| 1. |
- Hop, Paul J., et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide study of DNA methylation shows alterations in metabolic, inflammatory, and cholesterol pathways in ALS
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science Translational Medicine. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 1946-6234 .- 1946-6242. ; 14:633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with an estimated heritability between 40 and 50%. DNA methylation patterns can serve as proxies of (past) exposures and disease progression, as well as providing a potential mechanism that mediates genetic or environmental risk. Here, we present a blood-based epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis in 9706 samples passing stringent quality control (6763 patients, 2943 controls). We identified a total of 45 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) annotated to 42 genes, which are enriched for pathways and traits related to metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and immunity. We then tested 39 DNA methylation-based proxies of putative ALS risk factors and found that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, white blood cell proportions, and alcohol intake were independently associated with ALS. Integration of these results with our latest genome-wide association study showed that cholesterol biosynthesis was potentially causally related to ALS. Last, DNA methylation at several DMPs and blood cell proportion estimates derived from DNA methylation data were associated with survival rate in patients, suggesting that they might represent indicators of underlying disease processes potentially amenable to therapeutic interventions.
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| 2. |
- Boström, Magnus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Conditions for Transformative Learning for Sustainable Development : A Theoretical Review and Approach
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 10:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Continued unsustainability and surpassed planetary boundaries require not only scientific and technological advances, but deep and enduring social and cultural changes. The purpose of this article is to contribute a theoretical approach to understand conditions and constraints for societal change towards sustainable development. In order to break with unsustainable norms, habits, practices, and structures, there is a need for learning for transformation, not only adaption. Based on a critical literature review within the field of learning for sustainable development, our approach is a development of the concept of transformative learning, by integrating three additional dimensions—Institutional Structures, Social Practices, and Conflict Perspectives. This approach acknowledges conflicts on macro, meso, and micro levels, as well as structural and cultural constraints. It contends that transformative learning is processual, interactional, long-term, and cumbersome. It takes place within existing institutions and social practices, while also transcending them. The article adopts an interdisciplinary social science perspective that acknowledges the importance of transformative learning in order for communities, organizations, and individuals to be able to deal with global sustainability problems, acknowledging the societal and personal conflicts involved in such transformation.
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| 3. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Refining gentleness - a key to bulky CTMP
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 37:2, s. 349-355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) is often used in middle layers of multiply paperboards due to its high bulk at specified strength. Such a CTMP should consist of well-separated undamaged fibres with sufficient bonding capacity. The basic objective of this work is to examine the effect of refining on bulk, taking into account conditions such as temperature, sulphonation, refining gap and refiner size. First stage CTMP made from Norway spruce (Picea abies) were produced in pilot and mill scale trials. Two new parameters, Equivalent temperature related to softness and Refining gentleness are introduced that take into account refining conditions as actual temperature, softening temperature, bound sulphonate content, refining gap and refiner diameter. The results show that bulk increases linearly with refining gentleness.
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| 4. |
- Coutinho, Jonathan M., et al.
(författare)
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Reducing the global burden of cerebral venous thrombosis: An international research agenda
- 2024
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Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE. - 1747-4930 .- 1747-4949.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Due to the rarity of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), performing high-quality scientific research in this field is challenging. Providing answers to unresolved research questions will improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, and ultimately translate to a better outcome of patients with CVT. We present an international research agenda, in which the most important research questions in the field of CVT are prioritized.Aims: This research agenda has three distinct goals: (1) to provide inspiration and focus to research on CVT for the coming years, (2) to reinforce international collaboration, and (3) to facilitate the acquisition of research funding.Summary of review: This international research agenda is the result of a research summit organized by the International Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Consortium in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in June 2023. The summit brought together 45 participants from 15 countries including clinical researchers from various disciplines, patients who previously suffered from CVT, and delegates from industry and non-profit funding organizations. The research agenda is categorized into six pre-specified themes: (1) epidemiology and clinical features, (2) life after CVT, (3) neuroimaging and diagnosis, (4) pathophysiology, (5) medical treatment, and (6) endovascular treatment. For each theme, we present two to four research questions, followed by a brief substantiation per question. The research questions were prioritized by the participants of the summit through consensus discussion.Conclusions: This international research agenda provides an overview of the most burning research questions on CVT. Answering these questions will advance our understanding and management of CVT, which will ultimately lead to improved outcomes for CVT patients worldwide.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Robinson, Matthew R., et al.
(författare)
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Population genetic differentiation of height and body mass index across Europe
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 47:11, s. 1357-1362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Across-nation differences in the mean values for complex traits are common(1-8), but the reasons for these differences are unknown. Here we find that many independent loci contribute to population genetic differences in height and body mass index (BMI) in 9,416 individuals across 14 European countries. Using discovery data on over 250,000 individuals and unbiased effect size estimates from 17,500 sibling pairs, we estimate that 24% (95% credible interval (CI) = 9%, 41%) and 8% (95% CI = 4%, 16%) of the captured additive genetic variance for height and BMI, respectively, reflect population genetic differences. Population genetic divergence differed significantly from that in a null model (height, P < 3.94 x 10(-8); BMI, P < 5.95 x 10(-4)), and we find an among-population genetic correlation for tall and slender individuals (r = -0.80, 95% CI = -0.95, -0.60), consistent with correlated selection for both phenotypes. Observed differences in height among populations reflected the predicted genetic means (r = 0.51; P < 0.001), but environmental differences across Europe masked genetic differentiation for BMI (P < 0.58).
