| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Generalized Prejudice : Common and Specific Components
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 22:1, s. 57-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research examined the personality-prejudice relationship and whether personality and social psychological factors predict different aspects of prejudice. We proposed a distinction between a common component of prejudice that is mainly explained by personality and a specific component mainly explained by situational and group-specific variables. Whereas the former consists of the shared variance of prejudice toward different targets, the latter taps the variance that is unique to a certain type of prejudice. Statistically separating the two components of prejudice toward four target groups, we found that personality variables (Agreeableness and Openness to Experience) explained a substantial portion of the variance of the common but a small share of the specific component. We also found group membership (gender) to be more closely associated with the specific than the common component of sexism. The results support our proposed distinction and suggest that personality and social psychological variables explain distinct aspects of prejudice.
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| 3. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Prejudice : the person in the situation
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier BV. - 0092-6566 .- 1095-7251. ; 43:5, s. 890-897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two experimental studies, we created situational conditions (social norm and social threat) that altered the level of expressed prejudice in two different directions (decrease or increase). Then, we examined the stability of the relation between personality and prejudice across conditions and found that personality variables were related to prejudice in a similar way regardless of variations in prejudice level and situations. Thus, whereas situational factors affect the level of people's prejudice, personality factors stand for the rank-order stability of prejudice. The outcome is discussed in relation to the current debate on whether prejudice is best explained by personality or situational factors.
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| 4. |
- Berggren, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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A Re-Assessment of some Cross-Cultural Associations with Psychological Gender Differences
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since 2001, several cross-country examinations have found larger gender differences in Western countries. More lately, countries’ gender equality has been correlated with such gender differences, and it is sometimes argued that gender equality may paradoxically cause men and women to diverge. However, this gender-equality paradox, has primarily been examined with this cross-country methodology, so it possible that other cultural differences, or differences in data quality, are more directly influential. Here, we reanalyze the results from multiple studies on the gender-equality paradox with country-level data available. We find that gender differences more strongly co-vary with cultural regions and data quality, and that controlling for cultural regions causes the association with gender equality to drop to non-significance. Similarly, controlling for our data quality indicators strongly attenuates the paradox. Further, when controlling for language within Protestant Western countries, which are more culturally comparable, higher gender equality was associated with smaller gender differences in personality, with non-significant differences otherwise. These results challenge the claim that gender equality causes gender differences, suggests it to be an example of a Simpson’s paradox, and indicates that the cross-cultural association may be confounded with other cultural differences, and with data quality.
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| 5. |
- Berggren, Mathias
(författare)
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Challenges when Generalizing Psychological Measurements across Populations : Applications in Machine Learning and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to ascertain the validity and applicability of psychological theories, models, and measurements, it is important to examine their generalizability across different assessment situations. In this thesis, I examine how the application of measures outside of their initial domain may cause complications. This is applied to two fields where such considerations of generalizations may be especially beneficial: machine learning models and cross-cultural comparisons. Paper I explored whether text-based machine learning models of personality with a broad set of predictors, or models based on a set of more constrained but more psychologically meaningful predictors, better predicted personality in one of two text domains. The former models provided equal or superior prediction in the same domain in which it was trained compared to the latter models, but equally poor or poorer prediction in the other domain. Paper II reexamined the results of an article that, like the cross-cultural studies re-examined in Paper III, found that over time and across states in the U.S., higher gender equality was associated with larger gender differentiation, here in names given to children. Re-analyses showed that there was no such systematic association across time, and that the differentiation across states was confounded with a more strongly associated cultural/language predictor. Paper III re-examined multiple studies that have assessed that association across countries. Here, it was shown that cultural differences, as indicated by cultural regions, other measures such as individualism, and data quality indicators, better explained the variation in differences across countries. When controlling for cultural/language regions, the association with gender equality disappeared or, sometimes, reversed. These results indicate the degree to which different cultural factors are interrelated, and suggests the need for complementary methods. In conclusion, this thesis exemplifies the importance of considering how models and measures may interact with and generalize across situations. This is true whether it supports greater generality or situational specificity of different psychological measures.
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| 6. |
- Berggren, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Motivated Social Cognition and Authoritarianism Is It All About Closed-Mindedness?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 40:4, s. 204-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The domain of motivated social cognition includes a variety of concepts dealing with a need to seek structure and avoid ambiguity, and several of these concepts are also powerful predictors of social attitudes, such as authoritarianism. It is possible though that these relations are due to certain facets reoccurring in the different scales. In this paper, we tested the notion that authoritarianism is predicted specifically by rigidity in beliefs (closed-mindedness), rather than broader cognitive styles. Thus, we initially identified items in the motivated social cognition scales that are specifically measuring closed-mindedness. These items included the closed-mindedness facet of the need for closure scale and items from intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognition. We used these items to predict right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and their common factor authoritarianism (generalized). In line with our prediction, two studies showed that the motivated social cognition scales did not provide a significant prediction of authoritarianism beyond the closed-mindedness items. We conclude that the relation between motivated social cognition and authoritarianism is captured entirely by the former's closed-mindedness component.
