| 1. |
- B. Forsberg, Petter, 1984-
(författare)
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Collaboration in practice : A multiple case study on collaboration between small enterprises and university researchers
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- University-industry collaborations (UICs) have been hailed as key for Sweden's innovativeness and economic growth. Similarly, building research and innovation policies for the promotion of collaboration between universities and industry have become a cornerstone for many other European countries.In academic literature there has been an emphasis on efficiency, facilitation, effects and values obtained in UICs. They have been widely studied, both in terms of the reasons why they are formed, their structure and the effects they create, but not much in terms of how they work on a daily basis. There is less attention in the literature to analyse or problematise how UIC work is carried out when a connection has already been formed or is repeatedly enacted. Additionally, there is also a lack of studies looking at small firms UICs. Through identifying a lack of perspective in the UIC literature this thesis builds on the recent developments in practice theory in addressing some of the gaps found. It thus analyses these collaborations from a perspective not present in the literature in pursuit of how UICs are carried out.Through four embedded case studies between small enterprises and university researchers the thesis questions some of the assumptions made in the UIC literature and policy documents. First of all, through the practice theory lens, the thesis shows how the creation of a node/linchpin, a boundary object or a broker, between university and industry is instrumental in enabling collaboration work to take place. Secondly, being able to work together successfully does not equal outcomes sought after by policy organisations. Nevertheless, a general conclusion is that there were valuable outcomes for both the companies and the researchers, confirming previous research on UICs. But, these benefits were often difficult to put into clear numbers or metrics and appeared only after a very long time.The thesis argues that policy (and associated organisations) should promote the connection between a research site/practices and a company site/practices rather than pushing for a joint practice. In such a way UICs can be valuable for both researchers and companies.
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| 2. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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A network perspective on resource interaction : Past, present and future
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of resources as an essential component in value co-creation processes is core to multiple perspectives in management and marketing. These include the Resource-Based View, Resource Integration within Service-Dominant Logic (S-DL), Resource Dependence Theory, Resource Advantage Theory, and Resourcing. In this Editorial we compare Resource Interaction in Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) with these other perspectives, stressing both differences and complementarities. The comparison includes an explanation of why Resource Interaction in IMP is unique when utilized to explain the dynamics of change in business networks. We also introduce and synthesize seven new articles included in this Special Issue, all of which combine Resource Interaction in IMP with other theoretical perspectives in addressing themes such as supply chain management, entrepreneurship and innovation management. We conclude with a proposed agenda for further research, which provides extensive suggestions for underexplored empirical and conceptual themes.
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| 3. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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A network perspective on the reshoring process : The relevance of the home- and the host-country contexts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 70, s. 156-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While research on reshoring generally focuses on the host-country to explain why a company brings its previously offshored activities back home, this paper stresses the relevance also of the home-country context. Specifically, relying on the IMP (Industrial Marketing & Purchasing) perspective we show how offshoring and reshoring processes and decisions are both enabled and constrained by the micro-interactions and inter-dependencies in the industrial networks stretching over the home-country and the host-country. This work relies on a longitudinal case study about an Italian manufacturing firm to develop a model indicating how offshoring/reshoring is a long-term process which unfolds depending both on the focal firm's strategy and on its interplay with the embedding network. Next to this interactive process perspective, we contribute to the literature on reshoring and the global factory also the concept of "selective reshoring", whereby companies bring back a very specific sub-set of activities, which were previously fine-sliced and offshored, and re-embed these activities in their local home context. The more flexible and selective nature of this relocation of activities between different supply markets depends both on the firm's strategy and on the structure, overlap and evolution of the network elements located in the home- and host-country contexts.
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| 4. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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A proactive approach to the utilization of academic research : The case of Uppsala University's AIMday
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 43:5, s. 613-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While most research on university-industry interactions focuses on established collaborations, this paper focuses on those interactions that occur before the emergence of a concrete relationship. Uppsala University, Sweden, applies this 'proactive' approach, based on creating universityindustry cooperation platforms before, or irrespectively of, the creation of commercializable knowledge. This study aims to analyze the structure, processes and effects of proactive approaches to utilize academic research commercially. It focuses on a conference, Academy Industry Meeting day (AIMday) and addresses three main questions: first, how does this mechanism work? Second, why do different actors, such as researchers, small and large companies, participate? Third, what values and concrete effects do they obtain from it? Our case study reflects the perspectives of industry, academia and the administrative units organizing the event. We find that some reasons to participate and values are important to all participants, but that there are also considerable differences.
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| 5. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic Pipeline Coordinators
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 46, s. 25-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research and development (R&D) of new antibiotics. Every pathogen on this list requires R&D activity, but some are more attractive for private sector investments, as evidenced by the current antibacterial pipeline. A pipeline coordinator is a governmental/non-profit organization that closely tracks the antibacterial pipeline and actively supports R&D across all priority pathogens employing new financing tools.