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| 8. |
- Sandberg, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of chip pretreatment and feeding segments on specific energy and pulp quality in TMP production
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 33:3, s. 448-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased wood softening and refining intensity have earlier been utilized to improve refining efficiency in mechanical pulping. We have evaluated a combination of increased softening by low dose sulphite chip pretreatment and increased intensity by feeding segment design in a TMP line for production of high quality printing papers. Norway spruce wood chips were preheated, compressed in an Impressafiner and impregnated with water or sodium sulphite solutions (Na2SO3 charges 3.6 and 7.2 kg/t). Chips were refined in two parallel 68" double disc refiners using two different refining conditions: standard bidirectional segments at normal production rate (9 t/h) and feeding segments at increased production rate (11.1-12.1 t/h). The feeding segments enabled a 30 % increase in production rate. Refining with feeding segments at 12.1 t/h production rate combined with chip pretreatment with 3.6 kg/t sodium sulphite reduced the specific energy 360 kWh/t (19 %) compared to refining with standard segments and no pretreatment. Pulp properties were similar for the two configurations. The combination of feeding segments and chip pretreatment with water reduced the specific energy 180 kWh/t (9 %). Implementation of most of the technology presented has reduced the electrical energy use for the mill by approximately 80 GWh/year.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Azevedo, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2052-4463. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.
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| 14. |
- Berg, Elisabeth Gräslund, et al.
(författare)
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Praktiker som gör skillnad : Om den verb-inriktade metoden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Historisk Tidskrift. - 0345-469X .- 2002-4827. ; 133:3, s. 335-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article discusses the so-called verb-oriented method and its role in the research project Gender and Work in early modern Sweden (GaW), which is based at Uppsala University. It provides a presentation of the GaW-database, which has been designed to allow analysis according to the verb-method. Finally, the article points out that this method can be combined with a number of different theoretical approaches as long as the focus is on practices. It is therefore compatible with the approaches of e.g., Judith Butler, Michel de Certeau, and Amartya Sen. Work is defined as "time-use with the purpose of making a living" and the article discusses why data on time-use, or actual work activities, are better suited for research into early modern Swedish working life than other types of data. It shows that activities are usually described in the sources by verb-phrases, and explains how and from what sources verb-phrases are collected and analyzed within the project. In order to allow for generalizations the verb-method presupposes large amounts of data. This is the rationale for the GaW-database, which at present includes around 5000 verb-phrases and 75000 data posts.
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| 15. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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A Micromechanical Model of the Deterioration of a Wood Fibre
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Pulp and Paper Science. - 0826-6220. ; 25:2, s. 66-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simple analytical model is presented in this paper for the prediction of the stiffness degradation and the damage state in a wood fibre, loaded in uniaxial tension or shear. The model is based on an assumed displacement field together with the minimum total potential energy theorem. For the damage development, an energy criterion is employed. The model is applied to a specific example and the relevant stiffness coefficients are calculated as a function of the damage state. The damage development as a function of the applied loads is also given. The results from a specific example considered indicate that a tensile load affects the stiffness degradation to a larger extent than does a shear load.
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| 16. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Effect of impact velocity on the fracture of wood as related to the mechanical pulping process
- 2001
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 35:4, s. 343-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fibre separation step in refining is crucial for energy consumption in subsequent refining where the pulp properties are developed. The size reduction of chips during refining is dependent on refining intensity and chip strength. Factors affecting these two parameters are discussed in a literature review. The impact strength of chips and the break down of chips to separate fibres are also discussed. Specifically the effect of impact velocity on the fracture of wood has been studied by use of a falling weight impact tester. Samples were prepared from a freshly cut log of Norway spruce, Picea abies, and the impact strength was measured using an instrumented falling weight impact tester. An increase in impact velocity from about 2.7 to 4.8 m/s resulted in an increase in impact strength of about 50%.
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| 17. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Temperature on Fracture of Spruce in Compression, Investigated by Use of Acoustic Emission Monitoring
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Pulp and Paper Science (JPPS). - 0826-6220. ; 26:8, s. 294-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring during compression of wood has been used to investigate the fracture history with specific emphasis on its dependence on temperature, moisture content, strain and loading direction. The wood was compressed in both the lateral and longitudinal directions in order to select preferred modes of deformation to achieve desired irreversible changes in the wood structure. The elastic modulus, the compressive strength and the cumulated number of AE events decreased with increasing temperature. It was concluded that the most efficient loading direction is longitudinal in order to introduce flaws in wood under compression and that a longitudinal compression of 24%, corresponding to a specific energy input of 3 kWh/ton, is needed in order to achieve substantial changes in the wood structure. The compression should be carried out at temperatures well below 120°C in order to introduce many failure sites.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Fibre wall crack development
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2009 International Mechanical Pulping Conference, IMPC 2009. ; , s. 340-343
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An analytical model has been applied to calculate the energy to achieve a certain damage state in a softwood fibre wall by uniaxial tension or shear load. At conditions such as prevailing at the entrance of the gap between the plates in a refiner less energy was needed for earlywood compared to latewood fibres. The energy was lower for loading in shear compared to tension for both earlywood and latewood fibres with a low microfibril angle. This implies that it would be preferred to refine earlywood and latewood fibres separately.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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LC Refining Intensity In The Light Of Forces On Fibres
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Mechanical Pulping Conference, IMPC 2014. - Espoo : Paper Engineers' Association (PI).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this investigation was to find new approaches to evaluate the performance of a full sized two-zoned low-consistency refiner i.e. a refiner with two stators and one rotor in between. Data from a paper mill producing TMP from Norway spruce was used in order to find a possible way to calculate the power split between the two zones. An assumption of equal amount of fibres captured between overlapping bars was found successful in order to develop equations for the power split. The equations predicted equal power in both zones at equal disc gaps. The power was found to correlate approximately linearly with the disc gap. The power split was essential to know for calculating refining intensity expressed as specific edge load and forces on fibres in the two zones. The reduction in fibre length was about 5% at 0.17 mm disc gap corresponding to 0.03 N force on fibres and 0.7 J/m specific edge load. Disc gap, force on fibres and specific edge load was found to predict the fibre shortening with approximately equal sufficiency upon changes in power and flow rate through the refiner.
