| 1. |
- Koehler, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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An agenda for sustainability transitions research: State of the art and future directions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224 .- 2210-4232. ; 31, s. 1-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on sustainability transitions has expanded rapidly in the last ten years, diversified in terms of topics and geographical applications, and deepened with respect to theories and methods. This article provides an extensive review and an updated research agenda for the field, classified into nine main themes: understanding transitions; power, agency and politics; governing transitions; civil society, culture and social movements; businesses and industries; transitions in practice and everyday life; geography of transitions; ethical aspects; and methodologies. The review shows that the scope of sustainability transitions research has broadened and connections to established disciplines have grown stronger. At the same time, we see that the grand challenges related to sustainability remain unsolved, calling for continued efforts and an acceleration of ongoing transitions. Transition studies can play a key role in this regard by creating new perspectives, approaches and understanding and helping to move society in the direction of sustainability.
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| 2. |
- Altunay, Maria, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between Energy Incumbents and Solar Entrants: Relationship Status Complicated
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper contributes to the conceptualization of niche-regime interaction through a retrospective study of the evolution of business relationships between new entrant solar firms and incumbent municipal electric utilities in Sweden. We analyse how activity links, resource ties and actor bonds evolve over time and discuss the resulting interactions. We find that the relationships initially created mutual benefits, combining utilities’ brands and sales channels with solar firms’ technology competences. Most collaborations later turned into conflict due to the solar firms’ strengthened network positions and the clash between their private sector logic and the utilities’ public sector logic. Conceptually, we emphasize (1) changes in the relative importance of different resources (technology-related interactions), (2) decreased alignment of goals, strategies, and values (institution-related interactions), and (3) shifts in the relative power of new entrants vis-à-vis incumbents (network-related interactions). This leads us to question the common association of niches with new entrants and regimes with incumbents.
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| 3. |
- Altunay, Maria, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Solar business model adoption by energy incumbents: the importance of strategic fit
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 40, s. 501-520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper answers recent calls to give more attention to the business strategies of incumbent actors regarding innovation and socio-technical transitions. We map the solar business model adoption of 30 Swedish electric utility incumbents and examine to what extent it can be explained by the strategic fit with the utilities' established business models, corporate strategies, and external environment. We find that all three dimensions need to be considered in order to explain adoption. Alignment with the established business model is mainly important concerning activities, resources, and partnerships, and utilities also re-configure solar models to increase this alignment (e.g. through outsourcing). However, it is not the main driver for adoption. Instead, incentives and pressures related to corporate strategies and external environment induce or block retailers from adopting solar models. By demonstrating the importance of strategic fit, these findings provide a more nuanced understanding of industry incumbent's strategies in relation to emerging technologies.
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| 4. |
- Aspeteg, Joakim, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Exploiting opportunities in solar and wind power diffusion: the business models of private intermediaries
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Entrepreneurial actors play an important role in sustainability transitions, most notably by furthering new technologies and solutions (or disrupt existing ones) through their proprietary business activities. This paper focuses on one particular type of entrepreneurial actor: diffusion intermediaries, i.e. actors that act as brokers between technology adopters and the providers of resources needed to adopt and implement a technology that is available more or less “off-the-shelf”. While it is theoretically clear that they can play an important role for sustainability transitions, a more detailed understanding of what value(s) they create for their clients and how that translates into value for the diffusion process as whole is lacking. The purpose of the paper is, therefore, to investigate how diffusion intermediaries, through their business models, influence technology adoption and diffusion. The paper is based on a qualitative survey of 14 solar PV and wind power intermediaries in Sweden. The study shows that diffusion intermediaries in both fields create value primarily through coordination and technology transfer rather than match-making. Wind power intermediaries serve a more homogenous set of larger and more investment-oriented customers than solar PV intermediaries, which leads to differences in terms of value propositions: wind power intermediaries sell an expected return on investment, whereas solar PV intermediaries sell turnkey power plants. The study also reveals the inherent tradeoffs in business model design – both between different value dimensions (e.g. legitimacy vs. quality or delivery time vs technology updates) and between value creation and value capture. These tradeoffs raise interesting questions with regard to how diffusion intermediaries influence the overall diffusion process. Are the values they choose to emphasize supportive of a transition to sustainable energy system or do their business model choices lead to unintended barriers at the system level?
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| 5. |
- Aspeteg, Joakim, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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The value creation of diffusion intermediaries: Brokering mechanisms and trade-offs in solar and wind power in Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on diffusion-oriented innovation intermediaries (“diffusion intermediaries”), i.e. actors that function as brokers between technology adopters and the providers of resources needed to implement a new technology that is available more or less “off-the-shelf”. It investigates how such actors create value for adopters of new technologies as well as the trade-offs they face. An interview-based, qualitative survey of 14 Swedish consultants and project developers involved in solar PV and wind power reveals that diffusion intermediaries create value mainly through technology transfer and coordination of various actors throughout the planning and implementation of turnkey projects. There is evidence of trade-offs related to value capture as well as between different value dimensions (e.g. between quality control and legitimacy). These findings have important implications for the design of strategies and policies to leverage value creation and handle trade-offs to avoid negative effects on projects, companies, and the overall diffusion of cleaner technologies.