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| 7. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Are non-agreeable individuals prejudiced? : Comparing different conceptualizations of agreeableness
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 101, s. 153-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has documented associations between prejudice and agreeableness, as well as openness to experience, from the five-factor model (FFM). Still, empathy/altruism and narcissism/honesty-humility are related traits and also potent predictors of prejudice. Thus, we examined whether there is an association between prejudice and agreeableness, as a global trait, or if the correlations depend on facets that are part of the broader FM factor, but belong to other dimensions in the HEXACO model. We further analyzed how well the documented relations of agreeableness on prejudice hold up when entered alongside empathy/altruism and honesty-humility within the HEXACO framework. Results from Sweden and the United States showed that only FFM agreeableness, and not the HEXACO counterpart, correlates with an index of prejudice (racism and sexism). Furthermore, the negative relations of FFM agreeableness were absent or reversed in regression analyses with the other HEXACO predictors. Instead, we found negative effects of honesty-humility and empathy/altruism on prejudice. Thus, the effect of agreeableness on prejudice is directly contingent on its definition in relation to honesty-humility and empathy/altruism. In conclusion, we found little evidence of an association between a global agreeableness trait and prejudice.
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| 8. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Dimensions of Social Dominance : Their Personality and Socio-political Correlates within a New Zealand Probability Sample
- 2015
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Ingår i: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. - 1179-7924. ; 44:2, s. 25-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) was introduced as a unidimensional construct predicting numerous socio-political attitudes. However, recent findings suggest that SDO is composed of two sub-dimensions: dominance (SDO-D) and anti-egalitarianism (SDO-E). Despite converging evidence concerning their empirical differentiability, there is little consensus on how to best define them. Thus, we examined the correlates of SDO-D and SDO-E using a broad array of personality, political, ethnic and gender issue variables within a New Zealand national probability sample (N = 5,741) with European and Maori participants. SDO-D primarily related to the personality trait of honesty-humility, hostile and benevolent sexism. SDO-E primarily related to political conservatism and pro-Maori policies. In many cases, the predictive power differed between SDO-D and SDO-E, and across ethnic groups.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Domineering Dispositions and Hierarchy Preferences : Differentiating the Impact of Traits and Social Values in Economic Games
- 2021
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Ingår i: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : Sage Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 47:8, s. 1264-1278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we examined the relation between valuing hierarchies (dominant value orientations) and personally wanting to get ahead, without regard for others' welfare (domineering dispositions). Survey data from five studies (total N > 1,500) indicated differences between being domineering and endorsing dominant value orientations. This distinction was also evident in different strategies in economic games. Domineering individuals typically gave less to a powerless player (dictator game) but changed behaviors when the other party possessed bargaining power (ultimatum game). Individuals endorsing dominant value orientations did not show such "exploitative opportunism." In a third-party punishment task, in contrast, individuals with dominant value orientations were more likely to intervene against fair decisions (i.e., upholding inequalities between others). Correcting behaviors of others were not predicted by domineering dispositions. We discuss implications for distinguishing between traits and social values more broadly.
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| 11. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Empathic and Numerate Giving : The Joint Effects of Victim Images and Charity Evaluations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 12:3, s. 407-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Helping behaviors are often driven by emotional reactions to the suffering of particular individuals, but these behaviors do not seem to be upregulated when many people need help. In this article, we consider if these reactions are also "innumerate" to information about how charities spend their money. Across six experiments, we examined how images of identified victims interact with information about charity efficiency (money toward program) and effectiveness (program outcome). We further examined if the images primarily get people to donate (yes/no), while efficiency/effectiveness might provide a tuning mechanism for how much to give. Results showed that images influenced the propensity to donate and induced participants donate their full bonuses, indicating heuristic effects. Efficiency and effectiveness information had no effects on donations.
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| 12. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnocentric Personality : A 60-Year Old Myth?
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- After World War II, researchers began searching for a prejudiced personality. This inquiry relied, and still relies, on interrelations between prejudice toward different targets (generalized prejudice) and correlations with ideology and personality variables. The conventional wisdom here became that some people are systematically more biased toward all outgroups (ethnocentrism). However, it is not conclusive that generalized prejudice reflect outgroup biases. For example, Gays and overweight people could be targeted by prejudice alike because they are minorities, not because they are outgroups. Based on three experiments employing the minimal group paradigm, this paper provides the first direct test of the ethnocentric personality assumption. We found that personality (Agreeableness & Openness to Experience) only accounted for a small share of the variance in ethnocentrism but, in line with previous research, a large share in generalized prejudice. We propose a re-evaluating the ethnocentric personality notion and a distinction between ethnocentrism and generalized prejudice.
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| 13. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Generalized Prejudice : Lessons about social power, ideological conflict, and levels of abstraction
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Review of Social Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1046-3283 .- 1479-277X. ; 34:1, s. 92-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prejudices tend to come as a package deal; people who are more racist tend to also be more sexist, and so on. Documentations of such attitudinal patterns - generalised prejudice - have a rich history, but the theoretical understanding thereof has been lagging. In recent years, we have seen clear theoretical advancement in the understanding of this phenomenon. We discuss classic premises in this research along with newer research that challenges some of the most ingrained ideas about generalised prejudice. For instance, we discuss research challenging the notions that generalised prejudice is an "us" versus "them" phenomenon, as well as a product of conservative ideology. We further argue that prejudice generalisations need to be studied at different levels of abstraction. Finally, we propose integrative perspectives on generalised and target-specific prejudice, with greater emphasis on processes of generalisation, rather than static generalised prejudice factors.
