| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Diakaki, M., et al.
(författare)
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Towards the high-accuracy determination of the 238U fission cross section at the threshold region at CERN -€“ n_TOF
- 2016
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Ingår i: EPJ Web of Conferences. - : EDP Sciences. - 2100-014X.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The U-238 fission cross section is an international standard beyond 2 MeV where the fission plateau starts. However, due to its importance in fission reactors, this cross-section should be very accurately known also in the threshold region below 2 MeV. The U-238 fission cross section has been measured relative to the U-235 fission cross section at CERN - n_TOF with different detection systems. These datasets have been collected and suitably combined to increase the counting statistics in the threshold region from about 300 keV up to 3 MeV. The results are compared with other experimental data, evaluated libraries, and the IAEA standards.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Paradela, C., et al.
(författare)
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High-accuracy determination of the 238U/235U fission cross section ratio up to ~1 GeV at n_TOF at CERN
- 2015
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 91, s. 024602-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The U238 to U235 fission cross section ratio has been determined at n_TOF up to ≈1 GeV, with two different detection systems, in different geometrical configurations. A total of four datasets has been collected and compared. They are all consistent to each other within the relative systematic uncertainty of 3–4%. The data collected at n_TOF have been suitably combined to yield a unique fission cross section ratio as a function of neutron energy. The result confirms current evaluations up to 200 MeV. Good agreement is also observed with theoretical calculations based on the INCL++/Gemini++ combination up to the highest measured energy. The n_TOF results may help solve a long-standing discrepancy between the two most important experimental datasets available so far above 20 MeV, while extending the neutron energy range for the first time up to ≈1 GeV.
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| 5. |
- Tarrío, Diego, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of the angular distribution of fission fragments using a PPAC assembly at CERN n_TOF
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 743, s. 79-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fission reaction chamber based on Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPACs) was built for measuring angular distributions of fragments emitted in neutron-induced fission of actinides at the neutron beam available at the Neutron Time-Of-Flight (n_TOF) facility at CERN. The detectors and the samples were tilted 45 degrees with respect to the neutron beam direction to cover all the possible values of the emission angle of the fission fragments. The main features of this setup are discussed and results on the fission fragment angular distribution are provided for the Th-232(n,f) reaction around the fission threshold. The results are compared with the available data in the literature, demonstrating the good capabilities of this setup.
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| 6. |
- Leal-Cidoncha, E., et al.
(författare)
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High accuracy 234U(n,f) cross section in the resonance energy region
- 2017
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Ingår i: ND 2016. - Les Ulis : EDP Sciences. - 9782759890200
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- New results are presented of the 234U neutron-induced fission cross section, obtained with high accuracy in the resonance region by means of two methods using the 235U(n,f) as reference. The recent evaluation of the 235U(n,f) obtained with SAMMY by L. C. Leal et al. (these Proceedings), based on previous n_TOF data [1], has been used to calculate the 234U(n,f) cross section through the 234U/235U ratio, being here compared with the results obtained by using the n_TOF neutron flux.
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| 7. |
- Tarrío, Diego, et al.