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| 6. |
- Bach, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Implementing maritime battery-electric and hydrogen solutions: A technological innovation systems analysis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209. ; 87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime transport faces increasing pressure to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to be in accordance with the Paris Agreement. For this to happen, low- and zero-carbon energy solutions need to be developed. In this paper we draw on sustainability transition literature and introduce the technological innovation system (TIS) framework to the field of maritime transportation research. The TIS approach analytically distinguishes between different innovation system functions that are important for new technologies to develop and diffuse beyond an early phase of experimentation. This provides a basis for technology-specific policy recommendations. We apply the TIS framework to the case of battery-electric and hydrogen energy solutions for coastal maritime transport in Norway. Whereas both battery-electric and hydrogen solutions have developed rapidly, the former is more mature and has a strong momentum. Public procurement and other policy instruments have been crucial for developments to date and will be important for these technologies to become viable options for shipping more generally.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-
(författare)
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Ambiguities and challenges in the functions approach to TIS analysis : a critical literature review
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper focuses on an approach often used in empirical studies of sustainable transitions: the functions of technological innovation system approach. After its introduction by Johnson and Jacobsson (2001), the functions approach has reached a quite widespread diffusion among innovation scholars, especially those interested in sustainability. However, during this diffusion process, the approach has to some extent been “re-invented” (Rogers, 1983) by its users, and many of the original definitions and assumptions are no longer applied. In order to take stock of the work so far and suggest possible avenues for further research in this field, the purpose of this paper is to identify similarities and differences in how the functions approach is applied by different (groups of) researchers. The paper first gives an overview of the functions literature and then critically reviews it. A clear lack of agreement between researchers is identified with regards to how the concepts of ‘function’ and ‘functionality’ are defined and conceptualised. Based on this analysis, the paper discusses the implications of this lack of agreement and identifies a number of critical choices that have to be made by individual researchers, but possibly also by the ‘functions’ community as a whole, in order to increase the lucidity and applicability of the functions approach to TIS analysis.
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| 9. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing the Dynamics and Fucntionality of Sectoral Innovation Systems - a manual
- 2005
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Ingår i: DRUID Tenth Anniversary Summer Conference 2005, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 27-29, 2005.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various researchers and policy analysts have experimented with empirical studies of sectoral innovation systems (SIS), in which attempts have been made to understand the current structure of various innovation systems and trace their dynamics. We have captured the dynamics in terms of not only the structural components of a SIS but also pioneered such an analysis in terms of functional patterns (as well as functionality). In a collaborative work with VINNOVA (the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems), we have taken the analysis one step further and made explicit a scheme of analysis, or a manual for policy makers. The manual is based on the received literature, our prior experience in developing and applying functional thinking and three experimental case studies, conducted in collaboration with VINNOVA. The manual can be used by policy makers to identify not only the key policy issues but also to set policy goals and to assess the usefulness of various policy instruments.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Are patents with multiple inventors from different countries a good indicator of international R&D collaboration? The case of ABB
- 2010
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 39, s. 1321-1334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on the critical case of ABB, this paper questions the relevance of using patents with multiple inventors from different countries (“cross-country patents”) as an indicator of international R&D collaboration. The study shows that less than half of ABB’s cross-country patents are the result of international R&D collaboration as described by one of the more inclusive definitions found in previous literature. Only a third of the patents are the result of joint R&D activities between different MNC subsidiaries or firms. We also discuss the implications of our study for the assignment of patents to countries based on inventor addresses.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Complexity challenges for transition policy: lessons from coastal shipping in Norway
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This policy briefing discusses decarbonization policies of “hard-to-abate” sectors, emphasizing the implications of these sectors’ complexity. Specifically, we discuss two sources of complexity: (a) heterogeneity in the form of variation across and within technologies and user segments and (b) interdependencies between technologies (within and between their value chains) and between user segments and adopter groups. Based on research on coastal shipping in Norway, a global frontrunner in decarbonization of this sector, we suggest three guiding principles for developing policy mixes for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors: (1) employ technology-specific policies but aim at broad sectoral or general policies when suitable, (2) consider value chain interdependency and user segment heterogeneity when prioritizing technologies and user segments, and (3) translate (rather than transfer) successful policies to other settings (e.g. user segments).
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| 14. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Creative Accumulation: Integrating New and Established Technologies in Periods of Discontinuous Change
- 2011
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Ingår i: Knowledge Integration and Innovation. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780199693924 ; , s. 246-273
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Technology-based firms continue to compete primarily on innovation, and are continuously required to present new solutions to an exacting market. As technological complexity and specialization intensifies, firms increasingly need to integrate and co-ordinate knowledge by means of project groups, diversified organizations, inter-organizational partnerships, and strategic alliances. Innovation processes have progressively become interdisciplinary, collaborative, inter-organizational, and international, and a firm's ability to synthesize knowledge across disciplines, organizations, and geographical locations has a major influence on its viability and success.This book demonstrates how knowledge integration is crucial in facilitating innovation within modern firms. It provides original, detailed empirical studies of prerequisites, mechanisms, and outcomes of knowledge integration processes on several organizational levels, from key individuals, projects, and internal organizations, to collaboration between firms. It stresses the need to understand knowledge integration as a multi-level phenomenon, which requires a broad repertoire of organizational and technical means. It further clarifies the need for strong internal capabilities for exploiting external knowledge, reveals how costs of knowledge integration affect outcomes and strategic decisions, and discusses the managerial implications of fostering knowledge integration, providing practical guidance and support for managers of knowledge integration in
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| 15. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973
(författare)
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Diffusion intermediaries: A taxonomy based on renewable electricity technology in Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224 .- 2210-4232. ; 36, s. 378-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to explore the characteristics and activities of intermediaries that are involved in innovation diffusion and, thus, contribute to the acceleration of sustainability transitions. The paper develops a taxonomy of four types of diffusion intermediaries based on official firm registry data on intermediaries involved in renewable electricity technologies in Sweden, which differ from each other in terms of business activity width and sectoral coverage. An analysis of the intermediaries’ business descriptions shows that: (1) most intermediaries are not exclusively involved in intermediation and many are active in several sectors, (2) the relative importance of different intermediation activities varies between different types of intermediaries, and (3) diffusion intermediation has a technology-specific component. These findings imply that researchers and policy makers should not treat diffusion intermediaries as a homogeneous collective. Moreover, there might be an (unexploited) potential for intermediaries and policy makers to exploit cross-sectoral learning.
