| 1. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Atomic hydrogen in condensed form produced by a catalytic process: A future energy-rich fuel?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 19:6, s. 2235-2239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel method is described for producing an atomic hydrogen material at low pressure, thus far only in microscopic amounts. Hydrogen gas is absorbed in a K-promoted iron oxide catalyst (a hydrogen-abstraction catalyst) and desorbs as clusters containing H atoms at low pressure and at a temperature of < 900 K. The clusters are of the Rydberg matter (RM) type and de-excite from their initial excited state to their lowest state of excitation with a final interatomic distance of 150 pm, which is measured in the experiments. The atomic hydrogen material thus formed is concluded to be metallic by comparison with shock-wave compression experiments. A reliable value of the atomic binding energy is not known from experiments, but a theoretical tentative value for the bonding distance of 150 pin is 163 kJ mol(-1). With such a binding energy, the H(RM) or H(l) material has the highest energy content of any fuel (except nuclear fuel) at 175 MJ kg(-1) and a density of 0.5-0.7 kg dm(-3) depending upon the exact structure. The stability against transformation to hydrogen gas is not known but may be sufficient for many applications. Thus, atomic condensed hydrogen may become an important future energy carrier.
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| 2. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Condensed Atomic Hydrogen as a Possible Target in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Fusion Energy. - 0164-0313 .- 1572-9591. ; 27:4, s. 296-300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- H atom Rydberg matter (RM) in excitation state n = 1 is concluded to be a form of metallic hydrogen [Badiei S, Holmlid L (2004) J Phys Condens Matter 16:7017]. This material can be produced at low pressure. This condensed form of hydrogen may be very useful as a dense hydrogen inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target, being almost metallic and ten times denser than solid (frozen) diatomic hydrogen used at present. Coulomb explosions and plasma formation are initiated in condensed atomic hydrogen even by relatively weak nanosecond pulsed lasers. The protons emitted with high directivity in these explosions are energetic, corresponding to T = 105 K, and they may be utilized to give strong compression of the material. The fastest protons observed at up to 1 keV indicate a compression considerably higher than that required for “fast ignition” fusion.
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| 3. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental observation of an atomic hydrogen material with H-H bond distance of 150 pm suggesting metallic hydrogen
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 16:39, s. 7017-7023
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A phase of hydrogen Rydberg matter (RM) is formed in ultra-high vacuum by desorption of hydrogen from an alkali promoted RM emitter (Holmlid 2002 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 13469). The RM phase is studied by pulsed laser-induced Coulomb explosions which is the best method for detailed studies of the RM clusters. This method gives direct information about the bonding distances in RM from the kinetic energy release in the explosions. At pressures > 10(-6) mbar hydrogen, H* Rydberg atoms are released with an energy of 9.4 eV. This gives a bonding distance of 150 +/- 8 pm which corresponds to a metallic phase of atomic hydrogen using the results by Chau et al (2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 245501). The results indicate that a partial 3D structure is formed.
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| 4. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental studies of fast fragments of H Rydberg matter
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-4075 .- 1361-6455. ; 39:20, s. 4191-4212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comprehensive pulsed-laser time-of-flight (TOF) study of H Rydberg matter (RM) fragments is presented. The nature of the fragments released with well-defined kinetic energies of 9-24 eV is investigated: the detected fragments are found to be H* in Rydberg states with principal quantum number n > 28. The only way to produce such states is from Coulomb explosions in a pre-formed easily laser-fragmented molecular entity. Non-symmetric angular distributions of the fragments are measured and Coulombic shockwave phenomena are observed, which prove that the phase of origin is not a gas but an RM phase. The fast particles are concluded to be formed in two-, three- and four-particle Coulomb explosion processes in an H RM cluster. Laser intensity variation measurements indicate that between four and six photons with a total energy of 8.8-13 eV take part in the RM fragmentation. This proves that laser-induced processes in H-2 or H-2(+) molecules, even in the RM phase, are excluded for energetic reasons. A feasible H RM formation mechanism is deduced from the signal variation with H-2 pressure, with the dissociation of H-2 on the emitter surface as the rate limiting step. The principal quantum number of H Rydberg species H* reaching the detector is estimated to be n > 32 from a comparison of the calculated ionization rate of the H* species in the electric field inside the detector with measurements.
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| 5. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Fusion reactions in high-density hydrogen: A fast route to small-scale fusion?
