| 1. |
- Bean, Christopher G., 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Group activity participation at age 21 and depressive symptoms during boom and recession in Sweden : a 20-year follow-up
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 29:3, s. 475-481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Organized group activities (e.g. sports or arts clubs) have long been noted as important developmental settings for youth, yet previous studies on the relationships between participation and mental health outcomes have focused on short-term effects among school-aged adolescents. The subsequent period of life, emerging adulthood, has been largely overlooked despite being another important life stage where individuals face new existential challenges and may benefit from group activity participation. The potential for macroeconomic conditions to modify these relationships has also not been considered. Methods: Participants (n = 1654) comprise two cohorts, born in either 1965 (n = 968) or 1973 (n = 686), from the same middle-sized industrial town in Northern Sweden. Both cohorts completed detailed questionnaires at age 21 (macroeconomic boom for Cohort 65, recession for Cohort 73) and approximately 20 years follow-up (age 43 for Cohort 65, age 39 for Cohort 73). General linear models were used to assess concurrent and prospective associations between regular group activity participation and depressive symptoms, as well as the potential interaction with boom/recession. Results: After controlling for sociodemographic factors, regular group activity participation at age 21 was associated with lower depressive symptoms, both concurrently and at follow-up. Those exposed to recession at age 21 reported higher depressive symptoms at the time but there was no interaction between cohort (boom/recession) and group activity participation. Conclusions: Regular group activity participation during emerging adulthood is associated with lower depressive symptoms uniformly in times of boom and recession. Beneficial effects of such participation may contribute to better mental health over 20 years.
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| 2. |
- Bean, Christopher, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Poor peer relations in adolescence, social support in early adulthood, and depressive symptoms in later adulthood : evaluating mediation and interaction using four-way decomposition analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Annals of Epidemiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1047-2797 .- 1873-2585. ; 29, s. 52-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Supportive social relations are associated with good mental health, yet few studies have considered the prospective importance of adolescent peer relations for adult mental health and the potential mechanisms involved.Methods: Participants (n=941) were sourced from the Northern Swedish Cohort, a prospective study comprising school students aged 16 in 1981. Integrating life course epidemiology with four-way decomposition analysis, this paper considers the controlled direct effect of poor peer relations at age 16 on depressive symptoms at age 43, the pure indirect effect mediated by the availability of social support at age 30, and potential interactions between the exposure and the mediator.Results: After controlling for gender, baseline depressive symptoms and parental socioeconomic position, poor peer relations at age 16 were associated with depressive symptoms at age 43, largely irrespective of social support at age 30. Nonetheless, poor peer relations in adolescence were associated with poorer social support at age 30, and mediation accounted for a modest proportion (pure indirect effect 10%) of the association between poor peer relations and depressive symptoms at age 43.Conclusions: Policies to foster constructive peer relations for adolescents at school are encouraged; such policies may promote both the availability of social support and better mental health across the life course.
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| 3. |
- Bean, Christopher, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Short sleep, psychosocial work stressors, and measures of obesity: results from an Australian cohort study
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Short sleep and workplace stress are both established risk factors for overweight and obesity, yet few studies have considered how these two factors may intersect. The aim of this study was to establish the associations between these two exposures and their relative associations with body mass index (kg/m2 ) and waist circumference (cm).Methods: A cross-sectional design sampled current employees (N=423) from an Australian cohort using a computer-assisted telephone interview and clinic-measured height, weight, and waist circumference. Short sleep (≤6h/ night) was reported by 25.8% of the participants. Psychosocial work stressors were defined using the Job Demand-ControlSupport (JDCS) model and calculated at the subscale level (psychological demands; skill discretion; decision authority; coworker support; supervisor support). General linear models were used to assess associations between short sleep, the JDCS subscales (split at median), and BMI and waist circumference.Results: Separate analyses identified short sleep and a lack of skill discretion at work as predictors of both BMI and waist circumference. Furthermore, when both predictors were entered in the same model, each was associated with elevated BMI (b=1.79, p=.003; b=1.08, p=.045) and waist circumference (b=4.20, p=.005; b=2.97, p=.028). Short sleep was also associated with high perceived psychological demands at work (b=1.81, p=.003). All models were adjusted for gender, age, work hours, blue vs. white collar job, and household income.Discussion: These findings indicate the importance of considering the interplay between short sleep and psychosocial work stressors, and their respective associations with measures of overweight Sleep Sci. 2019;12(Supl.3):1-75 26 and obesity. Further research using longitudinal data is needed to model potential mechanisms (e.g., behavioral and physiological). A novel feature was the subscale consideration of the prominent JDCS model of work stress. Advocacy for both improved habitual sleep (e.g., ≥7h/night) and job redesign to increase skill discretion at work may promote lower levels of overweight and obesity for employees.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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A 26-year follow-up study of heavy drinking trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood and adult disadvantage
- 2013
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 48:4, s. 452-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: The aim of the study was to identify heavy drinking trajectories from age 16 to 42 years and to examine their associations with health, social, employment and economic disadvantage in mid-adulthood.METHODS: Finnish cohort study's participants who were 16 years old in 1983 were followed up at age 22, 32 and 42 (n = 1334). Heavy drinking was assessed at every study phase and based on these measurements trajectories of heavy drinking were identified. The trajectory groups were then examined as predictors of disadvantage at age 42.RESULTS: Five distinct heavy drinking trajectories were identified: moderate (35%), steady low (22%), decreasing (9%), increasing (11%) and steady high (23%). Frequencies of the trajectory groups differed by gender. Using the moderate trajectory as a reference category, women in the steady high trajectory had an increased risk of experiencing almost all disadvantages at age 42. In men, increasing and steady high groups had an increased risk for experiencing health and economic disadvantage.CONCLUSION: Steady high female drinkers and steady high and increasing male drinkers had the highest risk for disadvantage in mid-adulthood. By identifying heavy drinking trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood we can better predict long-term consequences of heavy alcohol use and plan prevention and intervention programmes.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Berg, Noora