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| 16. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Directionality challenges for transformative innovation policy: lessons from implementing climate goals in the process industry
- 2023
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Ingår i: Industry and Innovation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1366-2716 .- 1469-8390. ; 30:8, s. 1110-1139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the new paradigm of ‘transformative’ or ‘mission-oriented’ innovation policy, which addresses broad societal challenges, policy makers are given a large responsibility for setting or shaping the direction of socio-technical transitions. However, the literature has so far not provided much concrete advice on how to achieve directionality in practice. The main argument of this conceptual article is that a more detailed approach is needed to better understand the challenges policy makers might face when they attempt to translate societal goals into more concrete and actionable policy agendas. It identifies and discusses eight analytically derived directionality challenges: handling goal conflicts, defining system boundaries, identifying realistic pathways, formulating strategies, realising destabilisation, mobilising relevant policy domains, identifying target groups, and accessing intervention points. To illustrate these challenges, the article uses examples from the implementation of the Swedish climate goal in the process industry.
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| 17. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Innovation Strategies Matter?
- 2004
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Ingår i: International J.A. Schumpeter Society,2004.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973
(författare)
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Elhandelsbolagen och solelens spridning: strategier och kritiska avvägningar (ELSSKA) (slutrapport)
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet Elhandelsbolagen och solelens spridning: strategier och kritiska avväganden syftade till att öka förståelsen för de etablerade elhandelsbolagens erbjudanden och affärsmodeller inom solel och vilken roll de spelar för en resurseffektiv utbyggnad av solel i Sverige. Syftet uppnåddes genom en kartläggning av de 30 största elhandelsbolagens erbjudande inom solel, en kvalitativ breddstudie av hur dessa modeller organiseras samt vilka faktorer som påverkar vilka modeller som elhandelsbolagen väljer samt en multipel fallstudie av den svenska samarbetsmodellen för nyckelfärdiga solelsystem. De huvudsakliga resultaten kan sammanfattas i fyra punkter: 1) Elhandelsbolagen är involverade i fem huvudtyper av affärsmodeller för solel: försäljning av nyckelfärdiga solsystem, premiumpris för mikroproduktion, försäljning av solel, förmedling av andelsägande i solparker samt leasing av solanläggningar. Försäljning av nyckelfärdiga solsystem och ersättning med prispremium till mikroproducenter är de två vanligaste förekommande modellerna. 2) Vilka solmodeller som elhandelsbolagen anammar påverkas av olika strategiska överväganden. Solmodeller behöver överensstämma väl med elhandelsbolagens befintliga mål, marknadsstrategier eller affärslogik samt tillåta dem att hantera externa hot och möjligheter för bolagen ska överväga dem. Elhandelsbolagen kan dock designa om modellerna så att de passar bättre ihop med de befintliga strategierna. 3) Relationerna mellan elhandelsbolagen och solinstallatörerna inom samarbetsmodellen för nyckelfärdiga system har utvecklats mycket över tiden med avseende på aktiviteter, resurser och aktörsband. Det som är särskilt slående är hur elhandelsbolagen har stärkt sin position samt hur konflikter har uppstått pga. inbördes konkurrens om kunderna och förändringar i maktbalansen i relationen. 4) Elhandelsbolagen engagerar sig i potentiellt disruptiva affärsmodeller som på sikt kan komma att hota deras befintliga verksamhet och spelar där en koordinerande eller underlättande roll. Även om det finns en teoretisk risk att de kan ”späda ut” energiomställningen genom att välja solmodeller som är kompatibla med deras övergripande mål och strategier samt anpassa vissa modeller för att öka den strategiska överensstämmelsen når de ut till en stor målgrupp och kan bidra med viktiga resurser. Ur ett policyperspektiv visar studien (i) att regelverk och ekonomiska styrmedel har stor inverkan på vilka affärsmodeller som upplevs som attraktiva, (ii) att kommunalt ägda elhandelsbolag har stor potential att bidra till solelens spridning om de ges rätt förutsättningar samt (iii) att det är viktigt att kontinuerligt följa upp vilken effekt olika styrmedel har på aktörernas strategier för att undvika opportunism och andra negativa bieffekter.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurial investors in renewable electricity production : motives and investment processes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurial investors in renewable electricity production.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transformation of energy systems towards a low-carbon economy requires large investments in renewable electricity production capacity, in terms of new power plants as well as conversion from fossil fuels to renewable fuels such as biomass. In order for those investments to increase, a larger number of actors have to see renewable electricity production as an opportunity worth pursuing. Understanding the motives and decision processes involved in opportunity recognition and exploitation in this field is, thus, key to predicting and encouraging further investments.Recent studies have shown that investments in renewable electricity production are made by a diverse (in terms of knowledge and experience) set of actors (Bergek et al., 2012). Many of these have little or no previous experience of electricity production, which implies that recognizing and pursuing the opportunity of renewable electricity production implied a radical break with their existing routines for the purpose of creating new (for them) combinations of resources (cf. Schumpeter, 1934b). In this conference paper, we study these actors from an entrepreneurship perspective in order to understand why they came to recognize the same basic opportunity (to invest in renewable electricity production) in spite of their apparent lack of knowledge and previous experience, and how they were able to acquire the resources needed to exploit the opportunity.Traditionally, economic value has been seen as the main entrepreneurial motive: entrepreneurs exploit opportunities in order to generate profit (cf. Baumol, 1990; Casson, 1982; Gilad and Levine, 1986; Kirzner, 1973; Schumpeter, 1934b; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000b; Silver and Auster, 1969). Recently, the idea has been put forward that exploitation of opportunities may be driven by sustainability values or concerns, such as a