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| 14. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Is Group Membership Necessary for Understanding Generalized Prejudice? : A Re-Evaluation of Why Prejudices Are Interrelated
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 111:3, s. 367-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many scholars have proposed that people who reject one outgroup tend to reject other outgroups. Studies examining a latent factor behind different prejudices (e.g., toward ethnic and sexual minorities) have referred to this as generalized prejudice. Such research has also documented robust relations between latent prejudice factors and basic personality traits. However, targets of generalized prejudice tend to be lower in power and status and thus it remains an open question as to whether generalized prejudice, as traditionally studied, is about devaluing outgroups or devaluing marginalized groups. We present 7 studies, including experiments and national probability samples (N = 9,907 and 4,037) assessing the importance of outgroup devaluation, versus status- or power based devaluations, for understanding the nature of generalized prejudice, and its links to personality. Results show that (a) personality variables do not predict ingroup/outgroup biases in settings where power and status differences are absent, (b) women and overweight people who score high on generalized prejudice devalue their own groups, and (c) personality variables are far more predictive of prejudice toward low-compared with high-status targets. Together, these findings suggest that the personality explanation of prejudice including the generalized prejudice concept is not about ingroups versus outgroups per se, but rather about devaluing marginalized groups.
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| 15. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping principal dimensions of prejudice in the United States
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 123:1, s. 154-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research is often guided by maps of elementary dimensions, such as core traits, foundations of morality, and principal stereotype dimensions. Yet, there is no comprehensive map of prejudice dimensions. A major limiter of developing a prejudice map is the ad hoc sampling of target groups. We used a broad and largely theory-agnostic selection of groups to derive a map of principal dimensions of expressed prejudice in contemporary American society. Across a series of exploratory and confirmatory studies, we found three principal factors: Prejudice against marginalized groups, prejudice against privileged/conservative groups, and prejudice against unconventional groups (with some inverse loadings for conservative groups). We documented distinct correlates for each factor, in terms of social identifications, perceived threats, personality, and behavioral manifestations. We discuss how the current map integrates several lines of research, and point to novel and underexplored insights about prejudice.
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| 16. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-
(författare)
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Prejudiced Personalities Revisited : On the Nature of (Generalized) Prejudice
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the media, one type of prejudice is often discussed as isolated from other types of prejudice. For example, after Breivik’s massacre, intolerance toward Muslims was intensely debated (for good reasons). However, his manifesto also disclosed extreme attitudes towards women and gays, a fact which passed without much notice. Still, in understanding why some individuals are so extremely intolerant compared to others, the psychological unity underlying different kinds of prejudice (e.g., racism, sexism) needs to be considered. This psychological unity, referred to as generalized prejudice, provided the starting point for personality theories on prejudice because it suggests that some people are simply more biased than other people in principle. Today it is well known that two basic personality characteristics, agreeableness and openness to new experiences, are powerful predictors of prejudice. However, more precisely what these variables can, versus cannot, explain has received little attention. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to provide a more fine-grained analysis of generalized prejudice and its personality roots. Paper I demonstrated that personality mainly accounts for variance shared by several prejudice targets (generalized prejudice) whereas group membership mainly predicts unique variance in prejudice towards a particular target group. Thus, personality and group membership factors explain prejudice for different reason, and do not contradict each other. Paper II demonstrated, across three studies, that agreeableness and openness to experience are related to self-reported (explicit) prejudice, but not automatically expressed (implicit) biases. Personality seems informative about who chooses to express devaluing sentiments, but not who harbors spontaneous biases. Finally, Paper III examined the assumption that personality explains (explicit) generalized prejudice because some people simply favor their own group over all other groups (ethnocentrism). Providing the first direct test of this assumption, the results from three studies suggest that while agreeableness and openness to experience explain generalized prejudice, they do not account for purely ethnocentric attitudes. This indicates a fundamental difference between ethnocentrism and generalized prejudice. All in all, self-reported personality seems to have little to do with spontaneous group negativity or simple ingroup favoritism. However, personality strongly predicts deliberate and verbalized devaluation of disadvantaged groups.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Social identity and prejudiced personality
- 2010
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 48:3, s. 317-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that the relation between personality and prejudice varies as a function of identity salience but previous empirical results are not conclusive. Extending previous research, we conducted an experimental study (N = 122) with pre- and post-manipulation measures of personality, and a post-manipulation measurement of prejudice, under conditions of control (no identity manipulation), personal or national identity. The results revealed no differences in the magnitude of the personality-prejudice correlations across conditions, neither for the pre- nor post-manipulation scores. Correlations based on pre- and post-manipulation variables, within each condition, did not differ significantly either. This indicates that neither prejudice nor personality variables were affected by identity salience. Thus, the study provides no support for the contention that the personality-prejudice relation varies as a function of social identity.