(författare)
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Fission Fragment Angular Distribution of Th-232(n,f) at the CERN n_TOF Facility
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Data Sheets. - Univ Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain. [Leong, L. S.; Audouin, L.; Tassan-Got, L.; Lederer, C.] IPN, CNRS, IN2P3, Orsay, France. [Altstadt, S.; Langer, C.; Lederer, C.; Reifarth, R.; Schmidt, S.; Weigand, M.] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. [Andrzejewski, J.; Marganiec, J.; Perkowski, J.] Univ Lodz, PL-90131 Lodz, Poland. [Barbagallo, M.; Colonna, N.; Mastromarco, M.; Meaze, M.; Tagliente, G.; Variale, V.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-70126 Bari, Italy. [Becares, V.; Cano-Ott, D.; Garcia, A. R.; Gonzalez-Romero, E.; Martinez, T.; Mendoza, E.] CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. [Becvar, F.; Krticka, M.; Kroll, J.; Valenta, S.] Charles Univ Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. [Belloni, F.; Berthoumieux, E.; Bosnar, D.; Chiaveri, E.; Fraval, K.; Gunsing, F.] CEA Saclay, Irfu, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Berthoumieux, E.; Boccone, V.; Bosnar, D.; Brugger, M.; Calviani, M.; Cerutti, F.; Chiaveri, E.; Chin, M.; Ferrari, A.; Guerrero, C.; Kadi, Y.; Losito, R.; Roman, F.; Rubbia, C.; Tsinganis, A.; Versaci, R.; Vlachoudis, V.] CERN, European Org Nucl Res, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. [Billowes, J.; Ware, T.; Wright, T. J.] Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England. [Zugec, P.] Univ Zagreb, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. [Calvino, F.; Cortes, G.; Gomez-Hornillos, M. B.; Riego, A.] Univ Politecn Cataluna, Barcelona, Spain. [Carrapico, C.; Goncalves, I. F.; Sarmento, R.; Vaz, P.] Univ Tecn Lisboa, Inst Super Tecn, Inst Tecnol Nucl, P-1096 Lisbon, Portugal. [Cortes-Giraldo, M. A.; Praena, J.; Quesada, J. M.] Univ Seville, Seville, Spain. [Diakaki, M.; Karadimos, D.; Kokkoris, M.; Vlastou, R.] Natl Tech Univ Athens, GR-10682 Athens, Greece. [Domingo-Pardo, C.; Giubrone, G.; Tain, J. L.] Univ Valencia, CSIC, Inst Fis Corpuscular, E-46003 Valencia, Spain. [Dzysiuk, N.; Mastinu, P. F.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Legnaro, Milan, Italy. [Eleftheriadis, C.; Manousos, A.] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. [Ganesan, S.; Gurusamy, P.] Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Bombay 400085, Maharashtra, India. [Griesmayer, E.; Jericha, E.; Leeb, H.; Weiss, C.] Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Atom, Vienna, Austria. [Jenkins, D. G.; Vermeulen, M. J.] Univ York, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Kaeppeler, F.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Kernphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Koehler, P.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Lederer, C.; Pavlik, A.; Wallner, A.] Univ Vienna, Fac Phys, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. [Massimi, C.; Mingrone, F.; Vannini, G.] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. [Massimi, C.; Mingrone, F.; Vannini, G.] Sez INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy. [Mengoni, A.; Ventura, A.] Agenzia Nazl Nuove Tecnol, Eenergia & Sviluppo Econ Sostenibile ENEA, Bologna, Italy. [Milazzo, P. M.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Trieste, Italy. [Mirea, M.; Roman, F.] Horia Hulubei Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn, IFIN HH, Bucharest, Romania. [Mondalaers, W.; Plompen, A.; Schillebeeckx, P.] European Commiss JRC, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. [Rauscher, T.] Univ Basel, Dept Phys & Astron, Basel, Switzerland. [Rubbia, C.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Gran Sasso, Assergi, AQ, Italy. : Elsevier BV. - 0090-3752 .- 1095-9904. ; 119, s. 35-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The angular distribution of fragments emitted in neutron-induced fission of Th-232 was measured in the white spectrum neutron beam at the n_TOF facility at CERN. A reaction chamber based on Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPAC) was used, where the detectors and the targets have been tilted 45 degrees with respect to the neutron beam direction in order to cover the full angular range of the fission fragments. A GEANT4 simulation has been developed to study the setup efficiency. The data analysis and the preliminary results obtained for the Th-232(n,f) between fission threshold and 100 MeV are presented here.
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| 8. |
- Tarrío, Diego, et al.
