| 1. |
- Amorim, Luiz, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a measure of permeability between private and public space
- 2018
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Ingår i: Urban Science. - : MDPI AG. - 2413-8851. ; 2:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article focuses on the development of a measure for frontage permeability, which we argue is needed to complement existing metrics used to describe urban environments and assess, amongst others, social performativity. Built density and street network centrality are two characteristics often discussed in relation to urban vitality. However, high densities and high centrality do not always result in higher urban vitality, which can be partially explained by a typical densification model often used in Brazil and in some other Latin-American cities with high-rise residential buildings. To understand the relation between urban form and social performativity, the metrics for density and network centrality are thus not sufficient and we propose to add two other urban form properties: frontage permeability and plot size. The hypothesis is that the mentioned densification model combines higher density with larger plots and lower permeability. Many scholars have shown that higher density is often associated with increased urban vitality, but larger plots are said to have the opposite effect and in Latin American cities, it is observed that lower vitality is found where buildings have less permeable frontages. This research aims at studying the combined effect of density, permeability, and plot size on urban vitality or, more generally, social performativity. However, there is no well-developed method to measure frontage permeability. Therefore, this article first presents a method to measure frontage permeability, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. This measure is then combined with existing measures of density and plot size to analyse how these three urban form metrics relate to each other. In a forthcoming paper, pedestrian observation data will be added to the analysis, to be able to give more insight in the relation between the three urban form metrics and urban vitality using pedestrian counts as proxy. We will show that the developed measure seems to be coherent and effective in describing permeability. Further, the preliminary results confirm the hypothesis that the Brazilian densification model with high-rise residential buildings generates a decrease in frontage permeability, although it does not appear to significantly change plot sizes.
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| 2. |
- Bacchin, Taneha K., et al.
(författare)
-
A multi-scale approach in the planning and design of water sensitive environments
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 8th International Conference NOVATECH Lyon.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A spatial analytical framework to support landscape planning and urban design practices was introduced in this study aiming to integrate different scales of analysis and their effect when retrofitting Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) in the existing urban environment. The multi-scale analyses are performed using a geographic information system (GIS) platform to capture landscape patterns (spatial structure and composition) and processes (e.g. water cycle). The macro-scale analysis at the urban catchment level allows the development of planning strategies and performance objectives for the urbanized landscape, whilst the meso-scale, comprising the ecological (green) corridors, connects core areas conveying surface flows across the sub-catchments. At the neighbourhood scale, urban form parameters measured the territorial depth (permeability) between public and private land and the suitability of each site to retrofit Water Sensitive Urban Design. The feasibility to improve or extend the existing green-blue landscape matrix is assessed, and its implications discussed, by using a sequence of landscape metrics, land suitability and network analysis techniques. The study focused on modelling opportunities for the introduction of landscape features designed to improve surface stormwater management and, at the same time, provide multiple ecosystem services.
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| 3. |
- Barthel, Stephan, 1968-
(författare)
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Nytt miljonprogram unik chans att lösa flera frågor
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - Stockholm. - 1101-2447. ; :25-apr
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Dolt värde av enorma mått. Ett nytt miljonprogram kan förskräcka, men kan vara just vad Sverige behöver. Men vi ska inte upprepa misstagen från förra gången. Istället måste politierna nu ta fasta på denna unika chans at ta itu med vår tids stora utmaningar som integration, tillväxt och hållbarhet.
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| 4. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
A systematic review of the scientifically demonstrated effects of densification
- 2020
-
Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:5
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the current dominant strategies proposed for sustainable urban development is densification. UN Habitat prescribes a density of over 150 inhabitants per hectare to realize the UN Sustainable Development Goals. While some authors advocate the very reasonable benefits of density, others emphasize the potential drawbacks. The main goal of this paper is to provide a systematic review of international research on urban density and its potential benefits and drawbacks for sustainable urban development. 1208 articles were selected from Web of Science and after the screening of abstracts, 330 papers were found eligible to be included in the quantitative synthesis. Results show that the effects of densification that dominate literature are transport related studies (41%), followed by studies focusing on economics (14%), social effects (12%) and human health (11%). Least studied effects are resource efficiency (1%), service (3%) and urban environment (4%). Positive correlations with higher density are reported for transport and economics, while ecology, social impact and health show mainly negative correlations with higher density. The findings reported are generic as similar trends are found in North America, Asia and Europe and only minor differences in outcome are found in studies using different measures of density, unit or scale of analysis.