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| 22. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Low-consistency refining of CTMP targeting high strength and bulk : effect of filling pattern and trial scale
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : De Gruyter Open. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 36:1, s. 33-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) is often used in central layers of multiply paperboards due to its high bulk and strength. Such a CTMP should consist of well-separated undamaged fibres with sufficient bonding capacity. The basic objective of this work is to optimize process conditions in low-consistency (LC) refining, i. e. to select or ultimately develop new optimal LC refiner filling patterns, in order to produce fibrillar fines and improve the separation of fibres from each other while preserving the natural fibre morphology as much as possible. Furthermore, the aim is to evaluate if this type of work can be done at laboratory-scale or if it is necessary to run trials in pilot- or mill-scale in order to get relevant answers. First stage CTMP made from Norway spruce (Picea abies) was LC refined in mill-, pilot- and laboratory-scale trials and with different filling patterns. The results show that an LR1 laboratory refiner can favourably be used instead of larger refiners in order to characterize CTMP with regard to tensile index and z-strength versus bulk. A fine filling pattern resulted in CTMP with higher tensile index, z-strength and energy efficiency at maintained bulk compared to a standard filling pattern.
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| 23. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Low-consistency refining of mechanical pulp in the light of forces on fibres
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 30:2, s. 225-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this investigation was to find new approaches to evaluate the performance of low-consistency refiners. Data from a paper mill producing TMP from Norway spruce was used in order to find a possible way to calculate the power split between the zones in a TwinFlo refiner. An assumption of equal amount of fibres captured between overlapping bars was found successful in order to develop equations for the power split. The equations predicted equal power in both zones at equal disc gaps. The power was found to increase approximately linearly with decreasing disc gap over the range, 0.1-0.2 mm. The power split was essential to know for calculating refining intensities expressed as specific edge load and forces on fibres in the two zones. The reduction in fibre length was about 5% at 0.17 mm disc gap or at 0.03 N forces on fibres or at 0.7 J/m specific edge load. Disc gap, forces on fibres and specific edge load was found to predict fibre shortening approximately equally upon changes in power and flow rate through the refiner.
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| 24. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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On the energy consumption for crack development in fibre wall in disc refining - A micromechanical approach
- 2009
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Ingår i: Holzforschung. - 0018-3830 .- 1437-434X. ; 63:2, s. 204-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An analytical model has been applied to calculate the acquired strain energy density in order to achieve a certain damage state in a softwood fibre by uniaxial tension or shear load. The energy density was found to be dependent on the microfibril angle in the middle secondary wall, the loading case, the thicknesses of the fibre cell wall layers, and conditions such as moisture content and temperature. At conditions, prevailing at the entrance of the gap between the plates in a refiner and at relative high damage states, more energy is needed to create cracks at higher microfibril angles. The energy density was lower for earlywood compared to latewood fibres. For low microfibril angles, the energy density was lower for loading in shear compared to tension for both earlywood and latewood fibres. Material parameters, such as initial damage state and specific fracture energy, were determined by fitting of input parameters to experimental data.
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| 25. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, 1957-
(författare)
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Wood and fibre mechanics related to the thermomechanical pulping process
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis was to improve the understanding of some aspects on wood and fibre mechanics related to conditions in the thermomechanical pulping process. Another objective was to measure the power distribution between the rotating plates in a refiner. The thesis comprises the following parts: –A literature review aimed at describing fracture in wood and fibres as related to the thermomechanical pulping process –An experimental study of fracture in wood under compression, at conditions similar to those in feeding of chips into preheaters and chip refiners –An experimental study of the effect of impact velocity on the fracture of wood, related to conditions of fibre separation in the breaker bar zone in a chip refiner –A micromechanical model of the deterioration of wood fibres, related to the development of fibre properties during the intense treatment in the small gap in the refining zone –Measurements of the power distribution in a refiner. The fracture in wood under compression was investigated by use of acoustic emission monitoring. The wood was compressed in both lateral and longitudinal directions to predict preferred modes of deformation in order to achieve desired irreversible changes in the wood structure. It was concluded that the most efficient compression direction in this respect is longitudinal. Preferable temperature at which the compression should be carried out and specific energy input needed in order to achieve substantial changes in the wood structure were also given. The fibre separation step and specifically the effect of impact velocity on the fracture energy were studied by use of a falling weight impact tester. The fracture surfaces were also examined under a microscope. An increase in impact velocity resulted in an increase in fracture energy. In the thermomechanical pulping process the fibres are subjected to lateral compression, tension and shear which causes the creation of microcracks in the fibre wall. This damage reduces the fibre wall stiffness. A simplified analytical model is presented for the prediction of the stiffness degradation due to the damage state in a wood fibre, loaded in uni-axial tension or shear. The model was based on an assumed displacement field together with the minimum total potential energy theorem. For the damage development an energy criterion was employed. The model was applied to calculate the relevant stiffness coefficients as a function of the damage state. The energy consumption in order to achieve a certain damage state in a softwood fibre by uniaxial tension or shear load was also calculated. The energy consumption was found to be dependent on the microfibril angle in the middle secondary wall, the loading case, the thicknesses of the fibre cell wall layers, and conditions such as moisture content and temperature. At conditions, prevailing at the entrance of the gap between the plates in a refiner and at relative high damage states, more energy was needed to create cracks at higher microfibril angles. The energy consumption was lower for earlywood compared to latewood fibres. For low microfibril angles, the energy consumption was lower for loading in shear compared to tension for both earlywood and latewood fibres. Material parameters, such as initial damage state and specific fracture energy, were determined by fitting of input parameters to experimental data. Only a part of the electrical energy demand in the thermomechanical pulping process is considered to be effective in fibre separation and developing fibre properties. Therefore it is important to improve the understanding of how this energy is distributed along the refining zone. Investigations have been carried out in a laboratory single-disc refiner. It was found that a new developed force sensor is an effective way of measuring the power distribution within the refining zone. The collected data show that the tangential force per area and consequently also the power per unit area increased with radial position. The results in this thesis improve the understanding of the influence of some process parameters in thermomechanical pulping related wood and fibre mechanics such as loading rate, loading direction, moisture content and temperature to separate the fibres from the wood and to achieve desired irreversible changes in the fibre structure. Further, the thesis gives an insight of the spatial energy distribution in a refiner during thermomechanical pulping.