(författare)
-
Neutron-induced fission cross sections of Th-232 and U-233 up to 1 GeV using parallel plate avalanche counters at the CERN n_TOF facility
- 2023
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9985 .- 2469-9993. ; 107:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neutron-induced fission cross sections of Th-232 and U-233 were measured relative to U-235 in a wide neutron energy range up to 1 GeV (and from fission threshold in the case of Th-232, and from 0.7 eV in case of U-233), using the white-spectrum neutron source at the CERN Neutron Time-of-Flight (n_TOF) facility. Parallel plate avalanche counters (PPACs) were used, installed at the Experimental Area 1 (EAR1), which is located at 185 m from the neutron spallation target. The anisotropic emission of fission fragments were taken into account in the detection efficiency by using, in the case of U-233, previous results available in EXFOR, whereas in the case of Th-232 these data were obtained from our measurement, using PPACs and targets tilted 45 degrees with respect to the neutron beam direction. Finally, the obtained results are compared with past measurements and major evaluated nuclear data libraries. Calculations using the high-energy reaction models INCL++ and ABLA07 were performed and some of their parameters were modified to reproduce the experimental results. At high energies, where no other neutron data exist, our results are compared with experimental data on proton-induced fission. Moreover, the dependence of the fission cross section at 1 GeV with the fissility parameter of the target nucleus is studied by combining those ( p, f) data with our (n, f) data on Th-232 and U-233 and on other isotopes studied earlier at n_TOF using the same experimental setup.
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| 9. |
- Bécares-Palacios, V., et al.
(författare)
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Reactivity monitoring with imposed beam trips and pulsed mode detectors in the subcritical experiment YALINA-Booster
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators. - : International Atomic Energy Agency. - 9789201504104
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reactivity monitoring is one of the urgent problems that require a solution in order to achieve a license for a future full-scale ADS. As a part of the EUROTRANS experiments at the YALINA-Booster facility, presented in this conference, a set of measurements with imposed beam-trips has been performed. Traditionally, the source jerk method has been used in subcritical systems to obtain the reactivity by comparing the total neutron flux before the neutron source removal to the semi-stable delayed neutron flux after the source removal. The deuterium-tritium neutron source of the YALINA-Booster facility can, in addition to pulsed mode operation, operate with continuous beam with short imposed millisecond-scale interruptions, thus providing the possibility to monitor the reactivity at each beam trip in the source jerk manner. In order to test the validity of the beam-trip reactivity values determined by using detectors operating in current-mode (also presented in this conference), the reactivity values of the YALINA-Booster assembly obtained through the beam-trip technique using pulsed-mode detectors is presented in this work. In these experiments, a beam-trip frequency of 1 Hz and an interruption time of ∼20 ms have been chosen and two different core loadings with effective multiplication factor around 0.95 have been investigated. These two different loadings with close to equal reactivity but different source multiplication characteristics make it possible to explore the effect of the different source multiplications. In addition, the response of the imposed beam-trip reactivity monitoring technique to reactivity insertions and removals has been studied through control rod movements. Experimental data from fission chambers have been acquired from all three zones of the core: the fast booster zone, the thermal zone and the reflector.
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| 10. |
- Becares, V., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the criticality constant from Pulsed Neutron Source measurements in the Yalina-Booster subcritical assembly
- 2013
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Ingår i: Annals of Nuclear Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4549 .- 1873-2100. ; 53, s. 40-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prompt decay constant method and the area-ratio (Sjostrand) method constitute the reference techniques for measuring the reactivity of a subcritical system using Pulsed Neutron Source experiments (PNS). However, different experiments have shown that in many cases it is necessary to apply corrections to the experimental results in order to take into account spectral and spatial effects. In these cases, the approach usually followed is to develop different specific correction procedures for each method. In this work we discuss the validity of prompt decay constant method and the area-ratio method in the Yalina-Booster subcritical assembly and propose a general correction procedure based on Monte Carlo simulations.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Becares, V., et al.
(författare)
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Validation of ADS reactivity monitoring techniques in the Yalina-Booster subcritical assembly
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Annals of Nuclear Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4549 .- 1873-2100. ; 53, s. 331-341
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of a reactivity monitoring system for subcritical reactors is a major task prior to industrial scale accelerator driven system (ADS) construction. Within the 6th European Framework Program, the IP-EUROTRANS project has performed a series of experiments at the Yalina-Booster subcritical assembly located at the Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research (JIPNR) of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, using a continuous (D, T) (fusion) neutron source in pulsed and continuous mode with short interruptions (beam trips). In this paper, the implementation and results of three different monitoring techniques intended to operate with continuous neutron sources will be presented, namely the source-jerk technique, the prompt decay constant technique and the current-to-flux technique. The results will be compared with the values of the reactivity obtained using the pulsed source in PNS experiments, discussed in detail in another paper.