(författare)
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Accumulation of disadvantage from adolescence to midlife : A 26-year follow-up study of 16-year old adolescents
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a wide range of evidence that childhood conditions are associated with adult wellbeing and disadvantage. However, in many cases, there is still a lack of knowledge on how and why these associations are formed. The life-course perspective examines these longitudinal mechanisms linking wellbeing and disadvantage in different life phases and tries to understand the continuities and discontinuities of individual lives. Information on these longitudinal associations is needed in order to be able to affect adverse life paths. For several decades, it has been suggested that disadvantage is a multidimensional concept that encompasses several dimensions of life such as health, social relations, socioeconomic factors and risky behaviour. Different forms of disadvantage are known to correlate, but less is known about how these disadvantages are interlocked in time. Accumulation of disadvantage refers to these processes, where previous disadvantages affect subsequent disadvantage. Mortality can be seen as an extreme end point of accumulation of disadvantage. The multidimensional approach to disadvantage is still underutilized in research in many ways. Often the focus has been in socioeconomic and health related forms of disadvantage or in risky behaviour, but rarely studies have taken several different dimensions of life into account simultaneously. The general aim of this study was to examine accumulation of disadvantage from adolescence to midlife in a life-course perspective. This study approaches the concept of disadvantage from a multidimensional perspective covering life dimensions of health, social relations, socioeconomic factors and risky behaviour. This study is a part of wider follow-up study Stress, Development and Mental Health –Study (TAM-project), which is carried out at the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The study has prospectively followed up a Finnish urban age cohort at the ages of 16, 22, 32 and 42. The original study population included all Finnish speaking ninth-grade pupils attending secondary schools in the spring of 1983 in Tampere, Finland. In the first phase of the study, 2194 pupils (96.7%) aged 16 years completed a self-administered questionnaire during school hours. In three later phases the study cohort was followed up using postal questionnaires when the subjects were 22 (n=1656, 75.5%), 32 (n=1471, 67.0%) and 42 (n=1334, 60.7%) years old. This study examined multidimensional disadvantage using life-course models of clustered disadvantage, chain of risk and accumulation and found support for all of them. According to the results of this study, several individual and clustered forms of disadvantage in adolescence were associated with mortality before midlife. Lack of educational plans or uncertainty of them at age 16 was the strongest single predictor of mortality. Multiple simultaneous forms of disadvantage related to social relations, risky behaviour and own and parental socioeconomic factors were associated with mortality. This was the case also when disadvantage extended to many dimensions of disadvantage simultaneously. We found that poor family relationships in adolescence played a role in chains of disadvantages lasting all the way to midlife. The pathways from poor family relationships to economic adversity in midlife were shaped by low education and poor mental health in 5 early adulthood in women. In men this association was found to be shaped by early adult education, but it was explained by poor school performance already at age 16, indicating that those men with poor family relationships are already in adolescence on a disadvantage trajectory that will continue into adulthood regardless of whether they have problems in family relationships. The pathways to poor mental health in midlife were shaped mainly by mental health in early adulthood and in women also by heavy drinking. In the final life-course model we focused on accumulation of heavy drinking and examined it by using trajectory models. The results indicate that women of the steady high alcohol trajectory from adolescence to midlife had an increased risk of experiencing almost all measured disadvantages at age 42 (health, social relations, socioeconomic factors). In men, those who increased their drinking or drank steadily heavily had an increased risk for experiencing health and economic disadvantage in midlife. Frequent heavy drinking in adolescence did not leave 'a scar' that would associate with midlife disadvantage, if the drinking was reduced after adolescence. Childhood and adolescent disadvantages have long-term effects on wellbeing/disadvantage all the way to midlife, but they do not inexorably determine people's lives, also conditions in other life phases shape the life course. This provides many possibilities for preventive actions that should be targeted, not only to early years of life, but to later life phases as well. Our results highlight the importance of targeting interventions to improving the family relationships, supporting the educational career of the disadvantaged and preventing detrimental alcohol use
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between unemployment and heavy episodic drinking from adolescence to midlife in Sweden and Finland
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 28:2, s. 258-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundUnemployment and alcohol use have often been found to correlate and to act as risk factors for each other. However, only few studies have examined these associations at longitudinal settings extending over several life phases. Moreover, previous studies have mostly used total consumption or medical diagnoses as the indicator, whereas subclinical measures of harmful alcohol use, such as heavy episodic drinking (HED), have been used rarely. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between HED and unemployment from adolescence to midlife in two Nordic countries.MethodsParticipants of separate cohort studies from Sweden and Finland were recruited at age 16 in 1981/1983 and followed up at ages 21/22, 30/32 and 43/42, (n = 1080/2194), respectively. Cross-lagged autoregressive models were used to determine associations between HED and unemployment.ResultsIn the Swedish cohort, HED at ages 16 and 30 in men and HED at age 21 in women were associated with subsequent unemployment. In the Finnish cohort, we found corresponding associations at age 16 in women and at age 22 in men. However, the gender differences were not statistically significant. The associations from unemployment to HED were non-significant in both genders, in both cohorts and at all ages.ConclusionsOur results suggest that heavy drinkers are more likely to experience unemployment in subsequent years. The associations from HED to unemployment seem to exist through the life course from adolescence to midlife. More emphasis should be put on reducing alcohol related harms in order to improve labour-market outcomes.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Berg, Noora J., et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal prospective associations between psychological symptoms and heavy episodic drinking from adolescence to midlife
