| 1. |
- Bahaloohoreh, Hassan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Ice sintering: Dependence of sintering force on temperature, load, duration, and particle size
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 131:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experiments along with an approximate, semi-analytic, close-form solution to predict ice sintering force as a function of temperature, contact load, contact duration, and particle size during the primary stage of sintering. The ice sintering force increases nearly linear with increasing contact load but nonlinear with both contact duration and particle size in the form of a power law. The exponent of the power law for size dependence is around the value predicted by general sintering theory. The temperature dependence of the sintering force is also nonlinear and follows the Arrhenius equation. At temperatures closer to the melting point, a liquid bridge is observed upon the separation of the contacted ice particles. We also find that the ratio of ultimate tensile strength of ice to the axial stress concentration factor in tension is an important factor in determining the sintering force, and a value of nearly 1.1 MPa can best catch the sintering force of ice in different conditions. We find that the activation energy is around 41.4KJ/mol41.4KJ/mol, which is close to the previously reported data. Also, our results suggest that smaller particles are “stickier” than larger particles. Moreover, during the formation of the ice particles, cavitation and surface cracking is observed which can be one of the sources for the variations observed in the measured ice sintering force.
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| 2. |
- Bahaloo, Hassan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Discrete element simulation of dry snow using the developed analytic bond model
- 2021
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Snow is a heterogenous, hot material which is constituted from ice particles. The bonding behavior of ice particles is an important parameter determining the macroscopic behavior of snow. Discrete Element Method (DEM) is usually used as a tool to model dry snow. The most important input data required into the DEM is bonding behavior of ice particles since ice particles can adhere to form bonds when they brought into contact. This study had two aims: first, an analytical formulation was derived to predict the bond diameter of ice-ice contacts as a function of time, compressive load, and strain rate. Using the previously published data for strain rate of ice, a solution method was developed. The results of bond diameter development with time were compared to experimental data and a good agreement was found. Second, a DEM for dry snow was developed and programmed in MATLAB and the developed bond model was employed in the simulation to study the deposition behavior of snow in a container under gravity acceleration. A specific beam element with implemented damage model was developed in implemented in the simulation using the bond data obtained from the analytical approach. The simulated parameters were macroscopic angle of repose, packing density, and surface conditions as a function of temperature and filling rate. The results showed that discrete element simulations were able to verify the existing published experimental data. Specifically, the simulation results showed that angle of repose of snow decreased rapidly with decreasing the temperature, the surface became very irregular due to the particles rotation and re-arrangement for lower falling speeds of particles, and density increased with depth of deposition. These findings were all matched with experimental observations.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bahaloo, Hassan, 1983-
(författare)
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Mechanics of Ice and Snow as a Granular Material
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, the mechanical properties of ice and dry snow as a class of granular materials are investigated through a series of experiments, analyses, and simulations. The primary focus is on understanding the intricate details of ice sintering, capillary bridge formation, and the behavior of snow under varying conditions.The investigation into ice sintering reveals a formulation of the sintering force, considering temperature, pressing force, contact duration, and particle size during the primary sintering stage. The results indicate a nearly linear increase in sintering force with external pressing force, while dependency on contact duration and particle size follows a nonlinear power-law relationship. The temperature dependence of the sintering force is nonlinear, aligning with the Arrhenius equation. The ultimate tensile strength of ice and the axial stress concentration factor are identified as crucial factors in determining the sintering force. Additionally, observations near the melting point reveal the formation of a liquid bridge between contacted ice particles.Moving on to capillary bridge formation, the experiments demonstrate the presence of a liquid bridge between an ice particle and a smooth (or rough) aluminum surface at controlled temperature conditions. The separation distance is found to be proportional to the cube root of the bridge volume, which decreases with decreasing temperature. Notably, for a rough surface, capillary bridge formation diminishes under the considered experimental conditions.The significance of snow in various contexts prompts an exploration of its mechanical properties. Utilizing micro-computed tomography imaging and quasi-static mechanical loading, a methodology for mapping the density-dependent material properties of manufactured snow is established. The study investigates structural parameter variations during loading, revealing insights into the three-dimensional structure, relative density, and mechanical behavior of snow. Results from Burger’s model show an increasing trend in modulus and viscosity terms with density. Digital volume correlation aids in calculating full-field strain distribution, highlighting particle characteristics and changes in specific surface areas during loading.Expanding the scope to natural snow, cutting-edge techniques like micro-tomography are integrated with traditional loading methods. Employing CT imaging and uniaxial compression tests, along with digital volume correlation, density-dependent material properties are analyzed. The study incorporates two snow samples, revealing density-dependent trends in modulus and viscosity terms. The results provide valuable insights into the non-homogeneous behavior of natural snow and contribute to fields such as glacier dynamics and avalanche prediction.Finally, the discrete element method with a variable bond model is used to simulate the behavior of granular materials, specifically focusing on snow. The model incorporates temperature dependent cohesion and effectively captures the angle of repose and stress-strain behavior of snow.In summary, this thesis presents an investigation into the mechanical properties of ice, capillary bridge formation, manufactured snow, natural snow, and granular materials, providing insights and contributing to the understanding of ice and snow in various environmental and engineering contexts.