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| 26. |
- Berg, Jessica
(författare)
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Everyday Mobility and Travel Activities during the first years of Retirement
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mobility is central to living an independent life, to participating in society, and to maintaining well-being in later life. The point of departure in this thesis is that retirement implies changes in time-space use and interruption in routines, which influence demands and preconditions for mobility in different ways. The aim of this thesis is to explore mobility strategies and changes in mobility upon retirement and how mobility develops during the first years of retirement. A further aim is to provide knowledge of the extent to which newly retired people maintain a desired mobility based on their needs and preconditions. The thesis is empirically based on travel diaries kept by newly retired people, and qualitative interviews with the same persons, and follow-up interviews three and a half years later. The results show that mobility is a way of forming a structure in the new everyday life as retirees by getting out of the house, either just for a walk or to do errands. Many patterns of everyday life remain the same upon retirement, but the informants also merge new responsibilities and seek new social arenas and activities. As a result, the importance of the car have not changed, but it is used for other reasons than before. After leaving paid work, new space-time constraints are created which influences demands for mobility. The study further shows that “third places” become important, especially among those who live alone, as they give an opportunity to being part of a social context and a reason for getting out of the house. The follow-up interviews revealed that declining health changes the preconditions for mobility. Daily walks had to be made shorter, and the car had to be used for most errands to where they previously could walk or cycle. However, mobility can also be maintained despite a serious illness and a long period of rehabilitation.
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| 27. |
- Berg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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"I want complete freedom" : car use and everyday mobility among the newly retired
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 7:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose was to investigate car use among newly retired people, to explore to what extent car transport is used for everyday mobility and how it is valued in comparison to other transport modes.The data consists of travel diaries and qualitative interviews with 24 individuals, aged between 61 and 67, living in a middle-sized Swedish city. The informants filled in a travel diary during 1 week that were analysed by VISUAL-TimePAcTS, an application for visualising and exploring activity diary data. The semi-structured qualitative interviews were analysed using a qualitative content analysis.The car was used for several trips daily and often for short trips. The informants had a lot of everyday projects that they would not be able to perform if they did not have access to a car. The informant’s social context implies new space-time constraints. Commitments to family members, engagement in associations and spouses’ occupations affect how much and when they use the car, and their overall mobility.In contrast to much research on older people’s mobility that has studied slightly older people, this study have focused on a specific group that are relatively healthy, well-off, and have the possibility to choose between different modes of transport. By combining travel diaries and qualitative interviews, we have explored how newly retired people reason as regard their travel behaviour but also how they actually travel.
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| 28. |
- Berg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Mobility in the transition to retirement : the intertwining of transportation and everyday projects
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 38:June, s. 48-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Through travel diaries and interviews with newly retired urban residents in Sweden our aim was to explore (1) mobility patterns in the transition to retirement, (2) the influence of space-time restrictions and resources on mobility and (3) the meaning and embodied experience of mobility. This time-geographic study contributes with knowledge on how mobility is influenced by individual, social and geographical contexts. Illustrated by four cases, our result show that retirement changes the preconditions for mobility and creates new space-time restrictions. To spend more time on projects that were previously carried out outside working time, such as caring for grandchildren, volunteer work and household responsibilities, influenced the informants' demands for mobility and choice of transport mode. However, the informants have resources that can be seen as strategies to overcome space-time restrictions. Most of the informants found it important to structure the day, to some it was vital to have something to do during the day while others enjoyed the possibility to take each day as it comes. Everyday mobility was a way of forming a structure by getting out of the house, either just for a walk or for making errands. The informants' embodied experiences of mobility influenced their choice to walk and cycle for transport for the reasons of comfort, get fresh air, or simply to get out of the house. The daily mobility pattern that was established was a result of individual preferences and resources as well as negotiations with family members. We conclude that the transition to retirement is a period when new mobility patterns are considered, evaluated and practiced.