wish to induce social or environmental change (e.g. Hockerts and Wüstenhagen, 2010; Schaltegger and Wagner, 2007; Zahra et al., 2009). Based on the results of 22 interviews conducted with entrepreneurs of different sizes, backgrounds and main activities, we show that economic motives were predominant. However, in spite of the fact that all entrepreneurs saw a potential economic value in the opportunity, only few of them developed the opportunity using a profit-maximization strategy. For a majority of entrepreneurs, even a small profit was acceptable or seen as a bonus. Motives such as environment and social improvements were not decisive for pursuing the opportunity. Most of the entrepreneurs were driven by personal or internal motives, i.e. fulfilling personal or internal needs, rather than by market-needs, i.e. market-driven opportunities or market-gaps.Authors have emphasized the importance of some determinants of opportunity recognition, e.g. prior knowledge (cf. Baron, 2006), networks (cf. Ucbasaran et al., 2001) and interests (cf. Ardichvili et al., 2003; Guth and Ginsberg, 1990). Our study of the entrepreneurial process shows that entrepreneurs are indeed influenced by their personal network but that other factors such as access to an initial resource, e.g. land, can also affect their recognition process. Moreover, we found that some triggers were decisive for their opportunity exploitation decisions: the decision to start a company, the recognition of a market-need, an interest in the technology, a problem or the access to a natural resource. This led us to the identification of different types of entrepreneurs: investment-driven entrepreneurs, diffusion-driven entrepreneurs, technology-driven entrepreneurs, solution-driven entrepreneurs and efficiency-driven entrepreneurs. Finally, previous literature especially emphasizes the importance of identifying resource needs, managing existing resources and acquiring new resources in order to exploit opportunities (Alvarez and Busenitz, 2001; Brush et al., 2001; Katz and Gartner, 1988; Ucbasaran et al., 2001). Entrepreneurs typically do not control all the resources they need to exploit an opportunity and they, therefore, have to acquire them from external sources (Shook et al., 2003; Ucbasaran et al., 2001). This can be a challenging process, since emerging ventures lack reputation and track record (Brush et al., 2001). In our study, in the process of opportunity development, each type of entrepreneur had access to one or several initial resources but had to acquire additional key resources. We found that the resource acquisition of those additional resources is less challenging when intermediary actors and existing personal networks are in place and when entrepreneurs control instrumental resources that can be used to obtain other resources.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating Transformative Innovation Policy Outcomes as Unfolding Processes Of Change In Socio-Technical Configurations
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transformative Metrics: Contributions to the Studies for Monitoring and Evaluating How Science, Technology, and Innovation Can Address Social and Environmental Challenges. - : Fondo Editorial FCSH. - 9786287592155 ; , s. 63-105
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book provides a fresh and comprehensive understanding of the most significant methodological advances in the study of transformative change through policy decision-making; this latter being commonly influenced by metrics and evaluation processes. In this vein, the book presents methodological approaches to the study of sustainable transitions by suggesting that these metrics and evaluation processes can play a new role. It contends that using these approaches in the implementation of policy programmes, projects, and interventions can offer a further reflexive perspective, which helps transformations to take place and enhance metrics’ transformative potential.
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| 24. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Functionality of innovation systems as a rationale and guide in innovation policy
- 2010
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Ingår i: The Theory and Practice of Innovation Policy.. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. - 184542848X - 9781845428488
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This comprehensive Handbook explores the interactions between the practice, policy, and theory of innovation. The goal is twofold: to increase insight into this dynamic process, searching for options to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of both policy and innovative practice, and to identify conceptual or empirical lacunae and questions that can guide future research. The Handbook is a joint project from 24 prominent scholars in the field, and although each chapter reveals the insights of its respective authors, two overarching theoretical perspectives provide unique coherence and consistency throughout. This original reference work will not only provide valuable insights for scholars and students on innovation studies, but also to policymakers and practitioners.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Functions in innovation systems : A framework for analysing energy system dynamics and identifying goals for system-building activities by entrepreneurs and policy makers
- 2008. - 1
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Ingår i: Innovation for a Low Carbon Economy: Economic, Institutional and Management Approaches. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar. - 9781847203823 ; , s. 79-111
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book shows that although innovations in energy systems represent a core contribution to achieving national and international energy policy goals, theoretical approaches to understanding innovation differ radically between separate disciplinary perspectives. The need for greater mutual learning between these approaches is met within this study as international academics from economic, institutional and management backgrounds share and analyse their respective approaches, knowledge and insights.
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| 27. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Functions in innovation systems: A framework for analysing energy system dynamics and identifying goals for system-building activities by entrepreneurs and policy makers
- 2008
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Ingår i: Foxon, T., Köhler, J. and Oughton, C. (eds): Innovations for a Low Carbon Economy: Economic, Institutional and Management Approaches, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008. - 9781847203823 ; , s. 79-111
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 28. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Håller Sverige på att missa klimatutmaningens innovationspotential?