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 47:4, s. 420-427
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: This study examined whether development of psychological symptoms (PS) differed between persons with different longitudinal profiles of heavy episodic drinking (HED) from adolescence to midlife. In addition, the reciprocal associations between PS and HED were studied. Methods: Participants of a Finnish cohort study in 1983 at age 16 (N = 2194) were followed up at ages 22 (N = 1656), 32 (N = 1471), and 42 (N = 1334). HED was assessed with frequency of intoxication (16-22 years) and having six or more drinks in a session (32-42 years). Using latent class analysis, the participants were allocated to steady high, increased, moderate, and steady low groups according to their longitudinal profiles of HED. The PS scale (16-42 years) covered five mental complaints. The latent growth curve of PS was estimated in the HED groups for comparisons. In addition, the prospective associations between symptoms and HED were examined using cross-lagged autoregressive models. Results: PS grew from 16 to 32 years, but declined after that, with women having higher level of PS than men. PS trajectory followed a path at highest and lowest level in the steady high and steady low HED groups, respectively. Symptoms predicted later HED, but the association in the opposite direction was not found. Conclusions: The more the HED trajectory indicated frequent HED, the higher was the level of PS throughout the follow-up. Results support the self-medication hypothesis, suggesting that alcohol is used to ease the burden of PS. More attention should be paid to alcohol use of people with mental symptoms in health services.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways from poor family relationships in adolescence to economic adversity in mid-adulthood
- 2017
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Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 32, s. 65-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have found that troubled childhood family conditions have long-term detrimental effects on a person’s economic situation in adulthood. However, the mechanisms behind these effects are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between poor adolescent family relationships and the economic adversity in mid-adulthood and whether different adversities in early adulthood mediate this association.Participants of a Finnish cohort study at 16 years in 1983 were followed up when aged 22, 32 and 42 (N = 1334). Family relationships were measured according to adolescents’ perceived lack of emotional parental support (e.g. My mother is close to me (reversed)), lack of parental support in the individuation process and poor atmosphere at home. We analysed the direct effects of poor family relationships at age 16 on the economic adversity at age 42 and also indirect effects via various adversities at ages 22 and 32. The examined adversities were poor somatic and mental health, lack of an intimate relationship, low education and heavy drinking.Poor adolescent family relationships were associated with economic adversity in mid-adulthood. For women, poor relationships were associated with their economic adversity (42y) through poor mental health and low education in early adulthood. For men, the effect was transmitted via low education, although this was not the case after adjusting for school achievement in adolescence.The quality of family relationships in adolescence is associated with an individual’s economic situation well into mid-adulthood in women. Moreover, this association was not explained by family structure and parental SEP in adolescence. Early promotion of parent-child interaction, as well as health and education of individuals from troubled family conditions, might reduce economic inequality in adulthood.
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| 20. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways from problems in adolescent family relationships to midlife mental health via early adulthood disadvantages – a 26-year longitudinal study
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poor childhood family conditions have a long-term effect on adult mental health, but the mechanisms behind this association are unclear. Our aim was to study the pathways from problematic family relationships in adolescence to midlife psychological distress via disadvantages in early adulthood. Participants of a Finnish cohort study at the age of 16 years old in 1983 were followed up at ages 22, 32 and 42 years old (N = 1334). Problems in family relationships were measured with poor relationship with mother and father, lack of parental support in adolescent's individuation process and poor home atmosphere, and mental health was assessed using Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale (K10). We analyzed the indirect effects of adolescent family relations on mental health at age 42 years old via various disadvantages (somatic and psychological symptoms, relationship/marital status, low education/unemployment and heavy drinking) at ages 22 and 32 years old. Problematic adolescent family relationships were associated with midlife psychological distress in women (0.19; 95% CI 0.11, 0.26) and men (0.13; 95% CI 0.04, 0.21). However, after adjustment for adolescent psychological symptoms, the association was only significant for women (0.12; 95% CI 0.04, 0.20). Poor family relationships were associated with various disadvantages in early adulthood. The association from poor family relationships (16 years old) to psychological distress (42 years old) was in part mediated via psychological symptoms in women (0.03; 95% CI 0.01, 0.04) and men (0.02; 95% CI 0.00, 0.04) and in women also via heavy drinking in early adulthood (0.02; 95% CI 0.00, 0.03). Adolescent family relationships have a role in determining adult mental health. Targeted support addressing psychological well-being and hazardous drinking for adolescents with problematic family relationships might prevent disadvantages in early adulthood, and further prevent poor midlife mental health.
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| 21. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors in adolescence as predictors of trajectories of somatic symptoms over 27 years
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 32:5, s. 696-702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Somatic symptoms among adolescents are common, yet little is known about long-term trajectories of somatic symptoms and the factors in adolescence that shape them. We examined individual, family and schoolbased factors at age 16 as predictors of trajectories of somatic symptoms over 27 years. Methods: Participants from the Northern Swedish Cohort (n ¼ 1001) responded to questions about individual factors (e.g. health behaviours), family factors (e.g. contact with parents, social and material adversity) and school satisfaction at age 16; as well as 10 somatic symptoms at ages 16, 18, 21, 30 and 43. Teacher assessments at age 16 included overall ability at school and peer relations. Age 16 predictors of somatic symptom trajectory group membership were analysed using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Poor contact with mother and poor school satisfaction were significant predictors of adverse symptom trajectories among both men and women. Low birth weight and low parental academic involvement were contributing factors for women, while smoking and social adversity were more relevant factors for men. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the importance of a holistic approach that considers the unique contributions of individual, family and school-based factors in the development of trajectories of somatic symptoms from adolescence to middle age.
