| 1. |
- Lövbrand, Eva, 1973-
(författare)
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Greening Earth? : Science, Politics and Land Use in the Kyoto Negotiations
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Can a deliberate enhancement of the natural uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide in forests and agricultural lands contribute to global efforts to mitigate anthropogenic climate change? This is a question that has generated a great deal of debate and controversy since the inception of the multilateral climate negotiations in the early 1990s. This thesis offers an analysis of how this debate has played out in the negotiations on the land-use change and forestry activities in the Kyoto Protocol. The overall aim of the thesis is to understand how the practices and findings of carbon cycle science are tied to international climate politics and the making of carbon sink policies. Inspired by social constructivist science studies, the analysis moves beyond conventional representations of science and policy as two distinctly separated domains and furthers an understanding of their mutually constitutive or co-produced nature. Hence, this thesis examines how scientific findings on terrestrial carbon uptake are tied to the socio-political context that gives them purpose and meaning. One central conclusion from this study is that the widespread use of scientific findings in the Kyoto negotiations on terrestrial carbon sinks has fuelled rather than reduced the values conflicts in international climate politics. Uncertain and complex scientific findings have been used to legitimise different, and often competing, policy agendas and carbon cycle expertise has hereby both functioned as a source of authority and contestation. Accordingly, the land-use change and forestry activities in the Kyoto Protocol can be interpreted as the product of a hybrid science-policy interplay where facts are intimately linked to values, and authoritative expertise is tied to the exercise of power. A second conclusion from this study is that the political demand for usable knowledge during the Kyoto negotiations challenges a strict demarcation between 'pure' and policy-relevant climate science. By shaping the choice of research questions and methods used in the field of carbon cycle science, the global politics of carbon sinks has tied a seemingly independent realm of science to that of policy-making. Finally, this thesis examines the implications of the discourses and nature concepts produced in the interplay between science, policy and politics in the Kyoto negotiations on sinks. The analysis moves beyond the notion of land use change and forestry activities as an avenue for greener climate policy, and offers a critique of the scientisation and commodification of nature enabled by the Kyoto Protocol's reporting system for changes in 'national' carbon pools and its global trade in carbon credits.
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| 2. |
- Reinap, Ausra, 1973-
(författare)
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Aerosol deposition to coastal forests: a wind tunnel approach
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aerodynamically rough surfaces of forests provide for efficient air/ canopy exchange of mass, heat and momentum. In that context, the effects of forest edges come into focus, and therefore, coastal-zone forests constitute aparticular concern. Aerosol-sink modelling is of importance to the global-scalecontext, because sink strengths influence the concentration of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, and that concentration, in turn, influences climate. Dry deposition models are insufficient due to a lack of semi-empirical data and because of difficulties in parameterization of the efficiency (E) with which leaves capture aerosols. Quantifications of such parameters promote possibilities for modelling aerosol-sink processes within various canopy layers. This thesis focuses on studies of sea-salt aerosol dry deposition within models of oak canopies exposed to artificially generated aerosols in a wind tunnel. The overall goal is to advance the understanding of deposition processes in forest ecosystems. Aims are to determine capture efficiencies and deposition velocities (Vd) for oak (Quercus robur L.), to investigate E and Vd dependence on aerosol particle size, wind velocity and vegetation structural elements such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), to explore edge effects on deposition, to relate my results to natural situations in the field, and to address modelling applications. This thesis is a result of five studies. The first study is based on developing awind tunnel approach with a main focus on establishing reference conditions.The next step is to quantify E and provide estimates of how E, with respect toa well defined mass-vs-particle-size distribution, varies with wind speed. To that end, a special wash-off technique is developed. Finally, edge effects ondeposition processes are investigated. Results demonstrate that forest ecosystems would experience substantially increased deposition at edges. The findings suggest that field measurements of deposition in the interior of a forest “island” in an otherwise open landscape would underestimate the deposition to the entire forest. Results clearly indicate needs for further research on the effects of LAI on capture efficiency and deposition velocity. The obtained capture efficiencies can be translated into deposition velocities for trees with a specific leaf area. An increase of Vd with increasing wind speed is found, and is consistent with other studies. Results confirm advantages of the wind tunnel approach, including its ability to enable experiments under controlled conditions. However, several problems require that explicit sub-models be developed of wind-speed dependent effects on leaf posture in the aerosol flow field and that gradients in relative humidity close to leaf surfaces need further attention. The results also propose needs for a range of further experimental investigations regarding aerosol deposition across the complete sea-to-land aerodynamic transition.