- 2008. - 1
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Ingår i: Ur startblocken. Svensk innovationskraft II. - Stockholm : Forum for innovation Management. - 9789163324093 ; , s. 159-168
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ur startblocken – Svensk innovationskraft II. I den här boken ger Forum for Innovation Management, FIM, en samlad bild av Sveriges förutsättningar som innovationsland nu och i framtiden. Bokens teman speglar fims seminarier och salongsdebatter under 2004–2007 och baseras på intervjuer och texter av tongivande personer i Innovationssverige, bland andra Ayad Al Saffar, Efva Attling, Leif Johansson, Lars G Josefsson, Margareta Norell Bergendal, Maud Olofsson, Alf Rehn, Lena Treschow Torell, Per Unckel och Thomas Östros. Boken avslutas med ett manifest riktat till Sveriges beslutsfattare i innovationsfrågor
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| 29. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating the supply and demand sides of public support to NTBFs: a typology with implications for policy makers
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy makers consider the start-up and growth of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) to be one of the primary solutions to increase economic growth, as they contribute both to the development of new technologies and products and to job creation. In consequence, public support to NTBFs has been a prioritized issue. Such support has traditionally been justified by referring to market failures in terms of, e.g., underinvestment in R&D (Nelson, 1959; Pavitt, 1991) and “financial gaps” faced by early-stage ventures (Bygrave and Timmons, 1992). However, the argument of this paper is that supply of support does not match demand in terms of the support needs of different types of NTBFs. In order to remedy this shortcoming, this paper combines entrepreneurship and innovation research to develop a typology of NTBFs that is used to compare and integrate the demand and supply sides of public support to NTBFs. The first part of the paper focuses the demand side of public support to NTBFs. We first discuss general characteristics of NTBFs, with a particular focus on aspects of vulnerability and liability of newness (Stinchcombe, 1965): NTBFs are new, which implies immaturity (Penrose, 1959), lack of credibility (Birly and Norburn, 1985; Zimmerman and Zeitz, 2002) and limited resources (North et al., 2001), as well as technology-focused, which tends to imply lack of managerial skills and dependency on one main product (cf. Westhead and Storey, 1997; Mason and Harrison, 2001). We then argue that differences between NTBFs influence both the conditions for them overcoming their initial vulnerability and the types of problems they encounter in the early development phase. Thus, different types of firms will have different support needs and different potential to achieve certain types of outcomes within a specific time frame. Based on this discussion, a typology of NTBFs is developed, which takes into account the origin of the venture (academic spin-offs vs. corporate spin-offs vs. independent companies) (cf. Meyer, 2005; Wallin and Lindholm-Dahlstrand, 2006) and the degree of innovativeness of the venture’s main product (non-innovative vs. sustaining innovation vs. disruptive innovation) (cf. Rosenbloom and Christensen, 1994). The resulting nine types of NTBFs are illustrated by empirical examples and the support needs of each type are identified. The typology, thus, provides guidelines for policy makers with respect to the support needs of different types of NTBFs. The second part of the paper focuses the supply side, i.e. the two main policy areas that provide support for NTBFs: small-and-medium-sized-enterprise (SME) policy and science-technology-innovation (STI) policy. A comparative analysis between these two areas reveals interesting differences with regards to both goals and instruments used. Both aim at economic growth and to some extent social welfare, but whereas SME policy focuses on job creation (cf. Rothwell, 1984), STI policy focuses on national competitiveness through the development and diffusion of new products and processes (cf. Lundvall and Borrás, 2005), which does not necessarily go hand-in-hand with job creation. Moreover, whereas an explicitly aim of SME policy is to improve attitudes and conditions for founding new firms (Storey, 2003), STI policy focuses on technology, products and processes and shows little interest in whether innovation happens in new or established firms (cf. Lundvall and Borrás, 2005). With regards to the policy instruments used, both policy areas include financing, networking initiatives, regulation, education and training, but with quite different foci in terms of the level of aggregation of support initiatives (individual ventures vs. innovation system) as well as target types of NTBFs: The focus of SME policy is to support individual ventures, whereas STI policy aims at building or strengthening innovation systems, i.e. to remove system weaknesses (Jacobsson and Johnson, 2000; Klein Woolthuis et al., 2005) by improving the infrastructure for primarily research-based firms, often in specific technology fields. The third part of the paper compares the demand side and the supply side and identifies the main shortcomings of existing public support to NTBFs as a basis for recommendations on how to improve the support portfolio. First, there is a bias in the public support portfolio towards some types of NTBFs, most notably academic spin-offs, whereas for example corporate spin-offs and independent inventors are overlooked – irrespective of their support needs. In order to overcome this bias, policy makers need to align the supply of support to NTBFs with the support needs of the targeted firms. Second, market aspects are under-emphasised in comparison to technology and product aspects, both in individual-level support and system-level support. Thus, both the firm-level support and the system level support would benefit from measures developing marketing and sales capabilities of individual ventures or stimulating entrepreneurial experimentation and market formation on the system level. Third, there is a missing link in the support instrument portfolio: NTBFs frequently lack the information, competences and networks needed to identify and connect to relevant innovation systems, but the current support portfolio includes few measures to assist them with this. The support portfolio should therefore be complemented by mediation (Bergek and Norrman, 2008) between individual firms and relevant innovation systems, i.e. support measures helping NTBFs to access and utilise resources on the system level. To sum up, we recommend policy makers from SME and STI policy to (1) take into account that NTBFs have different support needs and to align their support to the needs of the targeted firms, (2) increase the market focus of the supplied support and (3) complement the current support portfolio with instruments directed at mediation between individual firms and relevant innovation systems. Implementing these recommendations would, however, require increased co-ordination between SME and STI policy, which is our forth and final recommendation to policy makers.
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| 30. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973
(författare)
-
Intermediärers roller i omställningen till ett hållbart energisystem: Slutrapport
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet Intermediärers roller i omställningen till ett hållbart energisystem har studerat hur olika aktörer kan agera som intermediärer i innovationsspridningsprocessen och därigenom bidra till att hantera de utmaningar som uppstår vid investeringar i förnybar elproduktions-teknik. Projektets syfte har dels varit att utveckla kunskap om vilka typer av intermediärer som är involverade i investeringar i förnybar elproduktionsteknik och vilka roller de spelar och dels att undersöka om intermediärer kan användas som styrmedel för att öka investe-ringarnas omfattning och kvalitet. Projektet har omfattat flera delstudier: en kartläggning baserad på registerdata; intervjubaserade studier av projekteringsbolag inom sol och vind samt olika kommunala intermediära aktörer; longitudinella fallstudier av en projektutveck-lare inom sol och sex storskaliga sol- och vindprojekt; samt ett kvantitativt ”choice experi-ment”. Sammanfattningsvis visar dessa studier att (a) det finns ett ekosystem av olika slags intermediärer; (b) intermediärerna utför en mängd olika aktiviteter (framförallt på projektni-vån); (c) deras avvägningar, prioriteringar och styrmodeller är förknippade med vissa risker för enskilda projekt och energisystemet som helhet; och (d) det finns flera fördelar, men också vissa utmaningar, med att använda intermediärerna som ett styrmedel för att öka och förbättra investeringarna i förnybar elproduktionsteknik.