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| 5. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
-
An analytical approach to urban form
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Urban Book Series. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2365-757X .- 2365-7588. ; , s. 101-123
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The focus of space-morphology, a specific branch in urban morphology, is to ‘uncover the fundamental characteristics of urban geometries’ (Moudon in Ordering space: types in architecture and design. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p. 289–311, 1992) and ‘enrich the description of built form in ways that express aspects of performance and function’ (Peponis in Investigative modeling and spatial analysis: a commentary of directions. p. 2, 2014). Two research directions are important when discussing space-morphology, both developed in the UK during the 1970s. First, the work at the Centre of Land Use and Built Form at Cambridge University directed by Leslie Martin and Lionel March and their seminal work ‘the grid as generator’ (Martin and March in Urban space and structures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972). Recently, this direction received renewed attention with publications such as ‘Streets & Patterns’ by Marshall (Urban Des Int 17:257–271, 2005) and ‘Space, density and urban form’ by Berghauser Pont and Haupt (Spacematrix: space, density and urban form. NAi Publishers, Rotterdam, 2010). Second, the Unit for Architectural Studies at University College London, directed by Bill Hillier, that developed in what we today know as the Space Syntax laboratory. Besides the description of these two directions in what we call space-morphology, this chapter will discuss how these two directions can be combined and how this can benefit the other schools of urban morphology, not least when it comes to identifying typologies. Typologies, being specific combinations of spatial properties, perform and function in specific ways and can be an effective way to inform urban design and planning practice when they intervene in cities and change these types or add new ones. Such an evidence-based approach puts new demands on the education of architects, urban planners and designers.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
-
Book Notes
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Urban Morphology. - 1027-4278. ; 23:2, s. 186-188
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dense and green building typologies. Research, policy and practice perspectives by Thomas Schröpfer and Sacha Menz, Springer, Briefs in Architectural Design and Technology, Singapore, 2019, 119 pp. ISBN 978-981-13-0712-6. Gridded worlds. An urban anthology edited by Reuben Rose-Redwood and Liora Bigon, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2018, 293 pp. ISBN 978-3-319-76489-4. The Venice variations. Tracing the architectural imagination by Sophia Psarra, UCL Press, London, UK, 2018, 306 pp. ISBN 978-1-78735-241-4. Landscape as forma mentis. Interpreting the integral dimension of the anthropic space. Magnolia by Nicola Scardigno, FrancoAngeli, Milano, Italy, 2018, 207 pp. ISBN 978-88-917-6880-3. The poverty of territorialism. A Neo-Medieval view of Europe and European planning by Andreas Falludi, Edward Elgar Publishing, Elgar studies in planning theory, policy and practice Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, USA, 2018, 179 pp. ISBN 978-1-78897-360-1. Housing Estates in Europe. Poverty, Ethnic Segregation and Policy Challenges edited by Daniel Baldwin Hess, Tiit Tammaru and Maarten van Ham, The Urban Book Series, Springer Nature Switzerland, 2018, 424 pp ISBN 978-3-319-92812-8. The everyday experiences of reconstruction and regeneration: from vision to reality in Birmingham and Coventry by David Adams and Peter Larkham, Routledge, Abingdon, UK, 2019, 196 pp. ISBN 978–1–4724–7117–8. Towers for the welfare state: an architectural history of British multi-storey housing 1945–1970 by Stefan Muthesius and Miles Glendinning, Scottish Centre for Conservation Studies, Edinburgh, UK, 2017, 266 pp. ISBN 978–1–9999205–2–4.