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| 3. |
- Öberg, Tomas
(författare)
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Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Environment : A Chemometric Approach to the Study of Halogenated Aromatics
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Concern is growing about the environmental and health effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), many of which are halogenated aromatic compunds. The research reported in this thesis focuses on factors determining their behaviour and release into the environment. The aims have been to relate molecular features with physical and chemical properties and to interpret casual relationships, with the common methodological approach of chemometrics.Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) were investigated for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). QSPR models were developed from computationally derived descriptors using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The results show that it is possible to model and predict properties such as vapour pressure almost to the limit of the experimental error. The models obtained could be applied both to validate available experimental data and extend the current database of experimental determinations.The distribution and levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge were investigated using exploratory data analysis (EDA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and biphenyls (PBB) agreed well with another investigation reported recently, but for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) there was a divergence, possible due to the analytical methodology. The variation among wastewater treatment plants was statistically significant, and three distinct types of technical products were shown to contribute.The formation and release of chlorinated aromatics was investigated in an industrial afterburner with a series of statistically design experiments. Th effect of temperature was studied with some detail and the results indicate different decomposition pathways for hydrocarbons and chlorinated aromatics. Additional factors were studied in a multifactor experiment, with a full factorial design in two blocks. Catalytic lowtemperature formation and chlorine input were both statistically highly significant factors. Polychlorinated dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) showed a statistically significant correlation to chlorinated benzenes, and the results could thus be described and interpreted within a simple conceptual model. The efficiency of the final oxidation, the chlorine input and the presence of a catalyst (e.g. copper) control the thermal formation of the different groups of chlorinated aromatics.The reported investigations show that empirical 'soft' models can provide insight and understanding of complex chemical properties and reactions. Latent variable models and Taylor polynomials were able to approximate the behaviour of these systems within the investigated boundaries. The chemometric models and methods are thus likely to find use also in other areas of environmental science where theoretical understanding is still limited.
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| 4. |
- Amneklev, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Bismuth and Silver in Cosmetic Products : A Source of Environmental and Resource Concern?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 20:1, s. 99-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bismuth (Bi) and silver (Ag) are used in increasing amounts and are consequently being emitted from various sources and showing high accumulation rates in soils when sewage sludge is applied on arable land. This study aimed to analyze the amounts of Bi and Ag in three cosmetic products (foundation, powder, and eye shadow) in order to study the flows in urban wastewater in Stockholm, Sweden. Analyses showed that Bi was present in very high concentrations (7,000 to 360,000 milligrams per kilogram) in one third of the analyzed foundation and powder samples, whereas Ag concentrations all were below the detection limit. These cosmetic products explained approximately 24% of the measured total Bi amounts per year reaching the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant), making cosmetics a major Bi source, whereas for Ag the corresponding contribution was <0.1% of the measured annual Ag amounts. The results were roughly adapted for Europe and the United States, estimating the Bi flows from cosmetics to WWTPs. On a global scale, these flows correspond to a non-negligible part of the world Bi production that, every year, ends up in sewage sludge, limiting the reuse of a valuable metal resource. From an environmental and resource perspective, foundations and powder products should be considered as significant sources of measured Bi amounts in sludge. This large Bi flow must be considered as unsustainable. For Ag, however, the three analyzed cosmetic products are not a significant source of the total Ag load to WWTPs.