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| 31. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
Is one path enough? Multiple paths and path interaction as an extension of path dependency theory
- 2014
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press. - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 23:5, s. 1261-1297
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To explain the development of multi-technology companies and industries where several alternative technologies co-exist and interact over long periods, this article suggests an extension of path dependency theory by providing a conceptualization of the path notion that incorporates the theoretical possibility of multiple paths and path interaction. The conceptualization is applied to a patent study of three leading companies in the lighting industry: General Electric, Osram/Siemens, and Philips. The study shows technology development patterns that are characterized by strong persistence, both within each path and across the whole technology field. These results demonstrate that multiple technological paths can co-exist in companies and industries, characterized by simultaneous long-term presence of several technologies. In such cases, path interaction takes place both between co-existing paths and when new, radically different paths are created. Although further studies are needed to identify the underlying self-reinforcing mechanisms, there is a clear indication that technological path dependency is not restricted to unitary progression patterns, as implied by previous conceptualizations.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
'Legitimation' and 'development of positive externalities' : two key processes in the formation phase of technological innovation systems
- 2011
-
Ingår i: The Dynamics of Sustainable Innovation Journeys. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9780415618663 ; , s. 55-72
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Responding to the climate change challenge requires a massive development and diffusion of carbon neutral technologies and, thus, emergence and growth of new socio-technical systems. This paper contributes to an improved understanding of the formative phase of new technological innovation systems (TIS) by outlining a framework for analysing TIS dynamics in terms of structural growth and key innovation-related prodcesses ("functions") and by discussing two of these functions at some depth: "legitimation" and "development of positive externalities". Empirical examples are provided from case studies on renewable energy technologies. We highlight the problematic role of technology assessment studies in shaping legtimacy and the importance of early market formation for the emergence of "packs of entrepreneurs" that may contribute to legitimation, and discuss how exploitation of overlaps between different TISs may create positive externalities, opening up for a powerful "bottom-up" process of system growth. Associated poilcy and management challenges are identified.
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| 34. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
'Legitimation' and 'development of positive externalities' : Two key processes in the formation phase of technological innovation systems
- 2008
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Ingår i: Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0953-7325 .- 1465-3990. ; 20:5, s. 575-592
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Responding to the climate change challenge requires a massive development and diffusion of carbon neutral technologies and, thus, emergence and growth of new socio-technical systems. This paper contributes to an improved understanding of the formative phase of new technological innovation systems (TIS) by outlining a framework for analysing TIS dynamics in terms of structural growth and key innovation-related processes ("functions") and by discussing two of these functions at some depth: "legitimation" and "development of positive externalities". Empirical examples are provided from case studies on renewable energy technologies. We highlight the problematic role of technology assessment studies in shaping legitimacy and the importance of early market formation for the emergence of "packs of entrepreneurs" that may contribute to legitimation, and discuss how exploitation of overlaps between different TISs may create positive externalities, opening up for a powerful "bottom-up" process of system growth. Associated policy and management challenges are identified.
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| 35. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping diffusion intermediaries: conceptualization and empirical application to the case of renewable energy technology in Sweden
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The innovation literature has acknowledged that intermediary actors of different types can play an important role for innovation by facilitating knowledge development and diffusion, technology transfer and market formation. So far, most studies have focused on the development of new technologies, especially in the context of open innovation, whereas the characteristics and roles of intermediaries in the diffusion of innovations is largely unexplored. The purpose of this paper is to define and operationalize the concept of ‘diffusion intermediaries’ and to map such intermediaries involved in the field of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in Sweden. Using data from the official firm registry, four main types of formal diffusion intermediaries (dedicated, unspecialized, vertically integrated and diversified) and three main categories of intermediation activities (consulting, import/sales and project development) are identified. The analysis shows that the majority of the diffusion intermediaries are not exclusively involved in intermediation activities and that a substantial share is involved only in import and sales. This raises some questions with regard to the definition of the intermediary concept. More precisely, the active involvement in the adoption process is suggested to be a key criterion to distinguish between diffusion intermediaries and distribution intermediaries. The analysis also shows that diffusion intermediation has a technology-specific component. More studies are, however, needed to further distinguish between different types of diffusion intermediaries in a wider set of empirical settings and to understand the role they play for adoption.
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| 36. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
Motives to adopt renewable electricity technologies: Evidence from Sweden
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 106, s. 547-559
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diffusion of renewable electricity technologies (RETs) has to speed up for countries to reach their, often ambitious, targets for renewable energy generation. This requires a large number of actors – including individuals, companies and other organizations – to adopt RETs. Policies will most likely be needed to induce adoption, but there is limited knowledge about what motivates RET adoption. The purpose of this paper is to complement and expand the available empirical evidence regarding motives to adopt RETs through a survey to over 600 RET adopters in Sweden. The main finding of the study is that there are many different motives to adopt RETs and that RET adopters are a heterogeneous group with regard to motives. Although environmental concerns, interest in the technology, access to an RE resource and prospects to generate economic revenues are important motives in general, adopters differ with regard to how large importance they attach to the same motive and each adopter can also have several different motives to adopt. There are also differences in motives between adopter categories (especially independent power producers vs. individuals and diversified companies) and between RETs (especially wind power vs. solar power). This implies that a variety of policy instruments might be needed to induce further adoption of a variety of RETs by a variety of adopter categories.