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| 9. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
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Book notes Urban Morphology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Urban Morphology. - 1027-4278. ; 24:1, s. 122-124
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
-
Book review "The mathematics of urban morphology"
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Urban Morphology. - 1027-4278. ; 23:2, s. 182-183
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Book review The mathematics of urban morphology, edited by Luca D’Acci, Birkhäuser, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, Switzerland, 2019, 564 pp. ISBN 978–3–030–12380–2.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of urban types based on network centrality, built density and their impact on pedestrian movement
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:8, s. 1549-1564
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A better understanding of the relationship between the built environment and urban processes is central in guiding urban processes in more sustainable trajectories. Of particular importance to this endeavour is the idea of urban types. However, on closer scrutiny, while such types may capture the symbolic dimension of urban form, they frequently do not capture its performance or functional dimension. This prohibits precise policy formulation on the topic. This paper first presents a methodology for generating urban types relevant to urban practice (using analytical and statistical methods) and, second, an empirical test of the differences in performance concerning their influence on the presence of people in public space (an essential driver of many other urban processes). For this reason, a large (and to our knowledge unique) pedestrian survey of three European metropolitan areas was conducted and used to test the performance of the urban types developed. The results prove that the methodology for developing the types is robust, as it picks up generally recognised spatial patterns in all three cities. Further, the types were able to explain the intensity of pedestrian flow, its spatial distribution and fluctuations of intensity in space and time. These are vital steps forward and provide more useable typologies in urban planning and design practice.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Förtätning av stationsnära områden för god tillgänglighet. Utveckling av en analys - och utvärderingsmetod
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det finns en vilja att förtäta i närheten av stationer för att öka användningen av kollektivtrafik och därmed minska klimatpåverkan kopplad till transpor- ter. Förtätning bidrar bland annat till att skapa levande stationssamhällen, med blandade funktioner, god tillgäng- lighet och miljöer som är trygga och vistelsevänliga där olika grupper och behov möts. Potentialerna är många men så även utmaningarna. Förtätning av stationsnära områden kan också leda till oönskade konsekven- ser för social, ekonomisk och ekologisk hållbarhet. Den här rap- porten kan förhoppningsvis ge ökad förståelse för förtätning i relation till regional tillgänglighet samt för positiva och negativa konsekvenser av förtätning i stationsnära områden. Den kan också skapa insikter om hur olika alternativ för utveckling av stations- nära områden kan värderas utifrån Agenda 2030, särskilt Mål 11: Hållbara städer och samhällen. Rapporten är framtagen inom projektet Urbana stationssamhäll- en – förtätning av stationsnära områden för god tillgänglighet (2020–2022) som finansierats av Trafikverket och bedrivits i sam- verkan mellan Urban Futures vid GMV (projektägare), Arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik vid Chalmers tekniska högskola, Gö- teborgsregionen (GR), Samhällsplanering vid Högskolan Dalarna och Samhällsplanering och miljö vid KTH.
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| 19. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Increasing cities' capacity to manage noise and air quality using urban morphology
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Book of Abstracts XXVI International Seminar on Urban Form “Cities as Assemblages”. ; , s. 42-42
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- According to the World Health Organization, the top two in disease burden are air pollution and environmental noise. In cities, road traffic is the largest contributor to both noise and air pollution and the corresponding Swedish Environmental objectives are to date estimated to not be reached by 2020. Future reductions concerning both air quality and noise are considered insufficient whereby additional measures are needed. Air quality is linked to urban form such that compact cities were shown to result in increasing concentrations of air pollution. Further, urban form influences the meteorology due to changed surface roughness on the larger scale (urban scale), and even more in a local- and microscale at ground level in street canyons. This will affect wind patterns influencing the dispersion possibility of air pollutants. For investigating local effects of urban morphology on noise and air distribution simultaneously, the Spacematrix method has been shown to be useful, as described in Berghauser Pont and Haupt (2010). Building types can be composed of a combination of density variables enabling to quantify a type and manipulate each variable separately. The aim of this paper is to identify critical spatial parameters influencing noise and air pollution and translate them into measures of spatial form including size of the urban block, and distribution, positioning and height of the buildings within that block.