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| 19. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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The compatibility of personality and social identity processes : the effect of gender identity on neuroticism
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - : SAGE Publications. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 26:3, s. 175-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an experimental study (N?=?186), we examined the effect of identity (gender versus personal) on participants' self-rated neuroticism and estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women. Self-rated neuroticism was measured before and after the identity salience manipulation. Following self-categorization theory, we predicted that identity salience would affect levels of self-rated neuroticism and the estimates (perceptions) of mean neuroticism for each sex. From a personality perspective, we expected substantial correlations between pre-manipulation and post-manipulation neuroticism scores in both identity conditions. The relation between participants' self-rated neuroticism and their estimates of mean neuroticism for their own sex was also examined. The effect of identity salience was unclear with regard to self-rated neuroticism levels, whereas the manipulation had apparent effects on estimated mean neuroticism levels for men and women. Also, self-rated neuroticism was found to predict estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women in the gender, but not personal, identity condition. Finally, in line with a personality perspective, the relative positions in self-rated neuroticism were highly stable in both conditions. The findings indicate a compatibility of self-categorization theory and personality perspectives and suggest that both are valuable to understand the changeability and stability of the self.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The group-motivated sampler
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental psychology. General. - : American Psychological Association. - 0096-3445 .- 1939-2222. ; 148:5, s. 845-862
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does ingroup favoritism reflect experience or some preset motivation? The latter possibility is well examined in social psychology, but models from cognitive psychology suggest that unrepresentative samples of experience can generate biases even in the absence of motivational concerns. It remains unclear, however, how motivation and initially sampled experiences interact when both influences are possible, and people encounter new groups. Extending classic arguments about motivated information gathering, we propose that people can be described as “group-motivated samplers”—marked by a tendency to primarily seek out information about one’s own group, and to attend more to information that portrays the ingroup in a positive light. Four experiments showed that information seeking almost always starts with the ingroup, and that people chose to gather more information from the ingroup compared to an outgroup. In subsequent group evaluations, people were excessively positive about ingroups giving a good initial impression. Participants were also fairly accurate, on average, about the direction and magnitude of group differences when the ingroup was de facto better, but downplayed those differences in the opposite situation. Further analyses indicated that first experiences led to biased evaluations because people failed to discount for nonrepresentative (positive) ingroup experiences, whereas interpretive biases seem responsible for evaluations based on belonging to a better/worse performing group. Taken together, while social psychologists know that people tend to portray ingroups in a flattering light, we show how people selectively incorporate early experiences to build those impressions.
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| 22. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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The Personality Underpinnings of Explicit and Implicit Generalized Prejudice
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Psychological and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 3:5, s. 614-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The idea of prejudice as a tendency that can be generalized from one target to another and the personality–prejudice relationship have been widely examined using explicit measures. However, less is known about this tendency and its relation to personality for implicit prejudice measures, like the implicit association test (IAT). Three studies including explicit and corresponding implicit prejudice measures toward various target groups confirmed a generalized factor for both types of measures with a stronger common component for the explicit factor. Personality was significantly related to the explicit measures only. Also, the personality and prejudice measures were unrelated to explicit and implicit attitudes toward an irrelevant target which rules out potential method confound. These results indicate that explicit and implicit prejudice measures tap different psychological constructs relating differently to the individual’s self-reported personality. The findings have implications for the debate on whether IAT scores reflect personally endorsed attitudes.
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| 23. |
- Grina, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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Political orientation and dominance : Are people on the political right more dominant?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 94, s. 113-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social dominance orientation and political orientations are strongly correlated, leading to the notion that right-wing individuals possess a dominant personality disposition. Expressing some caveats toward such an assumption, in four studies we tested the link between political orientation and dominant personality. We assessed dominant personality partly by the use of a newly developed measure of domineering, without reference to intergroup relations or political ideals, and partly by the use of an existing clinical measure of domineering (CAT-PD). The results revealed that all measures of dominance including social dominance were significantly intercorrelated and, in line with previous research, related to both personality (agreeableness) and prejudice. Also, the correlation of political orientation with domineering was significantly lower than that with social dominance. More importantly, in all studies, social dominance fully mediated (or confounded) the relations between domineering and political orientation. Together these findings suggest that a dominant personality is reflected in political orientation only if social dominance (support for group based hierarchies) is also adopted by the individual.
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| 24. |
- Kteily, Nour, et al.
(författare)
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"Not One of Us" : Predictors and Consequences of Denying Ingroup Characteristics to Ambiguous Targets
- 2014
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Ingår i: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : SAGE Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 40:10, s. 1231-1247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated individual difference predictors of ascribing ingroup characteristics to negative and positive ambiguous targets. Studies 1 and 2 investigated events involving negative targets whose status as racial (Tsarnaev brothers) or national (Woolwich attackers) ingroup members remained ambiguous. Immediately following the attacks, we presented White Americans and British individuals with the suspects' images. Those higher in social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)-concerned with enforcing status boundaries and adherence to ingroup norms, respectively-perceived these low status and low conformity suspects as looking less White and less British, thus denying them ingroup characteristics. Perceiving suspects in more exclusionary terms increased support for treating them harshly, and for militaristic counter-terrorism policies prioritizing ingroup safety over outgroup harm. Studies 3 and 4 experimentally manipulated a racially ambiguous target's status and conformity. Results suggested that target status and conformity critically influence SDO's (status) and RWA's (conformity) effects on inclusionary versus exclusionary perceptions.
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| 25. |
- Lindström, Joanna, et al.