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| 37. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
Nya investerare i förnybar elproduktion:motiv, investeringskriterier ochpolicykonsekvenser (NyEl) : Slutrapport
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet Nya investerare i förnybar elproduktion: motiv, investeringskriterier och policykonsekvenser harstudierat icke-traditionella investerare i förnybar elproduktion med syfte att ge ettvetenskapligt underlag för utformning och implementering av energipolitiska styrmedel riktademot dessa investerare samt vidareutveckla befintliga beslutsstödsmodeller för investering iförnybar elproduktion. Studien har visat (a) att majoriteten av investeringarna i förnybarelproduktion i Sverige har gjorts av icke-traditionella investerare, (b) att dessa icke-traditionellainvesterare inte är en homogen grupp utan består av många olika slags aktörer, med olikamotiv, kunskapsbaser, resurser och nätverk som använder olika strategier för att genomförasina investeringar och som reagerar på olika sätt på ekonomiska styrmedel samt (c) attskillnaderna med avseende på strategier och reaktioner är kopplade till investeringsmotivetsnarare än till organisationsform eller huvudsaklig verksamhet.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
Path dependency in industries with multiple technological trajectories
- 2012
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the literature on path dependency in processes of innovation and technical change, two partly conflicting perspectives are presented. Within the first perspective, it is argued that the cumulative nature of technical change creates persistence in innovative activities: accumulated competencies and learning within a specific field generate new research questions and opportunities for innovation and create entry barriers, which works in favour of incumbent firms and limits the role of new innovators in an industry (Malerba et al., 1997). In contrast, the other perspective emphasises that path dependency gradually decreases the number of available future options (Aminzade, 1992; Araujo and Harrison, 2002) and eventually leads to lock-in to inefficient, inferior or unsustainable technology paths (Cowan and Gunby, 1996; David, 1985; Unruh, 2000).Within both these perspectives, paths tend to be conceptualised as single technological trajectories. However, in some industries multiple trajectories are pursued in parallel and new trajectories are added over time. This raises the questions of whether such industries still can be path dependent and, in that case, where path dependency occurs: within or across trajectories and at the company or industry level. To what extent does the incumbents’ development of newly added trajectories build on their existing knowledge base? The purpose of this paper is to answer these questions by analysing technological activities of three leading firms in the lighting industry.The paper is based on an analysis of lighting patents granted to General Electric (GE), Osram/Siemens and Philips and their key subsidiaries by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) over a period of 35 years (1976-2011). Lighting-related patents were identified through a combination of class-based search and title- and abstract-based keyword search.Our analysis shows a common patenting pattern between the three companies: about 70% of all the patents in the dataset belong to seven most frequently used classes and about 50% - to the top three classes. Most of these classes can be described as traditional since companies used them during the whole period of analysis. While some of them are declining both in terms of patent shares and numbers (H01K – Incandescent lamps), others are stable or growing (H01J – Discharge lamps, F21 – Lighting, H05B – Electric lighting, C09K – Materials for applications). Such long-term stability of traditional classes and similarity of patenting patterns between the three companies indicate technological persistence both at the company and the industry levels.The most recent addition to the companies’ patent stock is the semiconductors class (H01L). It has been intensively developed since the late 1990s, when industry incumbents joined the LED technology which was pioneered by new entrants. However, about 30-40% of the LED-related patents of GE, Osram/Siemens and Philips still belong to traditional lighting classes. Companies have, thus, been able to use their previously accumulated expertise in the development of LED lighting, in spite of its discontinuous character. While technological persistence in terms of LED development can be observed at both industry and company levels, there are some differences among the three companies.An analysis of patent references shows that when a patent cites one of the company’s own lighting patents, in 60-70% of the cases both patents belong to the same first class, which is a clear sign of path dependency inside trajectories. However, pairwise usage of patent classes indicates not only persistence inside technological trajectories, but also a complex relation between them since patents frequently belong to several classes simultaneously. In particular, H01J (discharge lamps) is the most frequently used secondary class.The main conclusions of the paper are the following: first, we have found signs of path dependency in the lighting industry at the company level in a form of technological persistence. Although persistence inside technological trajectories is especially strong, there is also a complex interconnection between trajectories which indicates that previous association of paths with single trajectories is too simplified. Second, a similarity of companies’ patenting patterns in almost every aspect of the analysis provides a clear evidence of path dependency at the industry level. Third, the LED example shows, on the one hand, a break with previous activities, and on the other hand, the ability of incumbents to use their accumulated expertise when developing a new, even radically different, technology. Overall, it can be concluded that path dependency can exist in industries with multiple technological trajectories. However, whether this path dependency is productive and efficient or will lead to unsustainable lock-in remains to be seen.