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| 5. |
- Bahaloo, Hassan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Micropolar Modeling of Auxetic Chiral Lattices With Tunable Internal Rotation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of applied mechanics. - : ASME. - 0021-8936 .- 1528-9036. ; 86:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on micropolar continuum theory, the closed-form stiffness tensor of auxetic chiral lattices with V-shaped wings and rotational joints were derived. Representative volume element (RVE) of the chiral lattice was decomposed into V-shape wings with fourfold symmetry. A unified V-beam finite element was developed to reduce the nodal degrees of freedoms of the RVE to enable closed-form analytical solutions. The elasticity constants were derived as functions of the angle of the V-shaped wings, nondimensional in-plane thickness of the ribs, and the stiffness of the rotational joints. The influences of these parameters on the coupled chiral and auxetic effects were systematically explored. The results show that the elastic moduli were significantly influenced by all three parameters, while Poisson's ratio was barely influenced by the in-plane thickness of the ribs but is sensitive to the angle of the V-shaped wings and the stiffness of the rotational springs. There is a transition region out of which the spring stiffness does not considerably affect the auxeticity and the overall lattice stiffness.
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| 6. |
- Bahaloo, Hassan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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On the failure initiation in the proximal human femur under simulated sideways fall
- 2018
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Ingår i: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. - : Springer. - 0090-6964 .- 1573-9686. ; 46, s. 270-283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The limitations of areal bone mineral density measurements for identifying at-risk individuals have led to the development of alternative screening methods for hip fracture risk including the use of geometrical measurements from the proximal femur and subject specific finite element analysis (FEA) for predicting femoral strength, based on quantitative CT data (qCT). However, these methods need more development to gain widespread clinical applications. This study had three aims: To investigate whether proximal femur geometrical parameters correlate with obtained femur peak force during the impact testing; to examine whether or not failure of the proximal femur initiates in the cancellous (trabecular) bone; and finally, to examine whether or not surface fracture initiates in the places where holes perforate the cortex of the proximal femur. We found that cortical thickness around the trochanteric-fossa is significantly correlated to the peak force obtained from simulated sideways falling (R 2 = 0.69) more so than femoral neck cortical thickness (R 2 = 0.15). Dynamic macro level FE simulations predicted that fracture generally initiates in the cancellous bone compartments. Moreover, our micro level FEA results indicated that surface holes may be involved in primary failure events.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Safari Loaliyan, Soheil, et al.
(författare)
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Energy harvesting using snap-through deformation in lattice structures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 113:25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrated the feasibility of harvesting mechanical energy through the proper design and installation of a lattice structure which undergoes snap-through deformation under applied mechanical loading. First, the theoretical formulations for both symmetric and asymmetric modes of the snap-through deformation in a 2D lattice structure were derived. Then, experiments were conducted on the prototype to measure the energy harvesting ability at different frequencies and to investigate the capability of charging a capacitor connected to the lattice prototype. Finally, the effects of the defect in the lattice on energy harvesting were discussed. Our results showed that the average generated voltage across a 25 kΩ resistor increased by increasing the frequency of loading. However, energy stored in a capacitor was independent of loading frequency. For a defective structure with a fixed vertex, the generated voltage is lower yet increasing with the frequency of loading. The designed structure is robust and provides sustainable energy output under cyclic loading even with the presence of defects and imperfections.
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| 10. |
- Zheng, Yue, et al.
(författare)
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Displacement and stress fields in a functionally graded fiber-reinforced rotating disks with nonuniform thickness and variable angular velocity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of engineering materials and technology. - : ASME Press. - 0094-4289 .- 1528-8889. ; 139:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Displacement and stress fields in a functionally graded (FG) fiber-reinforced rotating disk of nonuniform thickness subjected to angular deceleration are obtained. The disk has a central hole, which is assumed to be mounted on a rotating shaft. Unidirectional fibers are considered to be circumferentially distributed within the disk with a variable volume fraction along the radius. The governing equations for displacement and stress fields are derived and solved using finite difference method. The results show that for disks with fiber rich at the outer radius, the displacement field is lower in radial direction but higher in circumferential direction compared to the disk with the fiber rich at the inner radius. The circumferential stress value at the outer radius is substantially higher for disk with fiber rich at the outer radius compared to the disk with the fiber rich at the inner radius. It is also observed a considerable amount of compressive stress developed in the radial direction in a region close to the outer radius. These compressive stresses may prevent any crack growth in the circumferential direction of such disks. For disks with fiber rich at the inner radius, the presence of fibers results in minimal changes in the displacement and stress fields when compared to a homogenous disk made from the matrix material. In addition, we concluded that disk deceleration has no effect on the radial and hoop stresses. However, deceleration will affect the shear stress. Tsai–Wu failure criterion is evaluated for decelerating disks. For disks with fiber rich at the inner radius, the failure is initiated between inner and outer radii. However, for disks with fiber rich at the outer radius, the failure location depends on the fiber distribution.
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| 11. |
- Zheng, Yue, et al.
(författare)
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Stress analysis in functionally graded rotating disks with non-uniform thickness and variable angular velocity
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. - : Elsevier. - 0020-7403 .- 1879-2162. ; 119, s. 283-293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress field in functionally graded (FG) rotating disks with non-uniform thickness and variable angular velocity is studied numerically. The elastic modulus and mass density of the disks are assumed to be varying along the radius as a power-law function of the radial coordinate, while the Poisson's ratio is kept constant. The governing equations for the stress field is derived and numerically solved using the finite difference method for the case of fixed-free boundary conditions. Additionally, the effect of material gradient index (i.e., the level of material gradation) on the stress field is evaluated. Our results show that the optimum stress field is achieved by having a thickness profile in the form of a rational function of the radial coordinate. Moreover, a smaller stress field can be developed by having greater mass density and elastic modulus at the outer radius of the disk (i.e., ceramic-rich composites at the outer radius). The numerical results additionally reveal that deceleration results in shear-stress development within the disks where a greater deceleration leads to greater shear stress; however this has almost no effect on the radial and circumferential stresses. Furthermore, the shear stress can cause a shift in the location of the maximum Von Mises stress, where for small deceleration, maximum Von Mises stress is located somewhere between the inner and outer radii, while for large deceleration it is located at the inner radius.
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