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| 6. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Applying the resource interaction approach to policy analysis - Insights from the antibiotic resistance challenge
- 2022
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 106, s. 376-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores how the Resource Interaction Approach (RIA), namely the 4Rs model and the three settings of developing-producing-using, can be applied to complex policy analyses. We use the global sustainability challenge of antibiotic resistance as an example to define an agenda about how these analytical tools can frame and analyze such problems systematically. We find that these tools offer benefits to policymakers, including flexibility in framing problems, by selecting the focal resources and values to be prioritized, and the ability to visualize the direct and indirect interdependencies that enable or hinder value creation. Moreover, the RIA can point at the resource interfaces that need to change through specific policy interventions, as well as the potential network-level barriers to such changes. We also find that the RIA needs to be complemented by network-level analyses of deal structures and monetary flows in order to better capture the legal and financial dimensions of policy problems and solutions.
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| 7. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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“Betting on Science or Muddling Through the Network” : Two Universities and one Innovation Commission
- 2011
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - Oslo. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 5:3, s. 172-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the mid 1990s the OECD, the EU and many national innovation policies have pointed to universities as the most important direct providers of solutions to use as sources of innovations for growth and societal welfare. Also, through their respective governments, universities are exposed to rather detailed requirements on how to fulfil the increased direct utilisation of research results. This paper takes a closer look at how two internationally recognised universities from the same country, namely Sweden, addressed the innovation commission. A case study investigates how the Karolinska Institute and Uppsala University interpreted and implemented the Swedish government’s commission on an increased utilisation of publicly funded research for innovation. The main finding is that both universities’ ways of fulfilling this commission are more directed towards ‘betting’ on potential innovations than on ‘muddling through’ the context of innovation.
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| 11. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusions
- 2006
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Ingår i: Taking Place. The Spatial Contexts of Science, Technology and Business. - : Science History Publications, USA, Watson Publishing International. - 0881352527 ; , s. 373-389
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Connecting IMP and entrepreneurship research : Directions for future research
- 2020
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 91, s. 495-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a research field, entrepreneurship emerged from an increasing interest in fostering new business ventures. Over the past decade, interest in entrepreneurial phenomena also triggered several studies in the IMP research stream. We examine connections between these two research streams in terms of the phenomena in focus, key concepts, and approaches to identify research areas fruitful for advancing our understanding of entrepreneurial phenomena. In pursuit of this aim, we analyzed 48 IMP-based entrepreneurship studies and the abstracts of the 227 most cited papers in eight main entrepreneurship journals; among the latter, we conducted an in-depth analysis of 30 articles, in which we found connections with IMP studies. Based on our analysis, we identify four directions for future research, where confronting and bridging the key concepts has the potential to contribute to conceptualizing entrepreneurial phenomena and related theory development. The four areas are: variety in the context of new ventures; multiplicity of networks embedding new ventures; connecting the new venture to its context; and the new venture's learning and management.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling and combining resources in networks - from Uppsala to Stanford, and back again : The case of a biotech innovation
- 2009
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 38:5, s. 541-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores how resources are controlled and combined in a biotech network that spans from Uppsala, Sweden, to Stanford, USA. A case study is reported that describes and analyses how the original discovery, developed at the Department of Genetics and Pathology at Uppsala University, Sweden. was combined with other innovations at Stanford University, California, and under the influence and control of several different actors, including venture capitalists, were exploited within a newly founded company, ParAllele. The paper analyzes the resources that are created, combined and controlled in the network around these scientific discoveries and the company hosting them. This analysis shows how actors are using and are exposed to different control mechanisms, such as action, results and personnel controls, in the innovation process. Our discussion emphasizes how the involved actors apply various types of controls on resources in order to reach their objectives. Forms of control that both entail mobilizing other actors and preventing actions in the emerging network are of importance. We conclude the paper by pointing out the features of control in innovation processes as well as obstacles to control in a business network setting.
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| 16. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling the commercialisation of science across inter-organisational borders : Four cases from two major Swedish universities
- 2014
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 43:3, s. 382-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyse howdifferent types of control are applied in different mechanisms for commercialisingscience, according to the inter-organisational interactions involved. To achievethis purpose, we followed a multiple-case study design and selected four casesfrom Uppsala University and the Karolinska Institutet that provided variationin the commercialisation mechanisms (PET Centre, Ångström Materials Academy,Actar, and Karolinska Development). We find that action and resultcontrols dominate in linear ‘spin-out’ funnel mechanisms, while interactive mechanismsentail a combination of action, result and personalcontrols. However, the inter-organisational interactions also impact whichcontrols are applied in a commercialisation mechanism: conflicting goals between a few closely related organisations or limited external interactions are associated with result controls, whileaction controls dominate in the absence of external interactions if timeand efficiency are key goals. Result controls also assume very different roles, depending on the inter-organisational context of a specific commercialisation mechanism.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Crafting University-Industry Interactions : A typology and empirical illustrations from Uppsala University, Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: University-Industry Interaction. - 9789082066845 ; , s. 157-193
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relying on an embedded case study over two interaction-stimulating tools of Uppsala University (AIMday and SMURF), this paper addresses four research questions concerning (1) the types of university-industry interactions, (2) the way this university crafts such interactions, (3) the perceptions and assessments made of these interactions by the various involved actors, as well as (4) the differences in such perceptions and assessments. As for the first question, we formulate a typology of university-industry interactions including “participation”, “cooperation”, “collaboration” and “relationship”. As for the second question, the paper develops a process model connecting these four types of interactions and revealing the importance of a fifth type of “potential” interactions between researchers and companies, namely “contacts”. As for the third and forth question, we identify both convergence and divergence in the perceptions and assessment of university-industry interactions made by the three involved parties – researchers, companies and university management: there is convergence in researchers’ and companies’ appreciation of contacts, cooperation and collaborations, on the one hand, and the key performance indicators applied by university management to measure such interactions, on the other hand; but a divergence appears in the relative lack of indicators measuring relationships in exhaustive ways, despite the great value that both researchers and companies attribute to them.