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| 29. |
- Berg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Time to spare : Everyday activities among newly retired people in a middle-sized city
- 2016
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Retirement has recently been studied as a complex process that affects people’s lives in many different ways (Teuscher 2010; Grenier 2011; Halleröd, Örestig and Stattin 2013). Retirement implies changes in time-space use, interruption in routines and changed social patterns. Leisure activities, shopping, errands and rest are no longer determined by the working life rhythm. New time-space constraints might at the same time occur that limit the individual’s actions, such as reduced income, new or increased commitments towards children and grandchildren, involvement in associations or part-time work (Kleiber and Nimrod, 2009; Szinovacz et al., 2001; Van den Bogaard et al., 2013).A vast amount of research from different fields has focused on the implications of retirement for wellbeing (Bender 2012; Wang 2007), adjustment (Van Solinge and Henkens 2008), identity (Teucher 2010), volunteering (Van den Bogaard et.al., 2013) and physical activity (Lahti et al. 2011). So far, only a few studies have investigated everyday activities and timespace use among older people in general and the post-World War II generation in particular (Chatzitheochari and Arber 2011; Gauthier and Smeeding 2003). In many studies of time-space use, the aim has been to illuminate the juggling of everyday activities that occurs and to deal with the balance between work, leisure and family (Schwanen and de Jong 2008; Kwan 2000; Scholten, Friberg and Sanden 2012). Naturally, retired people have not been included in those studies, although many older people play an important role in the lives of families with small children (Schwanen 2008) and seek supporting and leading roles as citizens (cf. Gagliardi, et al. 2007; Leinonen 2011; Liechty, Yarnal and Kerstetter 2012; McCormack et al. 2008; Nimrod and Adoni 2006; Sperazza and Banerjee 2010). Little is known about the expectations this generation has on retirement and its demands for activities. The aim of this study is therefore to explore newly retired peoples everyday activities. What activities do they take part in and where are these activities carried out? In what respect, and for what reasons, do activities change or stay the same upon retirement?The remaining of this paper begins with a discussion of the implications of retirement on everyday activities in accordance to previous research. The time-geographical perspective and concepts used here for studying activities is then presented. That is followed by a description of methods, data and analysis, before the empirical analysis of travel diaries and qualitative interviews is given. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in relation to previous research.
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| 30. |
- Berg, Lars-Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Introduktion av värmekameror i undervisningen vid Lillerudsgymnasiet
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi har bedrivit en forskningscirkel med syfte att utvärdera värmekameran som visualiseringsteknik i olika ämnen på naturbruksprogrammet genom att planera, genomföra och reflektera kring lektionsupplägg, där elever har fått möjlighet att använda värmekameror med olika grad av styrning. Resultatet visar att värmekameran har många skilda tillämpningsområden inom lantbruk och djurhållning och kan användas i undervisningen som ett verktyg för elevers praktiska undersökningar av t.ex. djurs fysiologi, eller som ett mätinstrument då tillfälle ges, t.ex. för att studera juverbölder hos suggor eller temperaturökning när en skruv tar fel gäng. En utmaning i undervisningen är att finna en balans mellan öppenhet och styrning, där eleverna upplever att de har möjlighet att undersöka fenomen de själva är intresserade av, men utifrån ett etablerat, systematiskt arbetssätt. Sammanfattningsvis har vi upplevt användning av värmekameror som ett effektivt och intresseväckande sätt att konkretisera och individanpassa undervisningen på naturbruksprogrammet, vilket vi kan rekommendera andra lärare att prova.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Berntorp, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Consensus perspectives on prophylactic therapy for haemophilia: summary statement.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Haemophilia. - : Wiley. - 1351-8216. ; 9:Suppl 1, s. 41278-41278
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Participants in an international conference on prophylactic therapy for severe haemophilia developed a consensus summary of the findings and conclusions of the conference. In the consensus, participants agreed upon revised definitions for primary and secondary prophylaxis and also made recommendations concerning the need for an international system of pharmacovigilance. Considerations on starting prophylaxis, monitoring outcomes, and individualizing treatment regimens were discussed. Several research questions were identified as needing further investigation, including when to start and when to stop prophylaxis, optimal dosing and dose interval, and methods for assessment of long-term treatment effects. Such studies should include carefully defined cohorts, validated orthopaedic and quality-of-life assessment instruments, and cost-benefit analyses.
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| 33. |
- Berntorp, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
The second Team Haemophilia Education Meeting, 2016, Frankfurt, Germany
- 2017
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Haematology. - : Wiley. - 0902-4441. ; 98:s85, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first Team Haemophilia Education (THE) Meeting was held on 7–8 May 2015 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. It aimed to promote the optimal care of patients with haemophilia through education of the multidisciplinary treatment team. This was achieved by reviewing the latest developments in haemophilia management, considering how these can be implemented in the clinic to improve patient care and providing a platform for networking and debate for all haemophilia treatment team members. The second THE Meeting was held on 19–20 May in Frankfurt, Germany, and participants included doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, patient representatives and data management staff from 20 different countries. Topics covered the role of the multidisciplinary team in delivering the best haemophilia care, challenges in the management of haemophilia across Europe, available clotting factor treatments, future treatments and the use of genetics in advising carriers of haemophilia. This report is a summary of the key developments in haemophilia care presented by various investigators and healthcare professionals at THE Meeting 2016.
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| 34. |
- Brown, S A, et al.