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| 5. |
- Amneklev, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Bismuth in cosmetic products and its implications for sewage sludge management
- 2015
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Ingår i: SETAC Europe 25th Annual Meeting, Barcelona, 3-7 May, 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bismuth (Bi) is a heavy metal that over recent years has shown increasing concentrations in sewage sludge in Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), indicating an increasing Bi use in the society. The high accumulation rate of Bi in soil when sewage sludge is used as fertilizer on arable land is of environmental concern. Bismuth is used in various consumer products to replace lead, but which sources in the society that explain the increasing amount of Bi in sewage sludge in the municipal WWTPs is however unknown. This study aimed to analyze one product group suspected to contain Bi, cosmetics, and three different products were chosen (foundation, powder and eye shadow) in order to study the flows in urban wastewater in Stockholm, Sweden. The chemical analyses showed that Bi was present in very high concentrations (>100 000 mg/kg) in one third of the analyzed foundation and powder samples, while mainly low concentrations were found in eye shadow. These cosmetic products explained approximately 24 % of the measured total Bi amounts reaching the WWTP in 2012, making cosmetics a major Bi source. It is therefore recommended to monitor the Bi concentrations in sewage sludge regularly. Efforts should be made to further examine the sources of Bi to WWTPs and to decrease the emission from Bi in cosmetics to the WWTPs.
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| 6. |
- Amneklev, Jennie
(författare)
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Diffuse emissions from goods : influences on some societal end products
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- End products of society (e.g. sewage sludge and incineration ashes) can be used as indicators of the use of chemicals in consumer goods. Through upstream work the sources of substances released from goods may be identified before the emissions reach the end products.This thesis is a result of five studies, of which four were conducted using substance flow analyses (SFA) for silver (Ag), bismuth (Bi) and copper (Cu) reaching sewage sludge. The fifth is an SFA that explores the implications of the presence of As (from CCA-treated wood) in ashes. These studies helped fulfil the specific and overall aims of the thesis; to contribute to the general knowledge on diffuse emissions reflected in end products, by examining emissions of some heavy metals from various societal goods and the implications for end products, in this case sewage sludge and, to some extent, ashes.The results from the studies, of which four had Stockholm as a study object, show the urban flows and accumulated amounts (stocks) of the heavy metals. The largest sources of the metals Ag, Bi and Cu in sewage sludge were identified to be textiles (Ag), cosmetics (Bi) and brake linings (Cu). For As (in CCA-treated wood) and Cu updated SFAs were performed and compared with earlier studies in order to follow the development and changes in flows over time.The current use of the heavy metals studied can also be seen as a loss of resources, and as the metals should ideally be recovered as a part of a circular economy, urban and landfill mining as well as recycling are alternatives that need further exploring. The legislation of chemicals in consumer goods was identified as an important step in handling corresponding diffuse emissions.