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| 22. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Economic incentives for the development of new antibiotics : Report commissioned by the Public Health Agency of Sweden
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report responds to a request by the Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten) concerning which incentives for antibiotics research and development (R&D) Sweden should take into consideration for potential public investments. Based on discussions and interviews with experts, feedback from stakeholders (i.e. potential recipients of Swedish incentives), company case studies and computer-based Monte Carlo simulations, this report provides a set of recommendations about the economic incentives that can be relevant for Sweden.The incentives identified for Sweden’s portfolio meet the following criteria: improving Sweden’s visibility in the antibiotics field, reinforcing Sweden’s national R&D infrastructure in this area, leveraging Sweden’s strengths and traditions, limiting the public expenditure per incentive, permitting rapid implementation and effects, providing highly needed support to the antibiotic pipeline in unique ways, and granting Sweden a key contribution and thus influence on the design and direction of each incentive.Based on these criteria, a Market Entry Reward (MER) was not considered a viable alternative for Sweden if implemented by Sweden alone, especially because of its demanding financial engagement (close to 1 B USD), which is necessary for this incentive to produce relevant effects on the antibiotics R&D pipeline. However, if Sweden were to decide to pilot an MER, it should focus on a fully delinked MER, which entirely substitutes market sales with lump sums paid on a yearly basis. An MER should moreover be financed primarily from the healthcare budget to avoid crowding out other incentives. A fully delinked MER would allow testing several features of this incentive model, such as the evaluation procedures to set the overall amount of the MER, the definition of the unit prizes to be paid by local healthcare facilities to the central government, and periodic reviews to reassess the amount of yearly lump-sum payments according to the confirmed therapeutic efficacy of the antibiotic.If Sweden were to collaborate with other countries, such as the G20 group or the 28 EU members, a reasonable amount for its share is 6 or 23 M USD, respectively, for a partially delinked MER and 9 or 34 M USD, respectively, for a fully delinked MER. There are, however, ways to combine push and pull incentives, which are quicker and more efficient than an MER, namely combinations of grants with milestone prizes, which are rewards paid to developers upon the successful completion of key R&D steps (e.g. Phase 1 clinical studies). In addition to producing better effects for the money spent, a combination of milestone prizes and grants also prevents large MERs from crowding out push investments as well as recipients such as small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs), who usually cannot wait for a reward that is delayed until the final approval of an antibiotic.The recommended portfolio of incentives for Sweden includes three incentives: grants, milestone prizes and Pipeline Coordinators, to be used in combination with each other as a way to cover the antibiotics R&D pipeline and achieve important synergies. The following features should be considered when implementing and funding the three selected incentives:1) Grants should be dedicated to early R&D projects (no later than Phase 2) and to reinforcing the national R&D infrastructure, with a longer-term perspective than the current 3-year timeframe. In this regard, Sweden should maintain and possibly increase its current yearly investments in antibiotics R&D grants of approximately 7 M USD/year (60 M SEK) over several years. These investments will pay off in the long run, both in terms of molecules that will enter the future R&D pipeline; and as a stock of competencies spread over an infrastructure of specialised R&D centres that can be leveragedfor future antibiotics research. These competences must be built up immediately and the seeds for future R&D projects need to be planted as soon as possible.2) Two types of milestone prizes should be in focus for Sweden: first, a prize awarding a sum between 10 and 20 M USD at the end of Clinical Phase 1 to highly innovative molecules addressing specific pathogens and, second, a prize for projects successfully completing preclinical steps. Establishing a prize at the end of Clinical Phase 1 is a much needed and unique initiative, with significant effects on the early R&D pipeline, granting also strong international visibility to Sweden. Sweden could also take major responsibility for such a milestone prize by covering a relatively large share. The other recommended milestone prize, awarded at the end of the preclinical steps, would help refill the clinical pipeline and would therefore have more of a long-term effect.3) Pipeline Coordinators, that is, organizations that take an active role in selecting and supporting a portfolio of antibiotics R&D projects in various ways, are the last recommended incentive. Selecting among currently existing Pipeline Coordinators rather than creating a new one, Sweden should fund two types of such organizations: R&D Collaborations, which create collaboration platforms to perform early development activities for the antibiotic projects they support, and Non-Profit Developers, who conduct their own antibiotic