(författare)
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Low modesty linked to feeling deprived within advantaged (but not disadvantaged) groups
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier. - 0092-6566 .- 1095-7251. ; 103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing recognition that members of structurally advantaged groups experience group-based relative deprivation. We consider the idea that personality may explain these “entitlement-based” feelings of deprivation. Specifically, we predicted that modesty would be negatively associated with group-based relative deprivation among members of advantaged groups, but not amongst disadvantaged groups. Two studies focusing on White and Black Americans (N = 334), and Men and Women (N = 309) showed that modesty interacted with group membership. Modesty was negatively related to group-based relative deprivation amongst White Americans and men, but not amongst Black Americans and women. The findings help explain why some individuals espouse rhetoric that their group is being disfavored, even when group statistics and history suggest otherwise.
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| 26. |
- Lindström, Joanna, 1987-
(författare)
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Susceptibility to Violent Extremism : Integrating Personality and Social Psychological Factors
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Violent extremism is a costly, global problem, yet research has yet to come to a consensus on the psychological underpinnings of violent extremism. The aim of this dissertation was to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the psychological underpinnings of violent extremism and group-based violence by (1): moving beyond the traditional focus on disadvantaged groups, Islamist extremism, and first-hand experience of victimisation or disadvantage; (2): moving past the long-standing person-situation dichotomy; and (3) attempting to integrate the role of personality and social psychological factors in susceptibility to violent extremism.In Study I we tested a social psychological model of Islamist extremism amongst Muslims living in the West, and Muslims living in countries which have first-hand experience of Western military intervention. We found that the model applies across contexts, suggesting that a sense of muslim identity based on a sense of victimisation, cuts across borders, and victimisation can be experienced vicariously.In Study II I found that both personality (honesty-humility) and team identification predict violent intentions amongst soccer supporters, and that collective narcissism partially mediated these associations. Study III identified common personality and social psychological predictors of group-based violence across three studies sampling from Black Lives Matters supporters, an immigration-critical group (Swedes), and soccer supporters. Across all contexts, with group-based relative deprivation positively and honesty-humility negatively predicting support for violence. Further, amongst BLM supporters and the immigration-critical group, emotionality negatively predicted support for violence, violent intentions, and self-reported aggression/violence. In Study IV I predicted that modesty would be negatively associated with group-based relative deprivation amongst members of advantaged but not disadvantaged groups. Across two studies amongst White and Black Americans, and amongst men and women, I found that modesty interacted with group membership. Specifically, modesty was negatively related to group-based relative deprivation amongst White Americans but not Black Americans, and amongst men, but not women. An implication of these findings is that individuals espousing the rhetoric of far-right and men’s right’s movements, are low in modesty, predisposing them to feel a greater sense of entitlement, and hence violation of entitlement.Overall, the findings across these studies suggest that both personality and social psychological variables need to be considered when examining why individuals endorse violent extremism. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that there are common personality and social psychological factors underpinning different forms of group-based violence, including identity processes, feelings of group-based disadvantage and injustice, and personality characterised by low honesty-humility and emotionality.Furthermore, feelings of injustice and group-based relative deprivation can be experienced in the absence of direct experience of victimisation, in non-political contexts, and even when one belongs to a structurally advantaged group. Although many groups perceive that their group is disadvantaged relative to other groups, personality (e.g., low modesty) may predispose members of structurally advantaged groups to perceive that their group is not getting what they are entitled to.
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| 27. |
- Lindström, Joanna, et al.
(författare)
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Who endorses group-based violence?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. - : SAGE Publications. - 1368-4302 .- 1461-7188. ; 27:2, s. 217-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Collective action is often equated with progressive politics, but are there aspects of group mobilisations that generalise across contexts? We examine general social and personality psychological factors behind endorsement of group-based violence across different types of violent group mobilisation. Specifically, we focus on the endorsement of group-based violence amongst supporters of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement (N = 394), an immigration-critical group (N = 252), and soccer supporters (N = 445). Across three preregistered studies, we tested an integrative model including personality and social psychological factors. Several effects were consistent across all three contexts, with group-based relative deprivation positively, and honesty-humility negatively, predicting support for violence. Further, amongst BLM supporters and the immigration-critical group, emotionality negatively predicted support for violence, violent intentions, and self-reported aggression/violence. Overall, our results suggest that individuals who endorse violence in different contexts have some psychological factors in common.
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| 28. |
- Martner, Anna, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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NK cell expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors may determine relapse risk in older AML patients undergoing immunotherapy for remission maintenance.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Oncotarget. - : Impact Journals, LLC. - 1949-2553. ; 6:40, s. 42569-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a phase IV trial, eighty-four patients (age 18-79) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR) received cycles of immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride (HDC) and low-dose human recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) to prevent relapse in the post-consolidation phase. Aspects of natural killer (NK) cell biology were analyzed before and during immunotherapy with focus on outcome in older patients. In younger (<60 years old, n = 37) and older patients (>60 years old, n = 47), treatment with HDC/IL-2 resulted in an expansion of CD56bright and CD16+ NK cells in blood along with an increased NK cell expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) NKp30 and NKp46. In older patients, a high expression of NKp30 or NKp46 on CD16+ NK cells before and during therapy predicted leukemia-free and overall survival. These results suggest that NK cell functions determine relapse risk and survival in older AML patients and point to biomarkers of efficacy in protocols for remission maintenance.