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| 7. |
- Amneklev, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring urban copper flows in Stockholm, Sweden : implications of changes over time
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 21:4, s. 903-912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a substance flow analysis (SFA) for copper (Cu) was conducted, in which theinflow, stock, and outflow (in the form of diffuse emissions to soil and water) for Stockholmwere estimated for 2013 and compared with a previous study from 1995, hence allowing adiscussion on changes over time. A large number of applications containing Cu were analyzed(including power cables, copper alloys, heavy electrical equipment, tap water systems, roofs,cars, various consumer electronics, wood preservatives, and contact cables for the railroad).The results show that the inflow of Cu to Stockholm has increased between 1995 and 2013,both in total and per person, mainly as the result of an increase in heavy electrical equipment,power cables, and cars. The stock remains relatively unchanged, whereas the outflow hasincreased. For the outflow, the emission increase from brake linings is of greatest quantitativeimportance, with an estimated 5.8 tonnes annual emission of Cu to the environment ofStockholm in 2013 compared to 3.9 tonnes in 1995. Given that increasing inflows of limitedresources drive the global demand, continuous monitoring of flows through society andmanagement of outflow routes are crucial, including improvement of national legislationand regional environmental plans as well as efforts to increase resource-use efficiency andrecycling
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| 8. |
- Amneklev, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Strategier att reducera silver och vismut i urbant avloppsvatten
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Silver och vismut är två metaller som på sikt kan anrikas i mark i samband med slamspridning och som därför är prioriterade enligt REVAQ, ett certifieringssystem för svenska reningsverk.I Naturvårdsverkets förslag till ny författning (slamförordning) föreslås gränsvärden för bland annat silver. Silver är en toxisk tungmetall med antibakteriella egenskaper som ger skadliga effekter på båda människors hälsa och miljö redan vid låga koncentrationer. Vismut är en tungmetall som anses vara ”ogiftig” men som också kan ge skadliga effekter vid högre koncentrationer. En substansflödesanalys utfördes för båda metallerna för att kartlägga inflödet till, stocken (upplagrad mängd i teknosfären) och utflödet från Stockholm under 2012. Avgränsning har gjorts till utflöden som hamnar i avloppsvattnet och på det sättet påverkar Henriksdals reningsverk. Utflödet i substansflödesanalysen blir därmed lika med ett inflöde till reningsverket. Fokus ligger på diffusa utsläpp av silver och vismut, men identifierade punktkällor räknas in i det slutliga resultatet med målet att förklara så mycket som möjligt av de uppmätta halterna av silver och vismut i Henriksdals reningsverk. Källor som har ett utflöde till avfall eller återvinning har inte inkluderats i denna rapport. För år 2102 uppmättes en tillförsel av 61 kg silver och 116 kg vismut för Henriksdals reningsverk i Stockholm. Källor har identifierats för ca 56 % av uppmätt silver och 49 % av uppmätt vismut i denna studie. De källor med störst bidrag silver bedöms vara textilier (19 %), urin och fekalier (från bland annat amalgamfyllningar och föda) (15 %) samt städprodukter (7 %). För vismut är det kosmetika (23 %), plast (13 %) samt fordonstvättar (9 %) som bedöms vara källor med störst bidrag. Utifrån erhållna resultat föreslår vi några åtgärder/strategier för reduktion av silver respektive vismut i urbant avloppsvatten. Vi diskuterar även aktörer som har möjlighet/rådighet att genomföra åtgärderna (Svenskt Vatten, avloppsreningsverk, myndigheter, producenter, verksamhetsutövare samt individer/konsumenter). En strategi som föreslås är att myndigheter ska informera och påverka producenter och verksamhetsutövare när det gäller silver och vismut i olika produkter samt verka för ändrad lagstiftning. Producenter kan ta ett eget ansvar att minska silver- och vismutinnehåll i produkter. Två identifierade kunskapsluckor och potentiella källor är silver i städprodukter samt vismut i plast.