projects with the aim of bringing antibiotics to market but without pursuing profit goals. The first type of Pipeline Coordinator, R&D Collaborations, is relevant for a Swedish public investment because they are potentially the most efficient incentive in making R&D projects profitable. However, to fully exploit this potential, R&D Collaborations must be refined to become more flexible, reduce bureaucratic burden and avoid conflicts between participants.Non-Profit Developers provide the most extensive support to selected products by intervening across the entire antibiotic pipeline to ensure products reach the market. Moreover, this model strongly promotes both global availability and responsible use (stewardship). Therefore, Sweden may fund Non-Profit Developers through its international aid budget and in this way make important contributions to global health.Both types of Pipeline Coordinators also offer the advantage that they can help connect Swedish antibiotics R&D centres to international platforms, which reinforce the effects of infrastructure-related grants. Moreover, all forms of Pipeline Coordinators are incentive models that can be used as tools to manage the other two incentives (grants and milestone prizes). In this capacity, they can, for instance, evaluate grant applications and the antibiotic projects eligible for milestone prizes, which require a deep insight into the details of a drug development project.A fourth model, regulatory simplifications, which radically cut costs and times for Clinical Phase 3, can also be relevant for Sweden due to its contained costs, rapid implementation and effects and connection with Sweden’s expertise. However, this incentive requires further analysis to fully grasp its implications for regulators and patient safety before being recommended for implementation.The three incentives recommended by this report – grants, milestone prizes and Pipeline Coordinators – should be used in combination to exploit the synergies between them and their ability to push and pull molecules in different phases of the R&D pipeline. For instance, when grants and milestones are used together, the public investment per approved new antibiotic is lower than the combined spending if the two incentives were used in isolation. If it is not possible to introduce and use the three incentives simultaneously, the following priorities should be applied: first of all, grants need to be kept at current levels and possibly increased to fund both single antibiotic projects and competence development in the R&D infrastructure, while starting to invest in a Non-Profit Developer and a milestone prize at the end of Phase 1, followed by the development and funding of R&D Collaborations and, finally, a preclinical milestone prize.
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| 23. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Ekonomiska incitamentsmodeller för utveckling av nya antibiotika : Rapport på uppdrag av Folkhälsomyndigheten
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På uppdrag av Folkhälsomyndigheten utreder vi i denna rapport en rad incitamentsmodeller för forskning och utveckling (FoU) av antibiotika som kan vara aktuella för en svensk offentlig investering. Baserat på diskussioner och intervjuer med experter, återkoppling från intressenter (d.v.s. potentiella mottagare av svenska incitament), företagsfallstudier och datorbaserade Monte Carlo-simuleringar lämnar rapporten rekommendationer kring de ekonomiska modeller som Sverige bör investera i. De incitamentsmodeller som valdes ut för den svenska portföljen uppfyller följande kriterier: de kan öka Sveriges visibilitet och förbättra den nationella FoU-infrastrukturen i antibiotikafältet, de bygger på Sveriges styrkor och tradition i detta fält, de innefattar begränsade investeringar, de kan införas och ge resultat relativt snabbt, de tillfredsställer på ett unikt sätt viktiga behov i antibiotikapipelinen, och de ger Sverige en möjlighet att spela en avgörande roll i själva skapandet och inriktningen av incitamentet. I enlighet med dessa kriterier, bedömdes att en ”Market Entry Reward” (MER) inte är genomförbar för Sverige ensamt. Det beror främst på att det krävs ett stort finansiellt åtagande (närmare 1 miljard USD) för att ett incitament som en MER ska kunna ge relevanta resultat på pipelinen. Om Sverige trots detta skulle välja att pilottesta en MER på egen hand, borde ett sådant försök fokusera på en s.k. ”totalt losskopplad” MER (Fully Delinked), vilket betyder att MER helt och hållet ersätter marknadsförsäljningen och istället ger fasta årliga utbetalningar till utvecklaren. En MER borde primärt finansieras via sjukvårdsbudgeten för att undvika undanträngningseffekter mot incitament i andra utgiftsområden. En totalt losskopplad MER skulle tillåta testning av flera olika aspekter såsom utvärderingsprocessen för att bestämma det totala värdet på en MER, internprissättning till sjukhus för att återfinansiera de statliga betalningarna, samt regelbundna mellanlägesrevideringar av årliga betalningar beroende på resistensläget. Om Sverige skulle samarbeta med andra länder, som exempelvis G20 eller EU:s medlemsländer, skulle en rimlig storlek på den svenska andelen vara 6 respektive 23 miljoner USD för en partiellt losskopplad MER, och 9 respektive 34 miljoner USD för en totalt losskopplad MER. Det finns dock andra sätt att kombinera push- och pull-incitament som är mer effektiva och snabbare än en MER, nämligen en rad kombinationer av ”grants” (forskningsanslag) och ”milestone prizes”, där det senare är belöningar som betalas ut till