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| 22. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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Social relationships in adolescence and heavy episodic drinking from youth to midlife in Finland and Sweden : examining the role of individual, contextual and temporal factors
- 2018
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundApplying the Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) model of the bioecological theory, this study considers whether proximal processes between the individual and the microsystem (social relationships within family, peer group and school) during adolescence are associated with heavy episodic drinking (HED), from youth to midlife, and whether the macro level context (country) plays a role in these associations.MethodsParticipants of two prospective cohort studies from Finland and Sweden, recruited in 1983/1981 at age 16 (n = 2194/1080), were followed-up until their forties using postal questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between social relationships at age 16 and HED (at least monthly intoxication or having six or more units of alcohol in one occasion) at ages 22/21, 32/30 and 42/43. Additive interactions between microsystem settings, as well as between settings and country, were also considered.ResultsConsistent with the PPCT model, we found individual, contextual and temporal aspects to be associated with drinking habits. Higher levels of poor family relationships were associated with an increased likelihood of HED (ages 22/21 and 32/30) in both Finnish women and men and Swedish men. Higher levels of peer contact were associated with an increased likelihood of HED in both Finnish women (ages 32 and 42) and men (ages 22 and 32), and Swedish men (age 21). In contrast with the other groups, poorer relationships with classmates were associated with an increased likelihood of HED (age 30) for Swedish women only. For women, the combined effect of having both daily peer contact and living in Finland for HED at age 42/43 was statistically distinguishable from a pure additive effect.ConclusionsMicro and to a lesser extent macro level contexts are associated with heavy episodic drinking well into adulthood. The most relevant processes in the adolescent microsystem occur in family and peer settings. However, long-lasting protective or risk-raising effects between different settings and later HED were not found. Promoting good relationships across different contexts during adolescence may reduce the incidence of HED in adulthood.
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| 23. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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Stress, development and mental health study, the follow-up study of Finnish TAM cohort from adolescence to midlife : cohort profile
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 11:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This cohort profile describes the Stress, development and mental health study (TAM), which is a cohort study investigating risk and protective factors as well as longitudinal associations regarding mental health and well-being from adolescence to midlife. This interdisciplinary cohort study operates, for example, in the fields of public health, social medicine, psychiatry and the life course perspective.Participants In 1981 (n=2242, 98.0% of the target population), 1982 (n=2191, 95.6%) and 1983 (n=2194, 96.7%) during school classes, surveys were conducted to all Finnish-speaking pupils (mostly born 1967) in the Tampere region in Finland. Participants of the school study at age 16 in 1983 (n=2194) comprised the base population for the longitudinal data and were followed-up using postal questionnaires in the years 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019 at ages 22 (n=1656, 75.5% of the age 16 participants), 32 (n=1471, 67.0%), 42 (n=1334, 60.8%) and 52 (n=1160, 52.9%).Findings to date The self-reported questionnaires include information on physical and mental health (eg, depression and mood disorders, anxiety disorders), health behaviour and substance misuse (eg, alcohol, tobacco and exercise), socioeconomic conditions, psychosocial resources (eg, self-esteem), social relationships and support, life events, etc. The numerous studies published to date have examined mental health and various factors from several perspectives such as risk and protective factors, individual developmental paths (eg, trajectories) and pathway models (mediation and moderation).Future plans Current and future research areas include, for example, longitudinal associations between mental health (eg, depressive symptoms, self-esteem) and (1) substance use (alcohol and tobacco), (2) family transitions (eg, parenthood, relationship status) and (3) retirement. Next follow-up is planned to be conducted at the latest at age 62 in 2029. Before that it is possible to link the data with cause-of-death register.
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| 24. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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The contribution of drinking culture at comprehensive school to heavy episodic drinking from adolescence to midlife
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 30:2, s. 357-363
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The school context is associated with adolescent alcohol use, but it is not clear whether this association continues into adulthood. This study examined whether exposure to drunkenness oriented drinking culture in 9th grade school class is associated with individuals' heavy episodic drinking (HED) from adolescence to midlife. Methods: Participants in the 'Northern Swedish Cohort' study aged 16 years in 1981 were followed-up when aged 18, 21, 30 and 43 (N = 1080). Individual-level factors were HED, positive attitudes towards drunkenness, early initiation of HED and peer-oriented spare-time. School class-level drinking culture was measured as classmate reported HED, positive attitudes, early initiation of HED and peer-oriented spare time. Multilevel log-binomial regression analyses were adjusted for gender, parental socioeconomic background, family structure and HED at age 16. Results:After adjustment for sociodemographic factors several cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were found between class-level indicators of drinking culture and individual HED. After additional adjustment for age 16 HED, most associations attenuated. The risk ratio (95% confidence interval) for engaging in HED at age 43 was 1.58 (1.03-2.42) times higher for those who at age 16 had many classmates reporting positive attitude towards drunkenness. Conclusions: These findings suggest that drinking culture in school may have a long-lasting impact on drinking habits in adulthood. The associations with HED at follow-ups are likely mediated by HED in adolescence. Studies on alcohol use would benefit from taking into account both individual and contextual factors in a life course perspective.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Berg, Noora, et al.