(författare)
-
Unresolved issues in prophylaxis
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Haemophilia. - : Wiley. - 1351-8216. ; 8:6, s. 817-821
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 35. |
- Dirks-Mulder, Anita, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring the evolutionary origin of floral organs of Erycina pusilla, an emerging orchid model system
- 2017
-
Ingår i: BMC Evolutionary Biology. - : BIOMED CENTRAL LTD. - 1471-2148. ; 17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Thousands of flowering plant species attract pollinators without offering rewards, but the evolution of this deceit is poorly understood. Rewardless flowers of the orchid Erycina pusilla have an enlarged median sepal and incised median petal ('lip') to attract oil-collecting bees. These bees also forage on similar looking but rewarding Malpighiaceae flowers that have five unequally sized petals and gland-carrying sepals. The lip of E. pusilla has a 'callus' that, together with winged 'stelidia', mimics these glands. Different hypotheses exist about the evolutionary origin of the median sepal, callus and stelidia of orchid flowers. Results: The evolutionary origin of these organs was investigated using a combination of morphological, molecular and phylogenetic techniques to a developmental series of floral buds of E. pusilla. The vascular bundle of the median sepal indicates it is a first whorl organ but its convex epidermal cells reflect convergence of petaloid features. Expression of AGL6 EpMADS4 and APETALA3 EpMADS14 is low in the median sepal, possibly correlating with its petaloid appearance. A vascular bundle indicating second whorl derivation leads to the lip. AGL6 EpMADS5 and APETALA3 EpMADS13 are most highly expressed in lip and callus, consistent with current models for lip identity. Six vascular bundles, indicating a stamen-derived origin, lead to the callus, stelidia and stamen. AGAMOUS is not expressed in the callus, consistent with its sterilization. Out of three copies of AGAMOUS and four copies of SEPALLATA, EpMADS22 and EpMADS6 are most highly expressed in the stamen. Another copy of AGAMOUS, EpMADS20, and the single copy of SEEDSTICK, EpMADS23, are most highly expressed in the stelidia, suggesting EpMADS22 may be required for fertile stamens. Conclusions: The median sepal, callus and stelidia of E. pusilla appear to be derived from a sepal, a stamen that gained petal identity, and stamens, respectively. Duplications, diversifying selection and changes in spatial expression of different MADS-box genes shaped these organs, enabling the rewardless flowers of E. pusilla to mimic an unrelated rewarding flower for pollinator attraction. These genetic changes are not incorporated in current models and urge for a rethinking of the evolution of deceptive flowers.
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| 36. |
- Engberg, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
-
A comparative study of models describing high consistency refining
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of International Mechanical Pulping Conference. - : Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada. - 9787501982516 ; , s. 96-100
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- By using the same selected input data in three different refining models the model predictions could be compared both in relation to each other and related to experimental data. Predictions delivered by the Miles and May model deviated most from the estimates based on measured values. The fluid dynamical model and especially the entropy model showed good agreement both when it came to describing the specific energy distribution and the local refining intensity distribution over the refining radius. However, the entropy model had problems with predicting the mean fibre velocity close to the refiner inlet while the fluid dynamical model had a tendency to overestimate the fibre velocity when approaching the periphery. In conclusion, the modelscould deliver realistic estimates. Still, the models need to be developed to be able to depict refining actions even better. To validate new or improved models, more research involving measurements from refiner gaps are needed.
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| 37. |
- Fallahjoybari, Nima, et al.
(författare)
-
CFD Simulation Of Pulp Flow In Rotating And Non-Rotating Grooves
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference. ; , s. 24-
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present study deals with the numerical simulation of softwood pulp flow in the rotating and non-rotating grooves in an aim to investigate the fluid flow and forces acting on a representative surface mounted in the groove. The viscosity of softwood pulp in different consistencies is available from the experimental measurements reported in the literature providing the opportunity to examine the effects of fiber consistency on the velocity and pressure distribution within the groove. The simulations are carried out in OpenFOAM for different values of gap thickness and angular velocity from which the pressure coefficient and shear forces values are obtained. It is found that the pressure increases at the stagnation point located at the gap entrance in the non-rotating groove due to tangential motion of the upper wall which induces the helical motion of the pulp flow in the groove’s cavity. However, such an effect is not observed in the rotating cavity close to the groove inlet. Meanwhile, by moving further along the channel length toward the outlet the helical motion is enhanced and an increase in the pressure is observed at the stagnation point. The shear forces over the representative surface are found to be independent of representative surface’s location and it is in the same level in the rotating and non-rotating grooves. In addition to the numerical simulations, an analytical discussion is also presented to provide a deeper understanding of pressure coefficient and shear forces variations with different parameters in the rotating and non-rotating grooves.
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| 38. |
- Fallahjoybari, Nima, et al.
(författare)
-
Investigation of pulp flow helicity in rotating and non-rotating grooves
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical engineers. Part E, journal of process mechanical engineering. - : SAGE Publications. - 0954-4089 .- 2041-3009. ; 235:6, s. 2045-2058
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical simulation of pulp flow in rotating and non-rotating grooves is carried out to investigate the effect of pulp rheological properties and groove geometry on the rotational motion of the pulp flow. The eucalyptus pulp suspension is considered as a working fluid in the present study whose apparent viscosity correlation is available from the experimental measurements reported in the literature. The simulations are carried out with OpenFoam for different values of pulp material, fiber concentrations, and groove cross-section. Helicity is introduced to measure the turnover rate of pulp flow in the groove due to the importance of such motion on the final properties of the pulp flow. A measurement of helicity magnitude and its distribution along the groove revealed that a change in the pulp material would significantly affect the flow structures within the groove. Further investigation on the effects of fiber concentration, c, showed that this parameter does not have a significant effect on the averaged helicity magnitude for c = 2.0 and 2.5, whereas the helicity distribution over the groove cross-section changes clearly for c = 1.5. The results showed that the helicity level is negligible for almost half of the cavity cross-section in the non-rotating groove simulations, which can be considered as a shortcoming of the original geometry of the groove. Therefore, a smaller cross-section for the groove is considered through which an enhancement in the helicity magnitude is observed.