utvecklare när de framgångsrikt avslutar viktiga steg i sin FoU (t.ex. Fas 1 i kliniska studier). Förutom bättre effekter per investerat belopp, undviker en kombination av ”grants” och ”milestone prizes” dessutom att stora MER tränger undan push investeringar och mottagare såsom små- och medelstora företag (SMEs) som vanligtvis inte kan vänta på ett incitament ända tills det slutgiltiga godkännandet av ett antibiotikum. Den föreslagna incitamentportföljen för Sverige omfattar tre incitament: ”grants”, ”milestone prizes” och ”Pipeline Coordinators”. Dessa tre incitament skall användas tillsammans för att säkerställa att hela FoU-pipelinen för antibiotika stödjs och att viktiga synergier skapas. Följande aspekter borde tas i beaktning vid implementering och finansiering av de tre valda incitamenten: 1) ”Grants” borde riktas mot tidiga FoU-projekt (fram till Fas 2) och att förstärka den nationella FoUinfrastrukturen, med ett tidsperspektiv som ska vara längre än den nuvarande 3-åriga tidsramen. Det är viktigt att Sverige bibehåller och om möjligt höjer sina nuvarande årliga investeringar i ”grants” för FoU om antibiotika på cirka 60 miljoner SEK/år (7 M USD) och att dessa investeringar får fortsätta över många år i framtiden. Investeringarna kommer att ge långsiktiga effekter både i form av nya molekyler som kan fylla på den framtida FoU-pipelinen och genom fördjupade kompetenser, exempelvis i form av en nationell forskningsinfrastruktur bestående av specialiserade FoU-centra som kan utnyttjas i framtida antibiotikaforskning. Det bör understrykas att man inte kan fördröja dessa investeringar eftersom den här typen av kompetenser behöver byggas omedelbart och frön för framtida FoU-projekt behöver sås i detta nu. 2) Två typer av ”milestone prizes” borde implementeras av Sverige. Först och främst ett ”prize” som delar ut mellan 10 och 20 miljoner USD (bedömningar gjorda av de små företagen i fallstudien) vid slutet av klinisk Fas 1 som bör riktas mot höginnovativa molekyler mot specifika patogener. Därutöver bör ett ”prize” tilldelas projekt som framgångsrikt avslutar de prekliniska stegen. Att inrätta ett ”prize” vid slutet av klinisk Fas 1 skulle vara ett nödvändigt och unikt initiativ, som förutom starka effekter på den tidiga FoU-pipelinen dessutom skulle ge Sverige en stark internationell visibilitet. Genom att finansiera en större del av detta ”milestone prize” skulle Sverige ta ett stort ansvar för att aktivt skapa dessa mycket viktiga incitament. Det andra rekommenderade ”milestone prize”, som delas ut vid slutet av de prekliniska stegen, skulle bidra till att fylla på den kliniska pipelinen och skulle därmed ha mera långsiktiga effekter. 3) ”Pipeline Coordinators”, d.v.s. organisationer som på flera sätt tar en aktiv roll i att välja och stödja en portfölj av FoU-projekt om antibiotika, är det sista rekommenderade incitamentet. Snarare än att skapa en ny ”Pipeline Coordinator”, borde Sverige välja bland de som redan finns och finansiera följande två typer av sådana organisationer: ”R&D Collaborations”, som skapar samarbetsplattformar för att genomföra tidiga FoU aktiviteter för de projekten de stödjer, och ”Nonprofit Developers”, som genomför egna antibiotikaprojekt i syftet att föra nya antibiotika hela vägen till marknaden, dock utan vinstintressen. Den första typen av ”Pipeline Coordinator”, ”R&D Collaborations” är relevant för Sverige att investera i eftersom det handlar om den incitamentsmodell som potentiellt är mest effektiv i att skapa lönsamma FoU projekt. Men för att kunna utnyttja denna potential fullt ut behöver ”R&D Collaborations” vidareutvecklas för att bli mer flexibla samt minska byråkrati och konflikter mellan deltagarna. ”Non-profit Developers” är å andra sidan den modell som erbjuder det mest omfattande stödet till utvalda produkter genom att agera över hela antibiotikapipelinen för att se till att dessa produkter når marknadslansering. Dessutom, ger denna modell starkt stöd gällande global tillgång och ansvarsfull användning (”stewardship”). Därför, skulle Sverige kunna finansiera ”Non-profit Developers” via sin internationella biståndsbudget och därmed även ge ett viktigt bidrag till global hälsa. Båda typer av ”Pipeline Coordinators” har fördelen att de kan hjälpa att koppla svenska FoU-centra för antibiotika till internationella plattformar, vilket skulle förstärka effekterna av infrastrukturrelaterade ”grants”. Dessutom, är alla sorters ”Pipeline Coordinators” incitamentsmodeller som kan användas som verktyg för att styra övriga två incitament (”grants” och ”milestone prizes”). Tack vare denna förmåga, kan de utvärdera ansökningar till ”grants” och de antibiotikaprojekt som är berättigade till ”milestone prizes”, vilket kräver både djupa och detaljerade kunskaper i specifika antibiotikaprojekt. Utöver dessa tre incitamentsmodeller kan även en fjärde modell vara relevant: ”regulatory simplifications”. Denna modell innefattar regulatoriska förenklingar som radikalt sänker kostnader och tider för kliniska Fas 3-studier. Modellen kan vara relevant för Sverige tack vare att kostnaderna är begränsade, implementeringen och effekterna snabba samt att det finns en koppling till svensk expertis. Trots dessa fördelar, kräver detta incitament fortfarande vidare analyser för att fullt ut förstå dess implikationer för regelverket och patientsäkerhet innan den kan rekommenderas för implementering. De tre incitamenten som rekommenderas i denna rapport – ”grants”, ”milestone prizes” och ”Pipeline Coordinators” – bör användas tillsammans i särskilda kombinationer för att utnyttja synergierna mellan dem och deras förmåga