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| 29. |
- Meeusen, Cecil, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing a Variable-Centered and a Person-Centered Approach to the Structure of Prejudice
- 2018
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 9:6, s. 645-655
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whereas research on generalized prejudice is dominated by variable-centered approaches, which focus on communalities between different types of prejudice, we propose a complementary person-centered approach, looking for subgroups of people characterized by similar patterns of prejudice. To this end, we compare the results of a variable-centered (using confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]) and a person-centered (using latent class analysis [LCA]) approach to generalized prejudice.While CFA points to a multidimensional solution with a strong overlap between prejudice dimensions, LCA distinguishes five prejudice patterns that cannot be organized along a linear continuum of more versus less prejudiced dispositions. Explanatory models for the two solutions are estimated. Results show that the two methods are largely complementary in conceptualizing generalized prejudice.
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| 30. |
- Molinaro, Antonio, et al.
(författare)
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Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbiota-host-diet interactions contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Imidazole propionate is a novel microbially produced metabolite from histidine, which impairs glucose metabolism. Here, we show that subjects with prediabetes and diabetes in the MetaCardis cohort from three European countries have elevated serum imidazole propionate levels. Furthermore, imidazole propionate levels were increased in subjects with low bacterial gene richness and Bacteroides 2 enterotype, which have previously been associated with obesity. The Bacteroides 2 enterotype was also associated with increased abundance of the genes involved in imidazole propionate biosynthesis from dietary histidine. Since patients and controls did not differ in their histidine dietary intake, the elevated levels of imidazole propionate in type 2 diabetes likely reflects altered microbial metabolism of histidine, rather than histidine intake per se. Thus the microbiota may contribute to type 2 diabetes by generating imidazole propionate that can modulate host inflammation and metabolism.
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| 31. |
- Nosek, Brian A., et al.
(författare)
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National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 106:26, s. 10593-10597
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- About 70% of more than half a million Implicit Association Tests completed by citizens of 34 countries revealed expected implicit stereotypes associating science with males more than with females. We discovered that nation-level implicit stereotypes predicted nation-level sex differences in 8th-grade science and mathematics achievement. Self-reported stereotypes did not provide additional predictive validity of the achievement gap. We suggest that implicit stereotypes and sex differences in science participation and performance are mutually reinforcing, contributing to the persistent gender gap in science engagement.
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| 32. |
- Obaidi, Milan, et al.
(författare)
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Group-Based Relative Deprivation Explains Endorsement of Extremism Among Western-Born Muslims
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 30:4, s. 596-605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although jihadist threats are regarded as foreign, most Islamist terror attacks in Europe and the United States have been orchestrated by Muslims born and raised in Western societies. In the present research, we explored a link between perceived deprivation of Western Muslims and endorsement of extremism. We suggest that Western-born Muslims are particularly vulnerable to the impact of perceived relative deprivation because comparisons with majority groups' peers are more salient for them than for individuals born elsewhere. Thus, we hypothesized that Western-born, compared with foreign-born, Muslims would score higher on four predictors of extremism (e.g., violent intentions), and group-based deprivation would explain these differences. Studies 1 to 6 (Ns = 59, 232, 259, 243, 104, and 366, respectively) confirmed that Western-born Muslims scored higher on all examined predictors of extremism. Mediation and meta-analysis showed that group-based relative deprivation accounted for these differences. Study 7 (N = 60) showed that these findings are not generalizable to non-Muslims.
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| 33. |
- Obaidi, Milan, et al.
(författare)
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The Mistreatment of My People : Victimization by Proxy and Behavioral Intentions to Commit Violence Among Muslims in Denmark
- 2018
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Ingår i: Political Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0162-895X .- 1467-9221. ; 39:3, s. 577-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Islamist extremism is often explained by the suffering endured by Muslims in Islamic countries as a result of Western-led wars. However, many terrorist attacks have been carried out by European Muslims with no personal experiences of war. Across two studies among Danish Muslims, we tested if what we call victimization-by-proxy processes motivate behavioral intentions to commit acts of violence. We used Muslim identification, perceived injustice of Western foreign policies, and group-based anger to predict violent and nonviolent behavioral intentions. More importantly, we compared path models of Danish Muslims from conflict zones with those without direct personal experience of Western-led occupation. We found similar effects among the participants in each category, that is, vicarious psychological responses mimicked those of personally experienced adversity. In fact, participants born in Western Europe were, on average, more strongly identified with Muslims, more likely to perceive Western foreign policy as more unjust, reported greater group-based anger, and were more inclined to help Muslims both by nonviolent and violent means.
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| 34. |
- Obaidi, Milan, et al.
(författare)
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The role of Muslim identity in predicting violent behavioural intentions to defend Muslims
- 2020
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Ingår i: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. - : SAGE Publications. - 1368-4302 .- 1461-7188. ; 23:8, s. 1267-1282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sense of shared Muslim suffering seems to play a key role in uniting Muslims around the world. Therefore, in the current paper we hypothesized that the social psychological underpinnings of Islamist extremism would be similar for Muslims living in the West and Muslims living in countries with prolonged and ongoing exposure to Western-led military interventions. Across 4 studies among Muslims in Pakistan and Afghanistan (Ns = 425, 402, and 127) and Muslims living in 20 Western countries (N = 366), we examined a path model in which group-based anger mediated the link between Muslim identification, perceived injustice of Western military and foreign policy, and violent behaviour intentions. Our results indicate that regardless of whether Muslims live in places with prolonged and ongoing experience of Western military interventions or not, the social psychological factors predicting violent Islamist extremism appear to be similar. We discuss implications for future theory and research.