(författare)
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The relevance of macroeconomic conditions on concurrent and subsequent alcohol use : results from two Northern Swedish cohorts
- 2020
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Ingår i: Addiction Research and Theory. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1606-6359 .- 1476-7392. ; 28:6, s. 501-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ackground: The aim of this study is to examine the relevance of macroeconomic conditions (boom vs. recession) and own labor market status on alcohol use in youth and midlife.Method: Two Northern Swedish cohorts, born in either 1965 (boom at age 21 years) or 1973 (recession at age 21 years), included all pupils attending the last grade of compulsory school in Luleå, in 1981 (n = 990) or 1989 (n = 686), respectively. Questionnaires were completed at ages 21 and 43/39 years. Alcohol use was measured as volume of consumption (cl/year) and heavy episodic drinking (HED).Results: Women aged 21 years during the boom (Cohort65) consumed less alcohol and were less likely to be heavy episodic drinkers at age 21 years compared to those who were exposed to recession at the same age (Cohort73). In men there were no such cohort differences. Women, and to some extent men, in Cohort65 increased their consumption at midlife, whereas this decreased for those in Cohort73. HED decreased in both cohorts, but the decrease was steeper in the recession cohort. Analyses stratified by labor market status revealed between-cohort differences in consumption among women who were either employed or students at baseline; but not for men. Alcohol use for those unemployed did not differ between the cohorts.Conclusions: In our study, comparing two cohorts that experienced either macroeconomic boom (1986) or recession (1994) at age 21 years in Sweden, the association between individual alcohol use and concurrent unemployment in youth was not affected by macroeconomic conditions.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Grundström, Jenna, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between relationship status and mental well-being in different life phases from young to middle adulthood
- 2021
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Ingår i: SSM - Population Health. - : Elsevier. - 2352-8273. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to assess the associations between relationship status and mental well-being in four different phases during the life course, and to identify whether relationship quality moderated these associations. We used a broader concept of relationship status (instead of marital status) and also included the positive dimension of mental health. Participants in a Finnish cohort study were followed up at ages 22 (N = 1,656), 32 (N = 1,471), 42 (N = 1,334), and 52 (N = 1,159). Measures in all study panels covered relationship status (marriage, cohabitation, dating, single and divorced/widowed), Short Beck Depression Inventory (S-BDI), self-esteem (seven items) and relationship quality (six items). Analyses were carried out using linear regression. Compared to marriage, being single or being divorced/widowed were associated with depressive symptoms at every age in men. For women, in turn, being single - but not being divorced/widowed - was associated with depressive symptoms. Among men, being single or being divorced/widowed were also associated with lower self-esteem at age 32, 42 and 52, but in women, only one association between lower self-esteem and being single was found at age 32. Of the age stages, the age 32 is highlighted in men, at which point all relationship statuses were risk factors compared to marriage. There were only few indications of the moderating role of the relationship quality. Compared to marriage, being single or being divorced/widowed were quite consistently associated with poorer mental well-being during the life course, especially among men. For dating and cohabiting the associations were more fragmented depending on age and gender; particularly among women, these relationship statuses tended not to differ from marriage in terms of mental well-being. These observations on mental well-being across five relationship statuses are important in our contemporary society, where the number of marriages is decreasing, and other forms of relationships are becoming more common.
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| 29. |
- Grundström, Jenna, et al.
(författare)
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Reciprocal associations between parenthood and mental well-being - a prospective analysis from age 16 to 52 years
- 2024
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Ingår i: Current Psychology. - : Springer. - 1046-1310 .- 1936-4733. ; 43:3, s. 2238-2252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The present study examines the bidirectional nature of the associations between parenthood and mental well-being using 36-year longitudinal data.Background: Mental well-being can affect if and when one becomes a parent (selection hypothesis), and the characteristics of parenthood can affect mental well-being (causation hypothesis). However, life course research has infrequently studied these hypotheses in parallel. Previous studies have also typically only focused on one aspect of parenthood (e.g., having children) and on the negative aspects of the mental well-being construct.Method: The participants in the Finnish 'Stress, Development and Mental Health (TAM)' cohort study were followed up at ages 16, 22, 32, 42, and 52 (N = 1160). The measures of parenthood (having children, timing of parenthood, and number of children) and mental well-being at ages 16 and 52 (depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and meaningfulness) were based on self-report.Results: For men, higher self-esteem in adolescence was associated with having children, and having children was associated with higher self-esteem in middle age. For women, depressive symptoms at age 16 were associated with becoming a parent at age 24 or younger. For both genders, having children was associated with a higher sense of meaningfulness in middle age.Conclusion: Studied within the life course perspective, our results indicate that parenthood has a positive effect on mental well-being in mid-adulthood even when accounting for selection effects.
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| 32. |
- Haravuori, Henna, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of media exposure on adolescents traumatized in a school shooting
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Traumatic Stress. - : Wiley. - 0894-9867 .- 1573-6598. ; 24:1, s. 70-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes the impact of the media on adolescents traumatized in a school shooting. Participants were trauma-exposed students (n = 231) and comparison students (n = 526), aged 13-19 years. A questionnaire that included the Impact of Event Scale and a 36-item General Health Questionnaire was administered 4 months after the shooting. Being interviewed was associated with higher scores on the Impact of Event Scale (p = .005), but posttraumatic symptoms did not differ between those who refused to be interviewed and those not approached by reporters. Following a higher number of media outlets did not affect symptoms.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Haravuori, Henna, et al.