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| 40. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
Policy for environmental innovation: a comparative review of empirical evidence from two sectors
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Innovation and Competitiveness.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the 1960s, governments have sought to encourage technological development to reduce pollution. These efforts now include global greenhouse emissions, especially in sectors such as transport and energy generation. A variety of means are applied: general taxes and trading systems, subsidies and technology-forcing standards. At the macro-level, economists argue that general economic instruments are a more efficient way to regulate emissions than administrative or technology-specific measures. The effectiveness of general economic instruments needs to be examined in relation to their innovation impact in different (sub-) sectors, however. This paper builds on research in the automotive and energy sectors to compare general and specific, economic and administrative, means in terms of their impact on different types of innovation. The review shows that the effectiveness of policy instruments is conditioned by the type of innovation needed (incremental, modular, architectural or radical) and the responding industrial context. General instruments – economic and administrative – encourage development and diffusion of incremental and modular innovation, whereas technology-specific instruments are needed to support the development and diffusion of architectural and radical low-carbon innovations. However, in order to have an effect, instruments have to be connected to a responding industrial context, i.e. networks of firms with requisite resources and capabilities to deploy. Key challenges for policy makers when choosing instruments include issues of selection, stringency, scale and stability.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973
(författare)
-
Shaping and Exploiting Technological Opportunities: The Case of Renewable Energy Technology in Sweden
- 2002
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on how the Swedish capital goods industry exploits (or fails to exploit) opportunities within renewable energy technology to build new growth industries and how it, in that process, shapes the diffusion of such technologies on the market. The thesis consists of a covering paper and the work contained in four appended papers. In the first of the appended papers, an analytical framework for the study of energy system transformation is developed and some key issues for research are identified. The second paper provides an overview of the inducement and blocking mechanisms present in the Swedish innovation system for bioenergy technology, wind turbines and solar collectors. The third paper is a comparative analysis of the evolution of the German, Dutch and Swedish wind turbine industries. The fourth paper is a study of the development of black liquor gasification technology in Sweden. Together, these papers increase the understanding of the mechanisms inducing and blocking capital goods industry development and the diffusion of renewable energy technology. Four major observations can be made: (1) The Swedish capital goods industry has, so far, not been particularly successful in exploiting the opportunities and has not been able to shape the local innovation system to allow for the rapid diffusion of renewable energy technology in Sweden (with the possible exception of bioenergy). (2) Industry development and technology diffusion are dependent on the innovation system as a whole, and policy and strategy should, therefore, not be limited to the individual parts of the system. (3) A key objective in attending to the system as a whole should be to set self-sustaining virtuous circles in motion. (4) With respect to this, key issues for policy and strategy are to reduce uncertainty, increase the new technologies' legitimacy and stimulate market formation.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability transitions in coastal shipping: The role of regime segmentation
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1982. ; 12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime transport has received little attention in sustainability transitions research. This sector is mature and heterogeneous, which suggests the need for a more nuanced perspective on socio-technical regimes to understand variation in conditions for adoption of novel technologies that may support sustainability transitions. We consider this important in order to develop more efficient policy to decarbonize the shipping sector. We develop a framework that explicitly differentiates task and institutional environment of user regimes, enabling us to identify regime segmentation and its influence on three key transition conditions: technology maturity and fit, system integration and infrastructure, and acceptability and legitimacy. We apply our framework to analyse development and uptake of battery-electric energy storage solutions within three segments (coastal ferry, coastal fishing, and offshore supply) of Norwegian coastal shipping. Our analysis suggests that the transition process unfolds along different pathways in different user segments, pointing to a need for segment-specific policy instruments.
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| 48. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
Technological discontinuities and the challenge for incumbent firms : Destruction, disruption or creative accumulation?
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 42:6-7, s. 1210-1224
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The creative destruction of existing industries as a consequence of discontinuous technological change is a central theme in the literature on industrial innovation and technological development. Established competence-based and market-based explanations of this phenomenon argue that incumbents are seriously challenged only by ‘competence-destroying’ or ‘disruptive’ innovations, which make their existing knowledge base or business models obsolete and leave them vulnerable to attacks from new entrants. This paper challenges these arguments. With detailed empirical analyses of the automotive and gas turbine industries, we demonstrate that these explanations overestimate the ability of new entrants to destroy and disrupt established industries and underestimate the capacity of incumbents to perceive the potential of new technologies and integrate them with existing capabilities. Moreover, we show how intense competition in the wake of technological discontinuities, driven entirely by incumbents, may instead result in late industry shakeouts. We develop and extend the notion of ‘creative accumulation’ as a way of conceptualizing the innovating capacity of the incumbents that appear to master such turbulence. Specifically, we argue that creative accumulation requires firms to handle a triple challenge of simultaneously (a) fine-tuning and evolving existing technologies at a rapid pace, (b) acquiring and developing new technologies and resources and (c) integrating novel and existing knowledge into superior products and solutions.
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| 49. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973-
(författare)
-
Technological dynamics and policy : how to derive policy prescriptions
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The innovation literature acknowledges that innovation policy should be based on an analysis of underlying innovation system dynamics. Whereas policy prescriptions have been derived from analyses of the functional dynamics of emerging innovation systems in the ‘fluid’ phase of the technology life cycle and for the rejuvenation of path-dependent, mature innovation systems associated with a ‘specific’ phase of technology development, the role of policy in the “transitional” phase remains unclear. Through a discussion about the challenges associated with specific functions of a technological innovation system in the transitional phase, this paper identifies a number of potential system weaknesses specifically associated with this phase, for example demand-side path dependency, lack of informational increasing returns to adoption, imbalanced development of components and complementary technologies, lack of financial, physical and human resources and various forms of delegitimation. It also suggests that policy intervention might be justified to remedy these weaknesses, since many of them are out of reach of system actors. Other weaknesses can take too long time for system actors to handle, if a technological transformation is urgent from a societal perspective. Removing obstacles for mass market formation and stimulating system coordination should be a priority for policy aimed at the transitional phase. This would require policy to play the part as an innovation intermediary within the innovation system rather than as an external supplier of pushes and pulls.
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| 50. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973
(författare)
-
Technological innovation systems: a review of recent findings and suggestions for further research
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Sustainable Innovation. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. ; , s. 200-218
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent years, the technological innovation system (TIS) framework and its ‘functions approach’ has reached widespread diffusion among innovation scholars, especially those interested in sustainability transitions. It has so far been used frequently in studies of emerging sustainable technologies in the energy and transport sectors. This chapter provides some conceptual clarification regarding the functions framework, reviews the empirical findings of previous TIS studies and identifies topics to explore in future research. The review shows that a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms of some of the functions (‘entrepreneurial experimentation’, ‘market formation’ and ‘development of positive externalities’) is largely missing. More in-depth, qualitative analyses is therefore needed to identify causal chains of events within TISs. The review also reveals that the functions framework is not easily applicable to pure diffusion contexts, which suggests that the TIS framework should be supplemented by a ‘diffusion system’ framework.
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