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| 35. |
- Obaidi, Milan, et al.
(författare)
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"They Think We Are a Threat to Their Culture" : Meta-Cultural Threat Fuels Willingness and Endorsement of Extremist Violence against the Cultural Outgroup
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Conflict and Violence. - : INST INTERDISCIPLINARY RES. - 1864-1385. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Far-right political parties in Europe regularly portray Muslims and Islam as backward and a symbolic threat to secular and/or Christian European culture. Similarly, Islamist groups regularly portray Westerners and Western culture as decadent and a symbolic threat to Islam. Here, we present experimental evidence that meta-cultural threat - information that members of an outgroup perceive one's own culture as a symbolic threat to their culture - increases intention and endorsement of political violence against that outgroup. We tested this in three experimental studies among Muslims and non-Muslims in Scandinavia. In Studies 1 and 2, we experimentally manipulated whether the dominant majority group was portrayed as seeing Muslim culture and lifestyle as backward and incompatible with their own culture. These portrayals increased the endorsement of extremist violence against the West and violent behavioural intentions among Muslims living in Denmark and Sweden. Study 3 used a similar paradigm among non-Muslim Danes and demonstrated that learning about Muslims portraying the non-Muslim Danish in-group as a threat increased endorsement of ethnic persecution of Muslims, conceptually replicating the general effect that meta-cultural threat fuels endorsement of extremist violence among both majority and minority groups.
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| 36. |
- Sibley, Chris G., et al.
(författare)
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A Dual Process Model of Attitudes towards Immigration : Person x Residential Area Effects in a National Sample
- 2013
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Ingår i: Political Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0162-895X .- 1467-9221. ; 34:4, s. 553-572
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research took a person x situation approach to predicting prejudice by looking at how social worldviews interact with real-world environmental factors to predict how people respond to immigrants within their local area. Taking a Dual Process Motivational approach, we hypothesized that a higher proportion of immigrants in the local community would be associated with negative attitudes toward immigration for respondents high in dangerous world beliefs. Conversely, we hypothesized that living in a highly affluent (as opposed to socioeconomically deprived) community would be associated with negative attitudes toward immigration for respondents high in competitive world beliefs. Both hypotheses were supported using regional information derived from national census data combined with representative survey data from a large telephone sample conducted in New Zealand (N = 6,489). These findings support the proposition that individual differences interact with specific features of the environment to predict people's levels of prejudice in distinct ways.
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| 37. |
- Sibley, Chris G., et al.
(författare)
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Profiling authoritarian leaders and followers
- 2019
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Ingår i: TPM - Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology. - : CENTRO INFORMAZIONE SCIENTIFICA ECONOMICA SOCIALE-CISES SRL. - 1972-6325. ; 26:3, s. 401-417
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has long suggested that there may be distinct subpopulations of authoritarian leaders and followers within the broader population. We describe a latent profile analysis of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) in a New Zealand national probability sample (N = 18,248) that - for the first time - reliably identifies these two types. Consistent with the positive correlation between SDO and RWA, most people in New Zealand (about 91.2%) expressed comparable levels of RWA and SDO (i.e., moderate-moderate or low-low, but no high-high profile). Two small and distinct subpopulations diverted from this pattern, instead fitting a high-SDO/low-RWA authoritarian leader (1.2%) or low-SDO/high-RWA authoritarian follower (7.6%) profile. Authoritarian leaders tended to show the least concern for human rights, and were least willing to make personal sacrifices for the environment, but tended to support same-sex marriage, while authoritarian followers were particularly opposed to same-sex marriage, and yet highly supportive of human rights. These two profiles represent distinct subpopulations of people within society who are predisposed to seek dominance over others and those predisposed to unquestioningly follow them.
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| 38. |
- Simsa, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Brain organoid formation on decellularized porcine brain ECM hydrogels
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 16:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human brain tissue models such as cerebral organoids are essential tools for developmental and biomedical research. Current methods to generate cerebral organoids often utilize Matrigel as an external scaffold to provide structure and biologically relevant signals. Matrigel however is a nonspecific hydrogel of mouse tumor origin and does not represent the complexity of the brain protein environment. In this study, we investigated the application of a decellularized adult porcine brain extracellular matrix (B-ECM) which could be processed into a hydrogel (B-ECM hydrogel) to be used as a scaffold for human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived brain organoids. We decellularized pig brains with a novel detergent- and enzyme-based method and analyzed the biomaterial properties, including protein composition and content, DNA content, mechanical characteristics, surface structure, and antigen presence. Then, we compared the growth of human brain organoid models with the B-ECM hydrogel or Matrigel controls in vitro. We found that the native brain source material was successfully decellularized with little remaining DNA content, while Mass Spectrometry (MS) showed the loss of several brain-specific proteins, while mainly different collagen types remained in the B-ECM. Rheological results revealed stable hydrogel formation, starting from B-ECM hydrogel concentrations of 5 mg/mL. hESCs cultured in B-ECM hydrogels showed gene expression and differentiation outcomes similar to those grown in Matrigel. These results indicate that B-ECM hydrogels can be used as an alternative scaffold for human cerebral organoid formation, and may be further optimized for improved organoid growth by further improving protein retention other than collagen after decellularization.