(författare)
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Jokelan ja Kauhajoen ampumissurmille altistuneiden oppilaiden ja opiskelijoiden selviytyminen, tuki ja hoito. : Kahden vuoden seurantatutkimusten loppuraportti
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study explores how the students exposed to the school shootings at Jokela School Centre and the Kauhajoki unit of the Seinäjoki Joint Municipal Authority for Education (Vocational Education Centre Sedu and Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences) have coped with their experiences and how they have received support and care over a follow-up period of two years. The key research questions involve how those who experienced the trauma have recovered, what mental symptoms they have, what mental disorders they have developed and how their functional capacity has been affected. Background factors, the trauma exposure and the support provided are also studied, including their relationship to a good recovery on the one hand and prolonged symptoms on the other. Implementation of the study: Survey forms for the study were circulated at both institutions and in comparison institutions on three occasions: four months after the events, one year after the first survey, and two years after the first survey. Also, more than 200 students were interviewed at Jokela and Kauhajoki. The study was conducted in co-operation with the personnel at the institutions and integrated into the aftercare. Research materials and methods: The study compares data obtained from students at Jokela School Centre to those obtained from students at Pirkkala Upper-Level Comprehensive School and Upper Secondary School, and data obtained from students at the Kauhajoki unit of the Seinäjoki Joint Municipal Authority for Education to those obtained from comparison student group in Kerava. The research materials were also pooled for analyses. The data were collected using assessment forms including questions on background information, academic performance, a posttraumatic symptom survey (the Impact of Event Scale, IES), a general symptom questionnaire (GHQ-12), and questions on substance use, social support, the need for support and care, actual support and care received and whether the latter were adequate. Respondents were also asked about the impact of the media and how stressful they felt the survey to be. Interviews were performed with semistructured instruments to identify possible psychiatric disorders. Findings: The most likely outcome for students exposed to the school shootings was recovering from the shocking events. For the majority, the support from family and friends was significant. Also, immediate crisis help and psychosocial support at the acute stage had reached a significant percentage of the students. These forms of support were adequate to most of those with milder exposure. Those at highest risk of developing symptoms had been provided with acute crisis help indicating that their recognition is possible at an early stage. Most respondents felt that the support they received over the follow-up period had been sufficient. Additional resources for aftercare were phased out during this period, and responsibility for support and care was transferred to primary healthcare and social services. Some ten percent of the students polled continued to exhibit trauma-induced symptoms at the end of the follow-up period. They may need further treatment, particularly psychotherapy and other psychiatric care, for years to come. Being interviewed by reporters was associated with higher risk of trauma-induced symptoms. Also, extensive monitoring of news coverage seemed to correlate with mental symptoms in respondents who had been in the proximity of the events. Respondents did not consider participation in this study to have been unduly stressful; indeed, many felt that it was beneficial for them. The study allowed identification of needs for referral to treatment in some cases, and the students can therefore be considered to have benefited from participating in the study. The summary of findings includes the research team's recommendations on how to provide support and care for those experiencing traumatic events.
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| 35. |
- Haravuori, Henna, et al.
(författare)
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Kauhajoen ampumissurmille altistuneiden opiskelijoiden selviytyminen, tuki ja hoito - Kahden vuoden prospektiivisen seurantatutkimuksen väliraportti.
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: This follow-up study analyzes the recovery of students traumatized in a school shooting in Kauhajoki, Finland, September 23rd, 2008, and further studies the support and care they have received. The educational institution in Kauhajoki where the shooting occurred is a combination of a Vocational Education Centre Sedu (a multidisciplinary VET institution, branches: Catering and Home Economics, Health and Social Sciences) and Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences (The Business School branch of Hospitality Management). Students from Kerava were recruited to form a control group. The main study objectives are how the exposed students recover, what kind of psychological symptoms and psychiatric disorders they have, and how they function. Associations between psychological outcomes and background factors are analyzed and the findings are compared to the control students. IMPLEMENTATION: The data were collected using a questionnaire in January 2009, four months after the event. The follow-up phase will continue for two years. The study is carried out in the National Institute for Health and Welfare in co-operation with personnel of the educational institutions. Study is coordinated with aftercare in Kauhajoki. Students will be referred to necessary treatment if their answers in the questionnaire raise a concern. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All the students who had been enrolled in the Kauhajoki educational institutions were invited to participate in the study. The questionnaire included background information and academic performance. Further, students were asked about their exposure to the shooting and about the immediate support and possible trauma-related psychosocial support or care they received. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to assess posttraumatic distress following critical events and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to assess recent changes in a range of psychological and psychosocial symptoms. Items on perceived social support, need and availability of support and care, effects of ideology, effects of media, substance use, dissociation, posttraumatic growth and distress caused by the questionnaire itself were also included. RESULTS: Half of the students in Kauhajoki had been significantly exposed to the events. About one third had general psychological symptoms and two thirds were asymptomatic after four months. The risk for posttraumatic stress disorder was elevated in almost half of the students, which was a significantly higher proportion than observed in control students. The more severe the exposure, the greater amount of posttraumatic distress and general psychological symptoms were observed. Immediate crisis support was offered to a majority of the students. Two thirds of those who accepted the support reported it had helped them. Crisis work within one week of the incident reached two thirds of the students and over two thirds reported it had been helpful. Support was offered more often to the severely exposed. Journalists approached about one half of the students to ask about the events. Three out of four of the approached refused to be interviewed. One third of the students reported feeling worse after being interviewed. Less than one fifth reported the questionnaire as distressing and two thirds were willing to take part in the follow-up. Control students reported questionnaire more often as distressing and willingness to take part in the follow-up was lower. FOLLOW-UP: The questionnaire will be re-administered 12 and 24 months after the first monitoring. Semistructured diagnostical interviews will be utilized also during the follow-up phase
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| 36. |
- Haravuori, Henna, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of journalism on grieving communities
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Wiley Handbook of the Psychology of Mass Shootings.. - New York, United States : John Wiley & Sons.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Kiviruusu, Olli, et al.