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| 14. |
- Berglöf, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Neutron noise measurements in the YALINA-Booster experiments
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators. - : International Atomic Energy Agency. - 9789201504104
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In addition to the pulsed neutron source measurements and the continuous source beam-trip and current-to-flux measurements performed in the YALINA-Booster facility, also presented in this conference, a set of neutron noise measurements has been performed to achieve a complete characterization of the core. The neutron noise measurements have been performed in three different configurations covering a subcriticality range from 0.85 to 0.977. The Rossi-α neutron noise technique has been applied to detector counts from two channels in the thermal part of the core. The Rossi-α results are compared to the experimental prompt neutron decay constants obtained from the pulsed neutron source measurements. A first approach fitting procedure reveals a need of three exponentials to describe the Rossi-α histograms. It has been found that at deep subcriticality, the fundamental mode decay may coincide with or be close to a higher eigenmode, thus making it difficult to determine the prompt neutron decay constant correctly.
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| 15. |
- Berglöf, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Pulsed neutron source reference measurements in the subcritical experiment YALINA-Booster
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators. - : International Atomic Energy Agency. - 9789201504104
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In support of an online reactivity monitoring experiment, also presented in this conference, this work presents the reactivity calibration measurements performed with a pulsed neutron source in the coupled fast-thermal subcritical facility YALINA-Booster. These experiments reveal the complexity of experimentally obtaining a global reactivity from a highly heterogeneous core. Moreover, the effect of varying the source multiplication at constant reactivity on the area ratio technique is explored. It is found that the reactivity obtained with the area ratio technique carry strong spatial dependence, but it can be handled by calculated correction factors. On the other hand the method is showed not to be sensitive to changes in the source multiplication. It is also shown that the prompt neutron decay constant does not vary strongly over the core except at deep subcritical states.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Berglöf, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Auto-correlation and variance-to-mean measurements in a subcritical core obeying multiple alpha-modes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annals of Nuclear Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4549 .- 1873-2100. ; 38:2-3, s. 194-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron noise measurements based on the Rossi-alpha and Feynman-alpha methodologies have been performed in a heterogeneous subcritical system. It is shown that the traditional single alpha-mode formulations of the Rossi-alpha and Feynman-alpha methods are not applicable due to the presence of higher alpha-modes. Formalisms taking into account multiple alpha-modes are applied resulting in satisfactory results. Three alpha-modes could be identified using the Rossi-alpha method, whereas only two could be obtained using the Feynman-alpha method. In the Feynman-alpha case, the possibility to obtain the fastest decaying alpha-mode was diminished due to detector dead time effects. It was found that the slowest decaying alpha-mode does not exactly correspond to the prompt decay found in pulsed neutron source measurements, which confirms the results of previous studies. Strengths and weaknesses of the multiple alpha-mode Rossi-alpha and Feynman-alpha methods observed in this study are pointed out.
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| 19. |
- Berglöf, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial and Source Multiplication Effects on the Area Ratio Reactivity Determination Method in a Strongly Heterogeneous Subcritical System
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nuclear science and engineering. - 0029-5639 .- 1943-748X. ; 166:2, s. 134-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The area ratio method of Sjostrand is generally considered one of the most reliable reactivity determination methods and thus is a major candidate for off-line calibration purposes in future accelerator-driven systems for high-level waste incineration. In this work, the Sjostrand area ratio method has been evaluated experimentally under thorough conditions in the strongly heterogeneous subcritical facility YALINA-Booster. Both strengths and weaknesses of the method have been identified. Most surprisingly, it has been found that the area ratio reactivity estimates may differ a factor of 2 depending on detector position. It is also shown that this strong spatial dependence can be explained based on a simple two-region point-kinetics model and corrected by means of correction factors obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. A new Monte Carlo correction method is proposed that includes, at the same time, the spatial disturbance and the effective delayed neutron fraction. In that way, the value of the effective multiplication factor is obtained from the measured dollar reactivity without the need of calculating the effective delayed neutron fraction explicitly, and thereby, the delayed neutron transport is performed only once. Further, it has been found that the Sjostrand area ratio method is not sensitive to perturbations of the source multiplication factor.