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| 9. |
- Amneklev, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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The Increase in Bismuth Consumption as Reflected in Sewage Sludge
- 2015
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 226:4, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the use of dangerous substances in consumer products increases, these substances may also be found in society’s end products, among them sewage sludge. Measuring concentrations in sewage sludge can be a way to reflect the consumption of a substance. By using substance flow analysis, the inflow, stock and outflow of the specific substance to, e.g. a city region, may be analysed. Bismuth is a heavy metal that is found in increasing levels in sewage sludge in Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and a similar increase cannot be excluded for WWTPs around the world. This study aims to examine possible sources that could explain the amounts measured in one Swedish WWTP. Household products such as cosmetics (24 %) and plastics (14 %) are found to be major sources of Bi measured in sewage sludge. The remaining unidentified amounts in this study (approximately 50 %) are most likely found in effluent waters from industries or sources outside the household. There is, however, no information on measurements of Bi released by industry available and there is no legislation in place that may encourage industry to conduct such measurements.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Amneklev, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Upstream silver source mapping - a case study in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 69:2, s. 392-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silver (Ag) can be a problem for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and their capability to use sewage sludge as a soil fertilizer. Due to a high accumulation rate in soils, the levels of Ag in the incoming water at the WWTP must be reduced. This study aims to identify major diffuse emission sources in the technosphere through a comprehensive substance flow analysis of Ag in Stockholm, Sweden. Large inflows and stocks of Ag were present in electrical and electronic goods and appliances as well as in jewellery and silverware. The total inflow was 3.2 tonnes (4.2 g/person), the total stock was 100 tonnes (140 g/person) and the total outflow was 330 kg (430 mg/person). Major identified Ag sources with emissions ending up in the WWTP (total 26 kg, 34 mg/person) were food, amalgam and beauty products (via urine and faeces, 12 mg/person or 11% of incoming amount), and textiles (via washing, 17 mg/person or 16% of incoming amount). This study explains approximately 35% of the total 80 kg Ag in the incoming water at Henriksdal WWTP in Stockholm. Plastic, photography and beauty products were identified as possible sources of Ag that need to be examined further.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Anderberg, S, et al.
(författare)
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Flow and distribution of chromium in the Swedish environment: A new approach to studying environmental pollution
- 1989
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Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 18:4, s. 216-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Point source emission from industrial production processes has been themajor focus of environmental concern in the past. In this article it isargued that the accumulating amount of goods/products in societyshould also be focused on in the future. From these goods substances willsooner or later be leached out to the environment. A case study usingchromium in Sweden is presented in this paper as one example of asubstance that may accumulate in the environment. Total flows ofchromium for the 20th century, based on trade statistics, production ofgoods and persistence of products in the environment are estimated. Itwas found that yearly consumption emissions are higher than the productionemissions, i.e. point source emissions from different industries.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Augustsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Climate change - an uncertainty factor in risk analysis of contaminated land
- 2011
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 409:22, s. 4693-4700
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metals frequently occur at contaminated sites, where their potential toxicity and persistence require risk assessments that consider possible long-term changes. Changes in climate are likely to affect the speciation, mobility, and risks associated with metals. This paper provides an example of how the climate effect can be inserted in a commonly used exposure model, and how the exposure then changes compared to present conditions. The comparison was made for cadmium (Cd) exposure to 4-year-old children at a highly contaminated iron and steel works site in southeastern Sweden. Both deterministic and probabilistic approaches (through probability bounds analysis, PBA) were used in the exposure assessment. Potential climate-sensitive variables were determined by a literature review. Although only six of the total 39 model variables were assumed to be sensitive to a change in climate (groundwater infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, soil moisture, soil:water distribution, and two bioconcentration factors), the total exposure was clearly affected. For example, by altering the climate-sensitive variables in the order of 15% to 20%, the deterministic estimate of exposure increased by 27%. Similarly, the PBA estimate of the reasonable maximum exposure (RME, defined as the upper bound of the 95th percentile) increased by almost 20%. This means that sites where the exposure in present conditions is determined to be slightly below guideline values may in the future exceed these guidelines, and risk management decisions could thus be affected. The PBA, however, showed that there is also a possibility of lower exposure levels, which means that the changes assumed for the climate-sensitive variables increase the total uncertainty in the probabilistic calculations. This highlights the importance of considering climate as a factor in the characterization of input data to exposure assessments at contaminated sites. The variable with the strongest influence on the result was the soil:water distribution coefficient (Kd).