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| 39. |
- Fischer, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Prophylactic treatment for severe haemophilia: comparison of an intermediate-dose to a high-dose regimen
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Haemophilia. - : Wiley. - 1351-8216. ; 8:6, s. 753-760
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multicentre study was performed in Sweden and the Netherlands, comparing effects of two prophylactic regimens in 128 patients with severe haemophilia, born 1970-90. 42 Swedish patients (high-dose prophylaxis), were compared with 86 Dutch patients (intermediate-dose prophylaxis). Patients were evaluated at the date of their last radiological score according to Pettersson. Annual clotting factor consumption and bleeding frequency were registered for a period of three years before evaluation. Patients in the high-dose group were younger at evaluation (median 15.2 vs. 17.9 years), started prophylaxis earlier (median 2 vs. 5 years), and used 2.19 times more clotting factor kg(-1) year(-1). Patients treated with high-dose prophylaxis had fewer joint bleeds (median 0.3 year(-1) vs. 3.3 year(-1)) and the proportion of patients without arthropathy as measured by the Pettersson score was higher (69% vs. 32%), however, the age-adjusted difference in scores (median 0 points vs. 4 points) was small and at present not statistically significant. Clinical scores and quality of life were similar. These findings suggest that, compared with intermediate-dose prophylaxis, high-dose prophylaxis significantly increases treatment costs and reduces joint bleeds over a period of 3 years, but only slightly reduces arthropathy after 17 years of follow-up.
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| 40. |
- Gradin, Per A., et al.
(författare)
-
Measurement of the Power Distribution in a Single Disc Refiner
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Journal of Pulp and Paper Science. - 0826-6220. ; 25:11, s. 384-387
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A vital parameter in the production of mechanical pulp through refining is the energy consumption. Until recently, the pulping industry has focused on the total energy consumed, without a full understanding of how this energy is distributed in the refiners. In this paper two methods are suggested by which it is possible to estimate the energy supplied at an arbitrary point along the disc radius on refiner segments. The methods are based on instrumented bar with strain gauges. In the first method, a bar is slotted so that the sensor can be viewed as consisting of a number of cantilever beams separated by slots. In the second method, the sensor consists of one continuous bar along the disc radius. The sensors are calibrated such that influence coefficients are obtained for the slotted case and an influence function is obtained for the continuous one. The tangential forces are obtained directly in the first method, while in the second they are given by an integral equation which can be solved numerically. From the knowledge of the tangential force the power distribution can be calculated. Experimental results from the use of the slotted sensor are also given.
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| 41. |
- Gradin, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring forces in a refiner plate gap
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of International Mechanical Pulping Conference. - 9787501982516 ; , s. 81-83
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
|
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| 42. |
- Gradin, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring Tangential Forces in a Pulp Refiner : A Novel Approach
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Experimental techniques (Westport, Conn.). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0732-8818 .- 1747-1567. ; 40:2, s. 789-793
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To get some insight into the processes that are active during the refining of wood, the tangential force distribution in the plate gap is of interest. Over the years several designs of force sensors have been developed for this purpose. One drawback with these designs is that each sensormeasures forces over quite a small area such that in order to cover the whole disc with a reasonably good resolution, many sensors have to be used. Also, there are problems to protect the active parts of the sensors from the harsh environment in the plate gap. In this paper a different concept is presented, in that the sensor is continuous and consists of a hollow radial bar equipped with strain gages on the inside. The force sensor was calibrated before mounting by loading it with a known load in the tangential direction and in different positions while measuring the strains in the points where the gages are located. This makes it possible to determine the so-called influence (or Green) functions. Knowing these it is possible to determine the tangential force distribution from strain values measured during operation of the refiner. Guidelines for doing this are presented together with a detailed description of the load sensor and some experimental results.
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| 43. |
|
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| 44. |
- Joelsson, Tove, et al.
(författare)
-
Unique steel belt press technology for development of high strength papers from HYP
- 2021
-
Ingår i: TAPPICon Virtual 2021. - : TAPPI Press. - 9781713829683 ; , s. 523-531
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dry strength properties of hot pressed moist paper improved as stiff high-yield pulp (HYP) fibers soften and the sheet density increased. Very high wet strength was also achieved without adding strengthening agents. This research focuses on a new hot-pressing methodology based on a steel belt-based pilot cylinder press with infrared heating. The heated steel belt transports the moist paper into the cylinder nip with two adjacent steel rollers with adjustable nip pressure. The temperature ranges up to 300°C, maximum speed is 5 m/min, maximum pulling force from the steel belt is 70 kN and the line load in the two press nips is 15 kN/m each. High peak pressures are possible due to the hard press nip between steel rolls and steel belt, allowing a good heat transfer to the paper. The long dwell time allows strained drying of the paper which results to high density and high wet strength. Paper samples from high-yield pulps were tested at different nip pressures, temperatures and machine speeds while the dry content was kept constant at about 63%. High nip pressure showed the largest effect on densification and dry strength. While high temperature and long dwell time seem to be most important in achieving high wet strength.