att både trycka (”push”) och dra (”pull) molekylerna i olika faser i FoU-pipelinen. Dessa synergier innebär att när exempelvis ”grants” och ”milestone prizes” används samtidigt, blir den offentliga investeringen för varje nytt antibiotikum lägre än den sammanlagda investeringen om de två incitamenten används separat. Om det skulle vara omöjligt att införa och använda de tre incitamenten samtidigt, borde följande prioriteringsordning tillämpas: först och främst behöver nuvarande nivåer på ”grants” bibehållas och om möjligt höjas för att finansiera både enskilda projekt om FoU om antibiotika och för utveckling av kompetenser samt för FoU-infrastruktur, medan investeringar påbörjas i en ”Non-profit Developer” och i en ”milestone prize” vid slutet av Fas 1, följd av vidareutveckling och finansiering av ”R&D Collaborations” och slutligen av ett prekliniskt ”milestone prize”.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the obstacles to implementing economic mechanisms to stimulate antibiotic research and development : a mulit-actor and system-level analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: American Journal of Law & Medicine. - Boston : Boston University School of Law. - 0098-8588 .- 2375-835X. ; 42, s. 451-486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Article examines the potential stakeholder-related obstacles hindering the implementation of mechanisms to re-ignite the development of novel antibiotics. Proposed economic models and incentives to drive such development include: Public Funding of Research and Development (R&D), Tax Incentives, Milestone Prizes, End Payments, Intellectual Property (IP) and Exclusivity Extensions, Pricing and Reimbursement Incentives, Product Development Partnerships (PDPs), and the Options Market for Antibiotics model. Drawing on personal experience and understanding of the antibiotic field, as well as stakeholder consultation and numerous expert meetings within the DRIVE-AB project and Uppsala Health Summit 2015, the Authors identify obstacles attributable to the following actors: Universities and Research Institutes, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), Large Pharmaceutical Companies, Marketing Approval Regulators, Payors, Healthcare Providers, National Healthcare Authorities, Patients, and Supranational Institutions. The analysis also proposes a characterization and ranking of the difficulty associated with implementing the reviewed mechanisms. Public Funding of R&D, Pricing and Reimbursement Incentives, and PDPs are mechanisms expected to meet highly systemic barriers (i.e., obstacles across the entire antibiotic value chain), imposing greater implementation challenges in that they require convincing and involving several motivationally diverse actors in order to have much effect.
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| 28. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
From supplier to center of excellence and beyond : The network position development of a business unit within "IKEA Industry"
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 100, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to develop a more dynamic and relational view of centers of excellence (CoE) within multinational enterprises (MNEs), that is, business units with specific and highly valuable competencies and knowledge, which are transferred and leveraged by other units of the MNE. We employ a longitudinal case study to analyze how, between 1986 and 2014, an external supplier progressively became a CoE within IKEA and even improved this role, thereby becoming increasingly important for the MNE. Particularly, we develop a model linking internal (resources, competencies, and structure) and external factors (exchange volumes, interorganizational routines, mutual dependence, trust and commitment, and identities) with changed network positions, which, in turn, define the intensity and importance of a CoE's role. Thus, the elements required to establish a CoE may not originate from the MNE's core competencies, but may be extracted, recombined, and integrated externally from the MNE's global supply network.
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| 29. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Good for science, but which implications for business? : An analysis of the managerial implications in high-impact B2B marketing articles published between 2003 and 2012
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of business & industrial marketing. - 0885-8624 .- 2052-1189. ; 29:7-8, s. 574-592
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the challenges of B2B research relevance from the point of view of top executives.Design/methodology/approach - Ten in-depth interviews with top executives from different B2B industries were conducted and analyzed by using Arndt’s (1985) elements of a healthy discipline, i.e. Knowledge, Problems, and Instruments.Findings - The findings reveal 12 challenges that characterize contemporary B2B research relevance from a top executive perspective.Research limitations/implications - The research offers genuine top executive insight. More research from different perspectives is needed to broaden the understanding of B2B research relevance.Originality/value - Reflecting B2B research with the identified challenges can contribute to better research designs, narrowing the gap between B2B scholars and practitioners. Altogether, it contributes to the health of the B2B discipline. The study also introduces a new approach to analysing research relevance by using the elements of scientific balance.