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Augustsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of land use and climate change on erosion intensity and sediment geochemistry at Lake Lehmilampi, Finland
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Holocene. - : SAGE Publications. - 0959-6836 .- 1477-0911. ; 23:9, s. 1247-1259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to evaluate the possible relationships between erosion intensity and changes in climate and land use during the past 5.5 cal. k years at Lake Lehmilampi, eastern Finland. In this study we compare a detailed geochemical sediment record with (1) forest and land use history inferred from the first pollen and charcoal records from Lake Lehmilampi, and (2) existing archaeological surveys and independent proxy-records of climate change in the study region. The physical and geochemical sediment parameters examined include grain size analysis data and 23 chemical elements, determined with four selective extractions and ICP-MS. There are indications of possible human impact in the lake catchment as early as the Neolithic period, c. 3000-2550 bc, but the first undisputable signs are dated to 1800-100 bc. Cereal pollen reappears at c. ad 1700 and increases rapidly until c. ad 1950. The Holocene Thermal Maximum, its end c. 2000 bc, and the Medieval Climate Anomaly' were major climate events that had a prominent effect on erosion intensity, while human impact was a more significant factor during the period 3000 bc-ad 800 and from ad 1500 onwards. Although signs of changes in erosion intensity found in the sediment were small in this small catchment, they were significant enough to have a clear impact on the fraction of potentially mobile element species. This fraction increases with decreasing erosion intensity, which is probably related to a higher degree of chemical weathering and leaching during periods of decreased erosion.
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| 20. |
- Augustsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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High metal reactivity and environmental risks at a site contaminated by glass waste
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 154, s. 434-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study addresses the reactivity and risks of metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As and Sb) at a Swedish site with large glass waste deposits. Old glassworks sites typically have high total metal concentrations, but as the metals are mainly bound within the glass waste and considered relatively inert, environmental investigations at these kinds of sites are limited. In this study, soil and landfill samples were subjected to a sequential chemical extraction procedure. Data from batch leaching tests and groundwater upstream and downstream of the waste deposits were also interpreted. The sequential extraction revealed that metals in <2 mm soil/waste samples were largely associated with geochemically active fractions, indicating that metals are released from pristine glass and subsequently largely retained in the surrounding soil and/or on secondary mineral coatings on fine glass particles. From the approximately 12,000 m(3) of coarse glass waste at the site, almost 4000 kg of Pb is estimated to have been lost through corrosion, which, however, corresponds to only a small portion of the total amount of Pb in the waste. Metal sorption within the waste deposits or in underlying soil layers is supported by fairly low metal concentrations in groundwater. However, elevated concentrations in downstream groundwater and in leachates of batch leaching tests were observed for several metals, indicating on-going leaching. Taken together, the high metal concentrations in geochemically active forms and the high amounts of as yet uncorroded metal-rich glass, indicate considerable risks to human health and the environment.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Augustsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Trace metal and geochemical variability during 5,500 years in the sediment of Lake Lehmilampi, Finland
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Paleolimnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-2728 .- 1573-0417. ; 44:4, s. 1025-1038
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A high-resolution geochemical profilefrom a 5,500-year-old sediment core of Lake Lehmilampiin eastern Finland was analyzed to study longtermtrends and variability in element concentrationsand accumulation rates. The accumulation rates of allstudied elements followed the same trend, respondingto changes in the total sedimentation rate. Concentrationprofiles differed among elements and showedconsiderable variation over time. Principal componentsanalysis (PCA) was used on the concentrationdata to identify groups of elements that have similargeochemical controls. The first principal componentwas influenced by changes in mineral matter accumulation,and it incorporated elements that areassociated with stable allochthonous minerals (suchas Mg, K, Cs, Rb, Li, Ti and Ga), as well as elementsin forms that become diluted when mineral matterincreases (e.g., S, Fe and Mn). The second and thirdprincipal components showed that a large proportionof the variance was accounted for by elements withcontinuously increasing or decreasing concentrationsrelated to pedogenetical development of the catchmentsoil. In the case of Hg, Pb and Cd, however,accumulation rates increased faster at the surface thanis simply accounted for by changes in total sedimentationrates. For Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, concentrationsincreased over the past 150 years, but there were noindications of a significant addition due to atmosphericdeposition. These elements had more variableconcentrations before the mid nineteenth century thanafter, as did elements that are often used fornormalization. These findings suggest that lakesediments may not properly reflect the history of atmospheric metal deposition in remote areas.