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ; 34, s. 487-495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-density atomic hydrogen, which is believed to be a quantum liquid, can be formed by heterogeneous catalysis at the surface of hydrogen-transfer metal oxide catalysts. Extensive studies have been made of the hydrogen phase named H(1), with interatomic distance of 150 pm found by Coulomb explosion measurements. This bond distance corresponds to a material density of 0.5–0.7 kgdm-3. The use of this material as fusion target for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is proposed in J Fusion Energy 2008;27:296–300. A much denser hydrogen (deuterium) material D(-1) also exists with an interatomic distance of 2.3 pm. This material is probably the inverse of metallic D(1), where nuclei and electrons exchange their roles. The ICF process would be greatly simplified if the intended initial multi-laser compression stage was not necessary. The close-packed density of D(-1) is calculated from the bond distance as >130 kg cm-3. This is much higher than that required for ‘‘fast ignition’’ laser-driven fusion (>0.3 kg cm-3). It may mean that a method already exists to prepare dense hydrogen fuel for small-scale laser-driven fusion. The high energy particles observed experimentally (up to 150 keV/atomic mass unit in the peak or 10^9 K) indicate that high energy processes exist at relatively low laser intensities.
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| 6. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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High-energy Coulomb explosions in ultra-dense deuterium: Time-of-flight-mass spectrometry with variable energy and flight length
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1387-3806. ; 282, s. 70-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-density hydrogen is of great interest both as a fuel with the highest energy content of any combustion fuel, and as a target material for laser initiated inertial confinement fusion (ICF) [S. Badiei, L. Holmlid, J. Fusion Energ. 27 (2008) 296]. A much denser deuterium material named D(−1) can be observed by pulsed laser induced Coulomb explosions giving a well-defined, high kinetic energy release (KER). Neutral time-of-flight of the fragments from the material shows that the Coulomb explosions have a KER of 630 eV [S. Badiei, P.U. Andersson, L. Holmlid, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 34 (2009) 487]. By using ion time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) with variable acceleration voltages and a few different values of laser pulse power, we now prove the mass and charge of the particles as well as the KER. In fact, the ions are so fast that they must be H+, D+ or T+. By using two different flight lengths, we prove with certainty that the spectra are due to D+ ions and not to photons or electromagnetic effects. The results also establish the fragmentation patterns of the ultra-dense D(−1) material in the electric field. The energy release of 630 ± 30 eV corresponds to an interatomic distance D–D of 2.3 ± 0.1 pm. This material is probably an inverted metal with the deuterons moving in the field from the stationary electrons, which gives a predicted interatomic distance of 2.5 pm, close to the measured value. Thus, we prove that an ultra-dense deuterium material exists.
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| 7. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Laser-driven nuclear fusion D+D in ultra-dense deuterium: MeV particles formed without ignition
- 2010
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Ingår i: Laser and Particle Beams. - 0263-0346. ; 28:2, s. 313-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The short D-D distance of 2.3 pm in the condensed material ultra-dense deuterium means that it is possible that only a small disturbance is required to give D+D fusion. This disturbance could be an intense laser pulse. The high excess kinetic energy of several hundred eV given to the deuterons by laser induced Coulomb explosions in the material increases the probability of spontaneous fusion without the need for a high plasma temperature. The temperature calculated from the normal kinetic energy of the deuterons of 630 eV from the Coulomb explosions is 7 MK, maybe a factor of 10 lower than required for ignition. We now report on experiments where several types of high-energy particles from laser impact on ultra-dense deuterium are detected by plastic scintillators. Fast particles with energy up to 2 MeV are detected at a time-of-flight as short as 60 ns, while neutrons are detected at 50 ns time-of-flight after passage through a steel plate. A strong signal peaking at 22.6 keV u-1 is interpreted as due to mainly T retarded by collisions with H atoms in the surrounding cloud of dense atomic hydrogen.
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| 8. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Laser-induced variable pulse-power TOF-MS and neutral time-of-flight studies of ultradense deuterium
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physica Scripta. - : IOP Publishing. - 0031-8949 .- 1402-4896. ; 81:4, s. 045601 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ultradense atomic deuterium material named D(−1) is conveniently studied by laser-induced Coulomb explosion methods. A well-defined high kinetic energy release (KER) from this material was first reported in Badiei et al (2009 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 34 487) and a two-detector setup was used to prove the high KER and the complex fragmentation patterns in Badiei et al (2009 Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 282 70). The common KER is 630±30 eV, which corresponds to an interatomic distance D–D of 2.3±0.1 pm. In both ion and neutral time-of-flight (TOF) measurement, two similar detectors at widely different flight distances prove that atomic particles are observed. New results on neutral TOF spectra are now reported for the material D(−1). It is shown that density changes of D(−1) are coupled to similar changes in ordinary dense D(1), and it is proposed that these two forms of dense deuterium are rapidly transformed into each other. The TOF-MS signal dependence on the intensity of the laser is studied in detail. The fast deuteron intensity is independent of the laser power over a large range, which suggests that D(−1) is a superfluid with long-range efficient transport of excitation energy or particles.