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| 30. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
-
Governance and control of the commercialization of science. Examples from two major Swedish universities
- 2011
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Ingår i: Uppsala Public Management Seminar.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses four episodes of commercialization of science taken from the innovation practices of two major Swedish universities, Karolinska Institutet and Uppsala University. The four mini-cases (PET center, Ångström Materials Academy, Actar AB, and Karolinska Development) were selected to provide variation in the commercialization mechanisms and goals. Our purpose is to relate the patterns of control and governance in each episode with its goal and commercialization mechanism. In doing this we also discuss the impact that the number and typology of actors involved, as well as their relationships, have on how control is exerted in each commercialization episode.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying new dimensions of business incubation : a multi-level analysis of Karolinska Institute’s incubation system
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Technovation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4972 .- 1879-2383. ; 50-51, s. 53-68
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relying on an in-depth case study of the incubator related to the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institute's (KI), this paper identifies new analytical and strategic dimensions of incubation. Departing from the current literature's prevalent focus on incubators as organizations performing a predefined set of activities for incubatees (facility renting, coaching, training and connecting), we perform a multilevel analysis embracing, next to the organizational and the project-specific levels, also the broader institutional and inter-organizational level. Our analysis relies on seven key components of incubation, namely its time, place, sources, resources, control/governance, activities/services and outcomes. Further, we view incubators as strategic actors engaged in value creation on a broader arena than the strict incubation context, even an international arena, where incubators' choices and interactions can be analyzed with the help of concepts from various streams in the business strategy literature. The specific strategic drivers of business incubation that we identify in the KI incubator's case are six: positioning in the value chain, risk taking/time perspective, revenue model, governance/control, internationalization, and cooperation/competition. The paper concludes with managerial implications urging incubators to take more of a strategic perspective rather than focussing only on the established components of their operations.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
-
Information Technology at IKEA: an “Open Sesame” Solution or just Another Type of Facility?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 58:9, s. 1251-1260
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information technology and such business applications as IT systems create great expectations to solve most problems a company faces. However, these expectations are seldom fulfilled. This article treats IT and IT systems simply as a facility among many other resources (products, facilities, business units and relationships) in business networks. By making use of a case study centred around Product Information Assistance (PIA), one of IKEA’s key IT systems for product information administration, the analytical part extracts a series of interactions patterns between IT facilities and the surrounding resources. Being IT systems also embedded into other resources implies that their effects seldom turn out to be as expected or simply defined by their technical potentials.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Managing interorganizational interactions for social impact : A study of two antibiotics R&D networks
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 141, s. 264-278
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper relies on a comparative case study of two antibiotics R&D networks, ENABLE and CARB-X, to understand how interorganizational interactions can be managed to achieve social impact. In particular, we investigate (1) how particular management mechanisms and interorganizational interactions relate to the network's intended social impact, and (2) how these management mechanisms influence interorganizational interactions. We find that (1) the intended social impact influences the choice of management mechanisms from the very start of a partnership and orients the kind of interactions occurring within the network, and (2) that management mechanisms can shape the interactions unfolding in the network, but that the structural elements of these interactions also make these mechanisms more or less applicable to the network. We contribute to the Industrial Marketing & Purchasing (IMP) view with a model of managing networks building on the three concepts of: intended social impact, management mechanisms, and interorganizational interactions.
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| 38. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Network evolution and the embedding of complex technical solutions : The case of the Leaf House network
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 40:6, s. 838-852
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate the connection between network evolution and technology embedding. To this end, we performed an exploratory case study of the network surrounding an eco-sustainable technology, Leaf House, Italy's first zero-carbon emission house. We apply theories on technological development within industrial networks, with a specific focus on their resource layer and on the three settings involved in embedding an innovation: “developing”, “producing”, and “using”. Our results contribute to these theories by developing four propositions on the connections between network evolution and embedding: first, technology embedding entails both downstream network expansion and upstream restrictions. Secondly, conflicts among actors increase as technology embedding approaches the producing and using settings. Third and fourth, the more the shapes a technology can assume, and the more each of these shapes involves actors acting in different settings, the easier it is to embed it. The paper concludes with managerial implications and suggestions for further research.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
-
“Network Process Re-engineering” in a home textile network : the importance of business relationships and actor bonds
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Fashion supply chain management<em></em>. - Hershey, PA : IGI Global. - 9781609607562 ; , s. 212-234
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter relies on a case study featuring the business network around Stella, an Italian home textile manufacturer, to illustrate the challenging issue of engaging other firms into complex “Network Process Re-engineering” (NPR) projects. While the strict technological dimension of selecting, developing, and implementing ICT solutions is certainly very important and poses several challenges to this type of projects, this chapter focuses on other types of challenges, namely those pertaining to the nature and quality of relationships between the actors taking part in a NPR project. We stress the importance of the connection between the specific inter-organizational activities that need to be redesigned and coordinated in better ways, on the one hand, and the bonds existing among the actors, on the other hand. We suggest that very advanced and complex coordination tasks, entailing sensitive communication patterns, can be tackled only if supported by strong, integrative relationships characterized by high trust and commitment between the involved parties. We conclude by discussing how the pivotal firms or the “strategic centers” of a network can support and facilitate complex change projects like NPR by carefully combining different strategies, whereby they both exert coercive power and make concessions to their counterparts in the network.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Policy options for Nordic collaboration to improve access to antibiotics
- 2024
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Access to antibiotics in the Nordic countries can be jeopardized not only by general factors such as low margins, uncertain volumes, overdependence and fragile supply chains, which can result in missing registration, deregistration and shortages, but also by the small size and fragmented nature of the Nordic markets. Nordic collaboration on specific policies and joint action to address such issues could improve access to antibiotics. Starting from a total of 30 policy options discussed in the literature, this report first selects 10 policies and then identifies 8 prioritized policy options which are presented in a roadmap comprising five waves. The first wave includes improved shortage information and supply chain transparency, a detailed map of production capacity dedicated to the Nordic countries, and common packages and electronic leaflets. The second wave consists of mutual recognition of approvals of old antibiotics and good purchasing practices. The third wave includes new reimbursement models such as revenue guarantees, international stockpiling, and pooled procurement. The fourth wave promotes a production capacity expansion near the Nordic countries,and the fifth wave inside the Nordic countries. Before implementing specific policies, the Nordic countries need to agree on which specific antibiotic products are to be targeted by each policy, which would ideally result in commonly agreed priority lists of clinically relevant products with high supply risk.