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| 20. |
- Fernandez-Ordonez, M., et al.
(författare)
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Reactivity determination techniques in ads systems for the incineration of radioactive wastes
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Conference on the Physics of Reactors 2010, PHYSOR 2010. - 9781617820014 ; , s. 2933-2945
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Subcritical Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) have been proposed as one of the strategies for reducing the inventory and radiotoxicity of the spent nuclear fuel. The reactivity monitoring of ADS has been found to play a key role in the development of this technology. Although the current-to-power technique has been proposed as the main reactivity monitoring technique, it is necessary to periodically calibrate it using additional techniques. In this work, the standard reactivity monitoring techniques using Pulsed Neutron Source experiments have been evaluated in the coupled fast-thermal subcritical assembly YALINA-Booster. In addition, a new method to measure the absolute value of the system reactivity is proposed by using micro-interruptions of the continuous external neutron source (beam-trips). This technique, used for the first time in a subcritical core, provided results compatible with the standard PNS methods and can be used in future power ADS. Even more, to allow instantaneous reactivity checks, we have developed and tested the necessary electronic chains and data acquisition system to determine the system reactivity during a single beam trip, thus allowing the determination of the reactivity within a second.
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| 21. |
- Fernandez-Ordonez, M., et al.
(författare)
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Reactivity monitoring of a subcritical assembly using beam-trips and current-mode fission chambers : The YALINA-Booster program
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators. - : International Atomic Energy Agency. - 9789201504104
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transmutation of spent nuclear fuel in Accelerator-Driven Systems (ADS) is considered as a key technology for achieving sustainable nuclear energy. In the design of future ADS facilities, the reactivity monitoring system is of highest importance. An extensive experimental program devoted to reactivity monitoring of ADS has been carried out at the subcritical facility YALINA-Booster in the framework of IP-EUROTRANS. The main objective, besides the qualification of the reactivity monitoring techniques, has been to develop electronic chains that can be used in a full power ADS. For this purpose, YALINA-Booster couples a D-T neutron generator to a flexible zero-power subcritical assembly with a coupled fast-thermal neutron spectrum. The high intensity of the accelerator and the possibility to work in continuous or pulsed mode allowed the study of the current-to-flux relationship, beam-trip experiments and dedicated experiments for loading and start-up procedures. In addition, the experimental facility provided the opportunity to test electronic chains in current mode, which correspond to the most probable condition in a full power ADS. The experimental program has mainly been focused on the current-to-flux and beam-trip methodologies using detectors operating either in current or pulsed mode. However, in order to achieve the reference reactivity values of the different loading configurations, an extensive set of measurements based on pulsed neutron source techniques has been carried out. In addition, neutron noise measurements have also been performed. These studies are presented in separated papers within this conference. At present, the experimental campaign has been finished and, for the first time, the reactivity of a subcritical system has been measured within a single instantaneous beam trip (∼20 ms) using fission chambers operating in current mode. The necessary electronic chains to operate the fission chambers in this mode have been developed at CIEMAT. The preliminary results of our analysis show that the reactivity values obtained applying the Sjöstrand method and the slope-fit method using data from current-mode detectors are compatible with those obtained when using standard pulsed-mode detectors (presented also in this conference). The validity of the reactivity determination methods using fission chambers operating in current mode has been stated.
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| 22. |
- Moss, B, et al.