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| 9. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Laser initiated detonation in Rydberg matter with a fast propagating shock wave, releasing protons with keV kinetic energy
- 2005
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Ingår i: Physics Letters A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0375-9601. ; 344:2-4, s. 265-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laser pulses of 50 mJ energy initiate detonations that release energy and create shock waves in a phase of Rydberg matter (RM) mainly consisting of H-2 RM clusters. The shock wave has a speed of approximately 20 km s(-1). It is observed in coupled angular and time-of-flight distributions of charges released. The high speed of the shock indicates that RM is a condensed material. The kinetic energy of protons from hydrodynamic acceleration is > 1 keV. Protons are also released directly in Coulomb explosions from the lowest energy state n = 1 of H RM, with energies of 9.4 and 19 eV. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Lowest state n=1 of H atom Rydberg matter: many eV energy release in Coulomb explosions
- 2004
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Ingår i: Physics Letters A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0375-9601. ; 327:2-3, s. 186-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutral Rydberg species with well defined kinetic energy of 9.4 eV per unit mass are emitted from a cloud of Rydberg matter (RM) when a 5 ns laser pulse passes through it. The energy of 9.4 eV agrees with the energy relased at a principal quantum number n = 1 in RM. This level is expected in the RM form only for hydrogen atoms, and has not been observed previously. RM consisting partially of H atoms is now produced using a hydrogen gas pressure > 10(-6) mbar. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Production of ultradense deuterium: A compact future fusion fuel
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - 1077-3118. ; 96:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultradense deuterium as a nuclear fuel in laser-ignited inertial confinement fusion appears to have many advantages. The density of ultradense deuterium D(−1) is as high as 140 kg cm−3 or 10^29 cm−3. This means that D(−1) will be very useful as a target fuel, circumventing the complex and unstable laser compression stage. We show that the material is stable apart from the oscillation between two forms, and can exist for days in the laboratory environment. We also demonstrate that an amount of D(−1) corresponding to tens of kilojoules is produced in each experiment. This may be sufficient for break-even.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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The Rydberg matter laser: excitation, delays and mode effects in the laser cavity medium
- 2005
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Ingår i: Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. ; 81:4, s. 549-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporal and temperature effects are studied in Rydberg matter (RM) formed from K atoms and N-2 molecules as the active medium in a cavity. The function of this setup as a laser was recently described. Temperature-variation studies show that the photons re-exciting the RM clusters usually have a longer wavelength than the photons emitted in the stimulated emission process in the cavity. The deficit is probably covered by background photons. Very long time constants observed after emitter temperature changes indicate that long-wavelength photon energy is accumulated in the RM clusters. Long-wavelength modes are located farther from the RM emitter. The modal structure can be TEM01 or TEM00, as observed clearly by the spatial structure in rapid pulsing experiments. The in-cavity chopped beam signal is delayed by approximately 50 mu s. The initial growth rate of the signal during chopping is temperature dependent. Tailing is also observed by chopping, but rapid pulsing of the beam with a spinning mirror does not show any delay of the start of the lasing. The conclusion is that delays exist in the stimulated emission process. The broad intense band appearing at 11 000 nm is shown to be formed partly by light in the range 3500-5000 nm, probably by standing wave interaction at the grating surface (grating bands).
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| 14. |
- Åkesson, Haideh, et al.
(författare)
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Angular variation of time-of-flight of neutral clusters released from Rydberg Matter: Primary and secondary Coulomb explosion processes
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-0104. ; 321:1-2, s. 215-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laser induced Coulomb explosions give precise information on the masses of the clusters released in the quantised kinetic energy release (KER) in an electronically excited phase Rydberg Matter (RM). A model is given that describes the non-trivial variations of time-of-flight (TOF) with detector angle as due to the spatial origin of the clusters. Three types of TOF peaks are identified: from the laser waist, from the region along the laser beam and from the edge of the blow-out cone at which a shock wave is initiated. Cluster masses and KER energies can be accurately assigned using this model. RM clusters and are confirmed, and a new cluster is identified. At low laser levels, large fluctuations in signal intensities from the laser waist are observed, proving that the phase sampled is not gaseous but fractal in nature.
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