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| 39. |
- Simsa, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of fluid dynamics on decellularization efficacy and mechanical properties of blood vessels
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decellularization of blood vessels is a promising approach to generate native biomaterials for replacement of diseased vessels. The decellularization process affects the mechanical properties of the vascular graft and thus can have a negative impact for in vivo functionality. The aim of this study was to determine how detergents under different fluid dynamics affects decellularization efficacy and mechanical properties of the vascular graft. We applied a protocol utilizing 1% TritonX, 1% Tributyl phosphate (TnBP) and DNase on porcine vena cava. The detergents were applied to the vessels under different conditions; static, agitation and perfusion with 3 different perfusion rates (25, 100 and 400 mL/min). The decellularized grafts were analyzed with histological, immunohistochemical and mechanical tests. We found that decellularization efficacy was equal in all groups, however the luminal ultrastructure of the static group showed remnant cell debris and the 400 mL/min perfusion group showed local damage and tearing of the luminal surface. The mechanical stiffness and maximum tensile strength were not influenced by the detergent application method. In conclusion, our results indicate that agitation or low-velocity perfusion with detergents are preferable methods for blood vessel decellularization.
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| 40. |
- Simsa, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Systematic in vitro comparison of decellularization protocols for blood vessels.
- 2018
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decellularization of native blood vessels is a promising technology to generate 3D biological scaffolds for vascular grafting. Blood vessel decellularization has been performed in previous studies under various experimental conditions, that complicates comparison and optimization of suitable protocols. The goal of this work was to systematically compare the decellularization and recellularization efficacy of 5 different protocols utilizing the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), CHAPS and TritonX-100 together with DNA-removing enzymes on porcine vena cava in a perfusion bioreactor setup. Additionally, we tested the effect of DNase on the extracellular matrix (ECM) properties. We found that all protocols could efficiently decellularize blood vessels. Mechanical strength, collagen preservation and ECM integrity were similar among all tested detergents, yet TritonX protocols required long-term DNase application for complete decellularization. However, TritonX-based protocols showed the greatest recellularization efficacy with HUVECs in vitro. Furthermore, we developed a novel protocol for TritonX which improved recellularization and reduced total process time and ECM stiffness compared to previous protocols. SDS, SDC and CHAPS based protocols had a lower recellularization potential. In conclusion, decellularization of blood vessels can be achieved with all tested reagents, but TritonX treated ECM can be most efficiently recellularized with endothelial cells.
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| 41. |
- Thielmann, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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The HEXACO-100 Across 16 Languages : A Large-Scale Test of Measurement Invariance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality Assessment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-3891 .- 1532-7752. ; 102:5, s. 714-726
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R) has become one of the most heavily applied measurement tools for the assessment of basic personality traits. Correspondingly, the inventory has been translated to many languages for use in cross-cultural research. However, formal tests examining whether the different language versions of the HEXACO-PI-R provide equivalent measures of the 6 personality dimensions are missing. We provide a large-scale test of measurement invariance of the 100-item version of the HEXACO-PI-R across 16 languages spoken in European and Asian countries (N = 30,484). Multigroup exploratory structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analyses revealed consistent support for configural and metric invariance, thus implying that the factor structure of the HEXACO dimensions as well as the meaning of the latent HEXACO factors is comparable across languages. However, analyses did not show overall support for scalar invariance; that is, equivalence of facet intercepts. A complementary alignment analysis supported this pattern, but also revealed substantial heterogeneity in the level of (non)invariance across facets and factors. Overall, results imply that the HEXACO-PI-R provides largely comparable measurement of the HEXACO dimensions, although the lack of scalar invariance highlights the necessity for future research clarifying the interpretation of mean-level trait differences across countries.
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| 42. |
- Uenal, Fatih, et al.
(författare)
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The Nature of Islamophobia : A Test of a Tripartite View in Five Countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : Sage Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 47:2, s. 275-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides an examination of the structure of Islamophobia across cultures. Our novel measure—the Tripartite Islamophobia Scale (TIS)—embeds three theoretically and statistically grounded subcomponents of Islamophobia: anti-Muslim prejudice, anti-Islamic sentiment, and conspiracy beliefs. Across six samples (i.e., India, Poland, Germany, France, and the United States), preregistered analyses corroborated that these three subcomponents are statistically distinct. Measurement invariance analyses indicated full scalar invariance, suggesting that the tripartite understanding of Islamophobia is generalizable across cultural contexts. Furthermore, the subcomponents were partially dissociated in terms of the intergroup emotions they are predicted by as well as the intergroup outcomes they predict (e.g., dehumanization, ethnic persecution). For example, intergroup anger and disgust underpin Islamophobic attitudes, over and above the impact of fear. Finally, our results show that social dominance orientation (SDO) and ingroup identification moderate intergroup emotions and Islamophobia. We address both theoretical implications for the nature of Islamophobia and practical interventions to reduce it.
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