(författare)
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Interpersonal Conflicts and Development of Self-Esteem from Adolescence to Mid-Adulthood. A 26-Year Follow-Up
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the association between interpersonal conflicts and the trajectory of self-esteem from adolescence to mid-adulthood. The directionality of effects between self-esteem and interpersonal conflicts was also studied. Participants of a Finnish cohort study in 1983 at age 16 (N = 2194) were followed up at ages 22 (N = 1656), 32 (N = 1471) and 42 (N = 1334) using postal questionnaires. Measures covered self-esteem and interpersonal conflicts including, conflicts with parents, friends, colleagues, superiors, partners, break-ups with girl/boyfriends, and divorces. Participants were grouped using latent profile analysis to those having "consistently low", "decreasing", or "increasing" number of interpersonal conflicts from adolescence to adulthood. Analyses were done using latent growth curve models and autoregressive cross-lagged models. Among both females and males the self-esteem growth trajectory was most favorable in the group with a consistently low number of interpersonal conflicts. Compared to the low group, the group with a decreasing number of interpersonal conflicts had a self-esteem trajectory that started and remained at a lower level throughout the study period. The group with an increasing number of interpersonal conflicts had a significantly slower self-esteem growth rate compared to the other groups, and also the lowest self-esteem level at the end of the study period. Cross-lagged autoregressive models indicated small, but significant lagged effects from low self-esteem to later interpersonal conflicts, although only among males. There were no effects to the opposite direction among either gender. Our results show that those reporting more and an increasing number of interpersonal conflicts have a lower and more slowly developing self-esteem trajectory from adolescence to mid-adulthood. While the result was expected, it does not seem to imply an effect from interpersonal conflicts to low self-esteem. Rather, if anything, our results seem to suggest that those with low self-esteem are more prone to later interpersonal conflicts.
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| 39. |
- Kiviruusu, Olli, et al.
(författare)
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Life course associations between smoking and depressive symptoms. A 30-year Finnish follow-up study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 75, s. S8-S8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background While the association between smoking and depressive symptoms has been studied quite extensively, only little is known whether the association changes and how the trajectories of smoking and depressive symptoms are intertwined during the life course. In this population-based study, we examined these associations from young adulthood to middle age. Methods Participants of a Finnish cohort study (N = 1955) were addressed at ages 22, 32, 42 and 52 using postal questionnaires including questions of daily smoking and depressive symptoms (the short 13-item Beck Depression Inventory). Linear and logistic regression analyses and longitudinal latent class and profile analyses were used. Results The percentages of daily smokers decreased, while levels of depressive symptoms increased among both women and men from age 22 to 52 years. Daily smoking was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms between ages 22 and 42, while not at age 52. Associations among men prevailed also in the adjusted models. Four life course trajectories of daily smoking (non-smokers, quitters, persistent smokers, and late starters) and four depressive symptoms (low, increasing/moderate, decreasing/moderate, and high) were identified. In the adjusted models, persistent daily smokers and late starters had significantly higher risk of belonging to the high depressive symptoms profile in men, but not in women. Conclusions Compared to women the associations between daily smoking and depressive symptoms seem more robust among men during adulthood. Especially those men smoking persistently from young adulthood to middle age have an increased risk of high depressive symptoms trajectory during the life course.
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| 40. |
- Mustonen, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Elämänkulku, mielenterveys ja hyvinvointi. Seurantatutkimus 16-vuotiaista tamperelaisnuorista 22-, 32- ja 42-vuotiaina (TAM-projekti)
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of children and young people and the conditions in which they are brought up lay the foundation for future well-being. People's educational and lifestyle choices in adolescence and early adulthood influence their health and social status far into their adult years. Adulthood and adult well-being are defined by roles at work, in interpersonal relationship, in family, and in other communities as well as by individual needs for change and development. This research report describes the life cycle and well-being from youth to early middle-age of one age group of pupils in Tampere, totalling some 2200 persons. The report summarises key results from a 25-year-long longitudinal study. The survey examines different kinds of risk factors in family backgrounds, adolescence, early adulthood and adult life and their links with mental health and psychosocial well-being. It also studies factors that protect against problems in mental health and well-being in young people's development and in their life cycle. The target group consisted of all Finnish-speaking pupils in the 9th grade of comprehensive school in the city of Tampere in spring 1983 (n = 2269). The research data was collected with a survey questionnaire, which a total of 2194 pupils (96.7%) filled in during one lesson at school. The first follow-up was carried out as a postal questionnaire when the respondents were 22 years old (n = 1656), and the second when the respondents were 32 years old (n =1471). The most recent followup was carried out in 2009 when the respondents were 42 years old (n = 1334). Key topics in all the follow-up surveys have been physical and mental health, health behaviour, social relationships, life situation, and psychosocial resources. The research findings indicate so far that most of the respondents have fared well at the developmental tasks and challenges they have faced in the different stages of their life. It seems, however, that there are risk factors associated with young people's growth and development and the environment in which they grow up, and that these risk factors may have negative effects on well-being in adolescence and far into adulthood. For example, the results indicate that a family's low socio-economic THL – Raportti 17/2013 9 Elämänkulku, mielenterveys ja hyvinvointi status is linked with unhealthy lifestyles in adolescence and a lower level of educational attainment in adulthood. Childhood experience of parents' divorce foretold a higher risk of problems in mental health, interpersonal relationships, and other relationships, as well as a lower socio-economic status in later life. It was also discovered that multiple social deprivation in adolescence is associated with higher mortality in adulthood. Adult depression was linked with depressive symptoms and low self-esteem especially in adolescence. Also, a link was discovered between long-term diseases and mental health. Young people with a long-term disease reported psychosomatic symptoms more often than their peers. In adulthood, a long-term disease was linked with depression among men, but not among women. Men with a long-term disease made more use of emotional means of coping than healthy men, and they had a lower sense of control over their own lives. The most important factors associated with a high level of alcohol consumption were male gender, childhood experience of divorce, depressive symptoms in adolescence, as well as regular binge drinking already at young age. With regard to binge drinking, different kinds of