the two considered fungi. The experimental campaign is complemented by micromechanical modeling. For this purpose, the micromechanical model is extended to take into account degradation-specific microstructural characteristics.
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| 49. |
- Bader, Thomas K., et al.
(författare)
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Micromechanical modeling of Common yew and Norway spruce
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. - Weinheim : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1617-7061. ; 13:1, s. 185-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this contribution, a micromechanical modeling approach in the framework of poromechanics is adopted to study structure-stiffness relations of two quite different species, namely spruce and yew, in detail. In particular, microstructural specialties of yew and spruce are assessed. A dominant influence of the cellulose content and its orientation on the stiffness of the cell wall is revealed, while on the macroscopic scale, density is found to be the governing microstructural characteristic for elastic properties.
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| 50. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Micromechanical Modeling of Wood : Multiscale Modeling and Model Validation
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to its natural origin and its inherent heterogeneities, mechanical properties of wood are highlyanisotropic and show a broad variability, not only between different wood species, but also within a tree [1].Similar to other biological materials, the wood microstructure is well organized and hierarchically structuredfrom the annual rings visible to the naked eye down to the wood polymers cellulose, hemicellulose, andlignin at the nanometer-scale. The aim of the research conducted at the Institute for Mechanics of Materialsand Structures is a deeper understanding of the role of different hierarchical levels and their correspondingphysical and chemical characteristics in relation to mechanical properties of softwood and hardwood. This isachieved by means of micromechanical modeling and experimental analyses at various length scales.A micromechanical model provides the opportunity to predict poroelastic properties of softwood andhardwood tissues at different hierarchical levels from microstructural and compositional data [1,2]. Thehierarchical organization of wood is mathematically represented in a multiscale model. Effective poroelasticproperties are predicted by means of continuum micromechanical approaches (self-consistent method andMori-Tanaka method), the unit cell method, and laminate theory. These approaches are extended to accountfor water-induced eigenstresses within representative volume elements and repetitive unit cells, which aresubsequently upscaled to the macroscopic wood level.Verification of the micromechanical model for softwood and hardwood with a comprehensive experimentaldataset, shows that it suitably predicts elastic properties at different length scales under the assumption ofundrained conditions [3,4]. Moreover, Biot tensors, expressing how much of the cell wall water-induced porepressure is transferred to the boundary of an overall deformation-free representative volume element (RVE),and Biot moduli, expressing the porosity changes invoked by a pore pressure within such an RVE can bestudied at different length scales. Consequently, the relevance and the contribution of specificmicrostructural characteristics to the load transfer and the deformation characteristics in case of moisturechanges in wood can be studied. Besides the scientific interest in structure-function-relationships, theseinvestigations are motivated by the growing importance of wood as building material.
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