(författare)
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Continental-scale patterns of nutrient and fish effects on shallow lakes: synthesis of a pan-European mesocosm experiment
- 2004
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Ingår i: Freshwater Biology. - : Wiley. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 49:12, s. 1633-1649
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Results are analysed from 11 experiments in which effects of fish addition and nutrient loading on shallow lakes were studied in mesocosms. The experiments, five in 1998, six in 1999, were carried out in six lakes, distributed from Finland to southern Spain, according to a standard protocol. 2. Effects of the treatments on 29 standard chemical, phytoplankton and zooplankton variables are examined to assess the relative importance of bottom-up (nutrient enrichment) and top-down (fish predation) effects. For each year, the experiments in different locations are treated as replicates in a meta-analysis. Results of individual experiments are then compared in terms of the patterns of significant influences of nutrient addition and fish predation with these overall results (the baseline), and between years in the same location. 3. The overall meta-analysis gave consistent results across the 2 years, with nutrient loading influencing all of the chemical variables, and on average 31% of primary producer and 39% of zooplankton variables. In contrast, fish influenced none of the chemical variables, 11% of the primary producer and 44% of the zooplankton variables. Nutrient effects on the system were thus about three times greater than fish effects, although fish effects were not inconsiderable. 4. The relative importance of nutrients and fish in individual experiments often differed between years at the same location and effects deviated to varying degrees from the baseline. These deviations were treated as measures of consistency (predictability) of conclusions in repeat experiments. Consistency increased southwards and this is interpreted as a consequence of more variable annual weather northwards. 5. The influence of nutrient loading was greater southwards and this was probably manifested through naturally greater annual macrophyte abundance in warmer locations in consequence of the longer plant growing-season. There was no trend in the relative importance of fish effects with latitude but this may partly be an artefact of the simple fish community used. These findings suggest that nutrient control should be a greater priority than biomanipulation in the restoration of eutrophicated shallow lakes in warm temperate regions. 6. Starting conditions affected the outcome of experiments. High initial concentrations of total phosphorus and planktonic chlorophyll a concentration (created by local conditions prior to the experiment) led to de-emphasis of the importance of nutrient loading in the experiment.
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| 23. |
- Moss, B, et al.
(författare)
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The determination of ecological status in shallow lakes - a tested system (ECOFRAME) for implementation of the European Water Framework Directive
- 2003
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Ingår i: Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. - : Wiley. - 1052-7613. ; 13:6, s. 507-549
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. The European Water Framework Directive requires the determination of ecological status in European fresh and saline waters. This is to be through the establishment of a typology of surface water bodies, the determination of reference (high status) conditions in each element (ecotype) of the typology and of lower grades of status (good, moderate, poor and bad) for each ecotype. It then requires classification of the status of the water bodies and their restoration to at least 'good status' in a specified period. 2. Though there are many methods for assessing water quality, none has the scope of that defined in the Directive. The provisions of the Directive require a wide range of variables to be measured and give only general guidance as to how systems of classification should be established. This raises issues of comparability across States and of the costs of making the determinations. 3. Using expert workshops and subsequent field testing, a practicable pan-European typology and classification system has been developed for shallow lakes, which can easily be extended to all lakes. It is parsimonious in its choice of determinands, but based on current limnological understanding and therefore as cost-effective as possible. 4. A core typology is described, which can be expanded easily in particular States to meet local conditions. The core includes 48 ecotypes across the entire European climate gradient and incorporates climate, lake area, geology of the catchment and conductivity. 5. The classification system is founded on a liberal interpretation of Annexes in the Directive and uses variables that are inexpensive to measure and ecologically relevant. The need for taxonomic expertise is minimized. 6. The scheme has been through eight iterations, two of which were tested in the field on tranches of 66 lakes. The final version, Version 8, is offered for operational testing and further refinement by statutory authorities.
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| 24. |
- Villamarín, D., et al.
(författare)
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Current-to-flux experimental results in the YALINA-Booster subcritical assembly
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators. - : International Atomic Energy Agency. - 9789201504104
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a part of the IP-EUROTRANS experimental program at YALINA-Booster, presented in this conference, a set of measurements concerning the current-to-flux techniques has been performed. In a subcritical assembly coupled to an accelerator operating in continuous mode, the power of the reactor is related to the accelerator beam current and the external neutron source strength. It is generally assumed that by monitoring the ratio between the accelerator beam current and the neutron source intensity as well as the ratio between the neutron source intensity and the core power, any change in the system can be detected. With this methodology, changes in the system caused by reactivity transients can be isolated. However, it has been observed that this is only true for transients in the time scale of seconds. At CIEMAT, an acquisition system capable of monitoring the core power, the accelerator beam current and the neutron source intensity in the millisecond scale has been developed. It has been observed that, in these short time ranges, the proportionality relationship between these three quantities is not always fulfilled.
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