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| 23. |
- Augustsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Trace metals in recharge and discharge ground waters at two sites at the Baltic coast of Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied Geochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0883-2927 .- 1872-9134. ; 24:9, s. 1640-1652
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distribution and controls of trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and U) in shallow groundwater in discharge and recharge zones were analysed at two sites on the Baltic coast of Sweden; one granite-dominated and one with a significant addition of calcite. Although the study sites differ in overburden geochemistry and groundwater trace metal concentrations, which were well reflected in the general groundwater composition, the relative hydrochemical differences between recharge and discharge ground waters were similar at both sites, and temporally stable. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni and U were higher in soil tubes in recharge areas, but Cr was higher in discharge zones. Also concentrations of HS, Fe, Mn and NH4 were higher in discharge samples, which in combination with increased 34S values provide strong evidence of a transition from oxidizing to more reducing conditions along the groundwater flow gradient. In terms of trace metals, this might mean either mobilisation due to dissolution of trace-metal carrying Fe(III) and Mn(IV) phases, or immobilisation caused by precipitation of discrete trace-metal sulfides or co-precipitation with Fe sulfides. The results from this study show that the latter is dominant in both the carbonate and granite environments for the metals Cd, Cu and Ni. Chromium concentrations were likely coupled to organic complexation and were higher in discharge groundwater, where DOC was also more abundant. As the concentration of several potentially toxic trace metals were found to differ between recharge and discharge areas, a climate driven change in hydrology might have a substantial impact on the distribution of these metals.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Bergbäck, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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A reconstruction of emission, flow and accumulation of chromium in Sweden 1920-1980
- 1989
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 48, s. 391-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A reconstruction of Cr emissions in Sweden is presented. Estimations of total flows for 1920in 1980 were based on trade statistics, production of goods and life-length of products in society. Asimple model was used to calculate amounts of Cr accumulated in soil and sediment at different times.The importance of production emissions from tanneries and ferrochrome and steel plants is obvious,but, in the future, diffuse emissions of the same magnitude may occur from Cr products within urbanareas.
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| 26. |
- Bergbäck, Bo, 1949-, et al.
(författare)
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Avfall i Småland - en resursgruva
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi lever idag till stor del i en linjär ekonomi där varor produceras, används och sedan slängs. En ökande materialanvändning genererar stora avfallsflöden, varav en stor mängd går till avfallsförbränning. Samhällets ämnesomsättning ger även upphov till stora mängder slam vid rening av avloppsvatten. Näringen i slammet behöver tas tillvara och återföras till jordbruksmark, vilken inte alltid sker idag. Om man jämför samhällets flöden av material med ekologiska system finns det inget som är avfall i naturen. Istället blir en organisms avfall någon annans näring. En mer cirkulär ekonomi vill härma naturen på det sättet.Projektet ”Samhällets restprodukter – framtidens resurser” vill närma sig den cirkulära ekonomin genom att fokusera hur två av samhällets största restprodukter, avfall och slam, bättre kan användas i ett resurseffektivt samhälle. Projektets syfte är att ge en ökad användning av samhällets restprodukter i Småland, ge företag bättre lönsamhet genom billigare råvaror samt stärka företag som utvecklar tekniska lösningar för utvinning av ämnen. Projektets övergripande mål är att identifiera strömmar av restprodukter i Småland som kan användas som en resurs av andra företag i närheten.Denna rapport ”Avfall i Småland – en resursgruva” redovisar efter det första projektåret främst en kunskapsbank vad gäller avfallsflöden i Småland. Det är första gången i Sverige som avfallsdata bryts ner på regional nivå på detta sätt, vilket gör det möjligt att mer detaljerat identifiera värdefulla och outnyttjade avfallsflöden. Rapporten innehåller data över resursgruvan avfall, avfall både från hushåll och olika verksamheter och även data om hur detta avfall tas om hand. Den innehåller också basfakta om Småland, befolkning och näringsliv samt en del om den speciella anda som finns i Småland, Smålandsandan som ger en god förutsättning för entreprenörskap. Vidare innehåller rapporten inledande tankar på hur man kan arbeta för att få resursanvändningen mer cirkulär i Småland. Här finns exempel på framgångsfaktorer utifrån erfarenheter från olika företag. Slutligen finns också en del om lagar och regler, t.ex. vad som gäller om man ska ta emot avfall.Rapporten visar att det finns mycket blandade fraktioner i det uppkomna avfallet i Småland. Vidare går en betydande del av det avfall som behandlas till förbränning. Det finns med andra ord en stor potential att sortera och återvinna mer. Detta ger goda förutsättningar att finna avfall från en verksamhet som kan vara en resurs för en annan. Huvudsyftet med projektets arbete år två är att verka för matchning mellan företag för att bättre använda restprodukten avfall. Arbetet kommer även att inriktas mot slam, med syftet att öka användningen av denna restprodukt.