development paths were identified from adolescence to early middle-age. Two kinds of development paths were identified to be associated with various dimensions of social deprivation in early middle-age. These were regular binge drinking from adolescence to early middle among women and men and increasing regular binge drinking during the life-cycle among men. However, no similar link was observed when binge drinking decreased from early adulthood and adulthood. When studying factors that protect against problems of mental health and wellbeing, it was discovered, for example, that good relationship with parents, high selfesteem, and an intimate relationship protected young people against depression in later life. These factors had also an indirect link with the quality of intimate relationships in adult life. In the group of people with a long-term disease, factors protecting against depression included active problem-solving perspective to coping among men and experienced access to social support among women. Changes in individual resources, such as self-esteem, sense of control, and experiencing life as meaningful, were associated with the development of socio-economic inequalities in health in early adulthood. If these resources remained unchanged, also the socio-economic inequalities in health remained unchanged, while an increase in the resources signified a narrowing of the socio-economic inequalities in health. The analysing and reporting of the longitudinal study continue still, and two related dissertations are under way. A number of articles on the study have been published in distinguished scientific journals both in Finland and abroad. The research material has been used in several thesis studies, and the findings have been reported extensively both nationally and internationally. This report includes a list of these THL – Raportti 17/2013 10 Elämänkulku, mielenterveys ja hyvinvointi publications. Those interested in learning more about the research and its themes can study the original publications. The research material forms an internationally valuable follow-up material, and the research results can be utilised especially in social welfare and health care services that aim to promote the mental health and wellbeing of young people and adults. The result can also be used in education services and youth services. The research project and individual researchers have received funding from various sources. We are grateful for all the financial support to our research project. We would like to thank especially the Academy of Finland, the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation and the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation for their significant support in enabling the data collection in different stages of the research, as well as the Tampere University School of Health Sciences and the National Public Health Institute/National Institute for Health and Welfare for providing the premises for conducting the research. We extend our warmest thanks to those who took part in this longitudinal study for their long-term interest in the study and for the valuable information they gave about their own lives.
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| 41. |
- Santalahti, Päivi, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting health care professionals who are asylum seekers or refugees in starting their licensing process in Finland
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Earlier research and reports have described the problems of integrating non-EU/EEA health care professionals into the Finnish labor market. Problems identified include a lack of guidance on the licensing process,a lack of skills and support in Finnish/Swedish language in general and in professional language, a lack of established preparatory courses, difficulties in accessing training places, and a lack of coordinated cooperation between authorities, health care and professional trade unions. In this report, we focus on how to support health care professionals who are asylum seekers or refugees in starting their journey towards licensing. We summarize the findings of a literature search, a survey on the numbers of health care professionals who are asylum seekers in Finland and our own experiences of arranging a series of seminars for health care professionals who were asylum seekers or refugees. Health care professionals who are asylum seekers or refugees were scattered all over Finland and many are in very remote places. Asylum seekers / refugees entering a country are in a completely new situation, both concretely and psychologically. Many cornerstones of life are left behind and the future is unpredictable. Getting an overview of the steps needed to obtain the right to practice one’s profession in a new country brings hope and structure, even if the journey to a full license is long. A transparent system and easily accessible and welcoming information help asylum seekers and refugees to start the journey towards licensing efficiently. If located near each other, asylum seekers who are health care professionals can support each other, share information, and have easier access to already existing meetings, seminars and courses. A short introductory course offered as soon as possible after entering the country and welcoming web pages that would offer centralized information would be helpful. Detailed information should be given on how to obtain a training place, how to find hospitals and health centers, and whom to contact. All TE-services that have health care professional as clients should also receive concise information about the licensing process of health care professionals and the steps needed to start the process. Having a voluntary collegial mentoring system would be beneficial and speed up integration and help to avoid many problems. Many health care professionals who were asylum seekers or refugees were active not only in promoting their own situation but also in sharing information actively with their colleagues. Many Finnish colleagues and experts were ready to help and share their expertise when asked. The aim is not to make the requirements for professionals to work in Finnish health care any less strict, but to help newcomers to use their capacity to the fullest from the moment they enter the country.
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| 42. |
- Suomalainen, L, et al.
(författare)
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A controlled follow-up study of adolescents exposed to a school shooting--psychological consequences after four months
- 2011
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Ingår i: European psychiatry. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0924-9338 .- 1778-3585. ; 26:8, s. 490-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: In November 2007, a student shot eight people and himself at Jokela High School, Finland. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of exposure to a school shooting among adolescents.METHOD: Associations between psychological outcomes and background factors were analysed and compared with "comparison students" four months after the incident. A questionnaire including Impact of Event Scale (IES) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-36) was used.RESULTS: Half of the females and a third of the males suffered from posttraumatic distress. High level of posttraumatic distress (IES≥35), predicting PTSD, was observed in 27% of the females and 7% of the males. The odds ratio was 6.4 (95% confidence interval 3.5-10.5) for having high levels of posttraumatic distress. Severe or extreme exposure and female gender were found to increase the risk. Forty-two percent of the females and 16% of the males had psychiatric disturbance (GHQ≥9). Severe or extreme exposure, older age and female gender increased the risk. Perceived support from family and friends was found to be protective.CONCLUSIONS: The observed risk and protective factors were similar to earlier studies. Follow-up will be essential in identifying factors predicting persisting trauma-related symptoms in adolescence.
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