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| 45. |
- Joelsson, Tove, et al.
(författare)
-
Unique steel belt press technology for high strength papers from high yield pulp
- 2021
-
Ingår i: SN Applied Sciences. - : Springer. - 2523-3963 .- 2523-3971. ; 3:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dry strength properties of hot-pressed moist paper improved as stiff high-yield pulp fibers soften and the sheet density increased. Very high wet strength was also achieved without adding strengthening agents. This research focuses on a new hot-pressing methodology based on a steel belt-based pilot cylinder press with infrared heating. The heated steel belt transports the moist paper into the cylinder nip with two adjacent steel rollers with adjustable nip pressure. The temperature ranges up to 300 °C, maximum speed is 5 m/min, maximum pulling force from the steel belt is 70 kN and the line load in the two press nips is 15 kN/m each. High peak pressures are possible due to the hard press nip between steel rolls and steel belt, allowing a good heat transfer to the paper. The long dwell time allows strained drying of the paper which results to high density and high wet strength. Paper samples from high-yield pulps were tested at different nip pressures, temperatures and machine speeds while the dry content was kept constant at about 63%. High nip pressure showed the largest effect on densification and dry strength. While high temperature and long dwell time seem to be most important in achieving high wet strength.
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| 46. |
- Johansson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Sågverksnytt nr 1
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
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| 47. |
- Jouybari, Nima Fallah, et al.
(författare)
-
An investigation of forces on a representative surface in a pulp flow through rotating and non-rotating grooves
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. - : Springer. - 1678-5878 .- 1806-3691. ; 45:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Softwood pulp flow in rotating and non-rotating grooves is numerically simulated in the present study to investigate the fluid flow and the forces acting on a representative surface mounted in the groove. The viscosity of softwood pulp with various consistencies is available from the measurements reported in the literature providing the opportunity to examine the effects of fiber consistency on the velocity and pressure distribution within the groove. The simulations are carried out in OpenFOAM for different values of gap thickness, angular velocity and radial positions from which the pressure coefficient and shear forces values are obtained. It is found that the shear forces within the gap increase linearly with the angular velocity for all fiber consistencies investigated and in both grooves. Also, this behavior can be successfully predicted by modeling the gap flow as a Couette flow in a two-dimensional channel. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of the flow kinetic energy close to the stagnation point using Bernoulli’s principle is carried out to provide a better understanding of the pressure coefficient variation with angular velocity in the non-rotating groove. A comparison of pressure coefficients obtained numerically with those calculated by considering the compression effects revealed that the comparison effects are dominating in the pulp flow within the groove.
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| 48. |
- Lindborg, Regina, et al.
(författare)
-
A landscape perspective on conservation of semi-natural grasslands.
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8809. ; 125:1-4, s. 213-222
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current agri-environmental schemes and subsidies for conservation and restoration of semi-natural grasslands do not explicitly assess land use changes affecting whole landscapes, but have so far focused on single objects and small areas. In this paper, we discuss a landscape perspective versus a “single object” perspective when conserving semi-natural grassland in agricultural landscapes. The focus is on the values biodiversity, cultural heritage, a vital countryside, and effects on economy when land use changes. We conclude that when land use change in the landscape surrounding an object, important additional effects on the different values are found. For example, a countryside where animals graze former arable fields and where marginal habitats are managed will have a positive effect, not only on the biodiversity associated to semi-natural grasslands, but also for the image of a vital and dynamic landscape. An increased number of roads, on the other hand, may negatively affect cultural heritage and decrease biodiversity in grasslands, leading to negative effects on the value of common goods through isolation. Placing objects in a larger spatial context and combining several different aspects into a landscape perspective, will improve long-term preservation of values associated to semi-natural grasslands.
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| 49. |
- Lindborg, Regina, et al.
(författare)
-
Investigating biodiversity trajectories using scenarios – Lessons from two contrasting agricultural landscapes
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 91:2, s. 499-508
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agriculture is the major land use at a global scale. In addition to food production, multifunctionality of landscapes, including values and ecosystem services like biodiversity, recreation and culture, is now focus for management. This study explores how a scenario approach, involving different stakeholders, may help to improve landscape management for biodiversity conservation. Local farmers and executives at the County Administrative Board were invited to discuss rural development and conditions for farmland biodiversity in two Swedish landscapes. The potential biodiversity for three future land use scenarios for the two landscapes was discussed: nature conservation, outdoor recreation and energy production, and compared with current and historical landscapes in each region. Analyses of habitat areas, connectedness and landscape diversity suggested that the energy and recreation scenarios had a negative impact on farmland biodiversity, whereas the nature conservation scenario, the current and historically reconstructed landscapes had a higher potential for biodiversity. The farmers appreciated the nature conservation scenario, but also the energy production scenario and they highlighted the need of increased subsidies for management of biodiversity. The farmers in the high production area were less interested in nature quality per se. The executives had similar opinions as the farmers, but disagreed on the advantages with energy production, as this would be in conflict with the high biodiversity and recreational values. The local physical and socio-economical conditions differ between landscapes and potentially shaped the stakeholders emotional attachment to the local environment, their opinions and decisions on how to manage the land. We stress the importance of incorporating local knowledge, visions and regional prerequisites for different land uses in conservation, since site and landscape specific planning for biodiversity together with a flexible subsidy system are necessary to reach the conservation goals within EU.
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| 50. |
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