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- Bergbäck, Bo
(författare)
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Flow and accumulation of chromium in Sweden
- 1989
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Ingår i: 7th International Conference, Geneva In Proc. Heavy Metals in the Environment; Vernet, J.P. (ed.).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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- Bergbäck, Bo, 1949-
(författare)
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Industrial metabolism : The emerging landscape of heavy metal immission in Sweden
- 1992
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the turn of this century, technological development has drastically increased the industrial consumption of toxic metals. Once dispersed in the environment, the metals cannot be degraded but will be accumulated in soil or sediment sinks. Thus, environmental effects of heavy metal pollution tend to be permanent.In this study, methods to reconstruct the flows of heavy metals and estimate the emissions over time are presented. This is done through studies of the development of production, technology, trade and the longevity of metals in the technosphere. This last part in the chain will form the "consumption emissions". Using the concept of industrial metabolism, the total load in soil and sediment has been calculated, i.e. the development of a new "irmnission landscape" could be described/assessed. Here industrial metabolism will be illustrated by the total flow in Sweden of chromium (1920-1980), lead (1880-1980) and cadmium (1940-1990).Even though the production emissions have decreased during the last decades, the accumulation of cadmium, chromium and lead in soils and sediments will continue due to dissipative consumption losses of various products. Obviously, the anthropogenic contribution is significant, i.e. the "societal weathering rate" exceeds the natural rate. For lead the emissions from various products have been dominant and contributed with much higher release to the environment than weathering processes.For cadmium and chromium the consumption emissions have become dominant in the latest decades. Total amounts used are only 5000 tonnes for cadmium, but two millions of tonnes for both chromium and lead. However, consumption emissions from various uses of chromium and lead are less than 10% of the total amount used (15% for cadmium). The rest of these metals remain in the anthroposphere and constitute a future potential problem.Urban areas can be regarded as ecological "hot spots" for toxic metals and in some regions e.g. Stockhohn the calculated amount of chromium in soils may be as high as they are in the most polluted industrial regions today, within only a few decades. Thus, the pollution load in soils and sediments has altered from being a "defined pollution problem" within certain industrial regions to a situation where the end-use of products together with the mobility pattern of goods define the pollution problem.
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- Bergbäck, Bo, 1949-, et al.
(författare)
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Infrastruktur för kunskapsbildning
- 2022
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Slutrapport (LNU 2022/2602) från uppdraget att utveckla Linnéuniversitetets arbete med infrastruktur för kunskapsbildning (LNU 2021/3765).Rapporten innehåller en kartläggning av Linnéuniversitetets infrastrukturer, finansiering och behovsanalyser. Vidare finns en omvärldsbevakning om hur universitet i Sverige arbetar med forskningsinfrastruktur - främst ansvar och styrning.Rapporten avslutas med ett antal rekommendationer för Linnéuniversitetets fortsatta arbete.
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