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| 43. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Product development the IKEA way – The role of target costing as a framing device to configure and combine resources in networks
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - New York : Elsevier. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 119, s. 206-217
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relying on two embedded case studies of product development within IKEA's industrial network, this paper examines the role of Target Costing as an accounting tool that has the capacity to frame development efforts into either exploitative or explorative projects. Such a framing affects, in turn, the configuration of the relevant network of resources and mediates the behavior of the actors involved via specific types of controls. We contribute to the IMP-inspired literature on innovation and product development as we add nuances to how the concepts of exploitative and explorative innovation paths play out on a network level, especially in relation to the resource dimension. In addition, the notion of the mediating role of accounting adds to how we can understand control and its consequences in an interorganizational network context. Our data consists of several sources, about 70 interviews with individuals working at IKEA and its partners. We also had access to internal company material such as costing calculations. Our study has practical implications as it can help managers identify which types of control to use and how these can be matched with different innovations strategies on a network level. © 2024 The Authors
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| 44. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
-
Projetcs as an attempt to make science into business : Embedding commercialization projects into business networks
- 2013
-
Ingår i: IMP Conference Atlanta 2013.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate how science is transformed into business by means of commercialization projects, and especially the interfaces these projects create with the surrounding network. We also aim specifically at identifying which different types of interfaces can be pivotal from project to project. Our methodology relies on four comparative case studies, centered each on a specific project selected from the commercialization efforts of Karolinska Institute (Sweden). Our findings stress that, except in one case, interfaces with users/potential buyers do not play a major role in setting the commercial direction (target markets) of these projects. Instead, in the absence of a strong interface to users, the most decisive interface for setting the commercial direction is the one with financiers, which further binds all projects to Karolinska’s innovation-supporting system. Moreover, we find that the interface with the project team is never pivotal for the four analyzed project, as the human resources directly employed in the project are kept to a minimum in all of Karolinska Institute’s commercialization projects. This makes commercialization projects extremely dependent on external resources and largely unable to control their long-term development.
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| 45. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
-
Resource Interaction in Furniture Networks : Relating Design, Distribution and IT.
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Nordiske Organisasjonsstudier. ; 3:4, s. 110-134
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article highlights a central feature of business networks, resource interaction and heterogeneity, by means of three case studies from the furniture industry. Each case study focuses on one of three central issues in furniture-related business networks, respectively design, distribution and information technology (IT). Data collection and analysis are based on a resource categorization model termed the “4Rs model” addressing resource interaction, utilization and development in business networks. After the empirical accounts, theoretical implications are drawn about design, distribution, IT and their interplay from the perspective of resource interaction and heterogeneity.
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| 46. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
-
Resource interaction in inter-organizational networks : Foundations, comparison, and a research agenda
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 65:2, s. 266-276
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus of this article is on discussing the foundations, conceptual development, and implications of resource interaction in inter-organizational networks. The article conceptualizes and classifies resources before discussing how resource interfaces enable to utilize, manage, and change resources. In doing so it provides a set of basic principles as to how resources interact at a network level, or how firms combine, develop, mobilize, and manage resources over time. This is in strong contrast to a focus on the acquisition, accumulation, and exchange of resources by the firm. The article further provides a comparison with two other research streams, the Resource-Based view (RBV) and the Service-Dominant logic (S-D logic), in order to better position this perspective on inter-organizational resource interaction. It concludes by discussing an agenda for further research.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Start-ups and networks : Interactive perspectives and a research agenda
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 80, s. 58-67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article introduces Industrial Marketing Management's special issue on start-ups and networks. To begin with, we stress the relevance of understanding the context wherein entrepreneurship unfolds – a context filled with social, technical and economic connections to which the start-up needs to relate. We also present and confront three network perspectives which bring different insights to the interplay between start-ups and networks: Social Network (SN) theory, the Industrial Marketing & Purchasing (IMP) view, and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Next, we introduce the 12 papers of this special issue and place them on a continuum covering a start-up's process of network embedding and including the three periods of establishment, consolidation and stabilization. We conclude with a research agenda suggesting five avenues for further research: (1) tracing start-ups' process of network embedding, (2) mapping the connections between the different networks affecting a start-up, (3) grasping the negative effects of networks on start-ups, (4) making longitudinal case studies on start-ups and networks more comparable via common analytical tools, and (5) investigating how policy influences the complex interplay between start-ups and networks.
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| 50. |
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