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| 20. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
INNOVATIONS IN MEASURING DENSITY: FROM AREA AND LOCATION DENSITY TO ACCESSIBLE AND PERCEIVED DENSITY
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Architectural Research. - 1893-5281. ; :2, s. 11-30
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although density has been an important concept for urban design and planning ever since the 19th century, it is an imprecise concept with varying definitions and measurements. This is annoying as the concept is central to strategies for sustainable urban development which have gained wide support since the 1990s. This paper gives a brief review of the most frequently used urban density measures and their shortcomings. In this paper, we will further show that a multivariable definition of density as proposed in the Spacemate method is needed to capture important morphological qualities that otherwise are lost in abstract numbers. The paper also addresses the Modifiable Area Unit Problem inherent to all measures of urban density, and proposes to solve this by introducing accessibility in the density measure. Defining distance is obviously a critical part of the accessibility measure and it is therefore proposed to use the axial map developed in space syntax, to measure distance. The axial map is a geometric representation of urban space based on graph theory, constructed from the point of view of a cognitive subject, i.e. an experiencing and acting human being. By doing so this paper arrives at a measure of accessible density that even can be understood as a measure of perceived density.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENT EFFECT ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report presents the method developed within the research project ‘Stadsmiljöanalys- Analys av tätbebyggda miljöer i infrastrukturprojekt’, funded by Trafikverket (Swedish Transport Authority). This project sets up an integrated methodology for analysing and estimating the local impact of road and rail infrastructure projects in urban environments, either by way of new infrastructure or by way of retrofits, focusing on socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical effects. While the focus is on national transport infrastructure investments, the method addresses local effects. This stems from the acknowledgement that each infrastructure investments results in a redistribution of accessibility where increasing accessibility on a regional and interurban scale might create encroachments on a local scale including the reduction of the usability of areas near to the infrastructure due to emissions and noise, risk of accidents, negative impacts on wildlife as well as barrier effects. It is these encroachments this method aims to highlight with the aim to reduce negative trade-offs of new or transformed transport infrastructure and recognize both local opportunities and sensitivities. In this project the direct effects of infrastructure projects in relation to the three perspectives (socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical are described and measured in a precise manner through a series of spatial analyses. The cumulative, indirect, effects and broader consequences are also assessed, in relation to the sustainable development goals. The overall assessment methodology is based on a before-and-after analysis workflow, systematically comparing the existing situation (how it is, how it functions, how it affects people) to the future scenarios proposed by planning. The methodology is showcased using two infrastructural transformations projects in Söderköping and Mölndal, Sweden, as case studies. The overarching goal of the research project is to contribute to an improved integration between infrastructure and local urban areas and communities in projects initiated and developed by the Swedish Transport Authority, Trafikverket. The presented methodology builds on the ILKA (Integrerad landskapskaraktärsanalys) method, currently used by the Swedish Transport Authority. While ILKA focuses mainly on the inventory of the current landscape on a regional scale, this project widens the scope to also address urban areas and to include, besides the ecological descriptions, also socio-economic and cultural-historical analysis that are currently less emphasized. Such an integrated method can improve the ability of the Swedish Transport Authority to develop projects that contribute to sustainable urban development and, furthermore, create a unified work procedure in the organization.
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| 23. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating visibility graph analysis (VGA) with connectivity analysis in landscape ecology
- 2017
-
Ingår i: 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017, Lisbon, Portugal, 3-7 July 2017. - 9789729899447 ; , s. 157.1-157.18
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interest in urban green areas has rapidly increased in recent years as the world becomes increasingly urbanized (see e.g., McDonald, 2008, UN-habitat, 2016). This brings new demands for a deeper understanding of the morphology of green areas in cities that provide us with a range of important ecosystem services (ESS) such as evaporative cooling, water purification, micro climate regulation, recreation and even pollination (MA 2005; Andersson et al., 2007). If we also are to support or even enhance such services, we need to make this knowledge accessible for professionals in urban planning and design. In both regards we see the need to bring the fields of landscape ecology and urban morphology closer to each other. This papers addresses this, taking the ESS pollination as point of departure. It has been acknowledged that besides the amount of green, also connectivity between green areas is important for most of these ESS (Alberti, 2008; Kindleman et al., 2008). The critical issue remains how connections are represented. In this paper we propose an alternative approach inspired by space syntax where we introduce a method to capture urban form and their impact on movement behaviour of bumble bees. A first attempt to do so was discussed by Marcus et al. (2014) but instead of drawing connections using space syntax, we here propose to define the resistance to movement using visibility graph analysis (VGA). The level of visual integration can then be calculated based on the number of visual steps it takes to get from one point to any other point within the system. For species that navigate by sight this can be a rather simple and effective way to measure the cost or resistance to move through an urban landscape. To test the method, observation data on bumble bees collected in 16 sites in Stockholm (Ahrné et al., 2009) are used.
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| 24. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
INTEGRERAD STADSMILJÖEFFEKTANALYS (ISMA) AV INFRASTRUKTURELLA FÖRÄNDRINGAR
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report (in Swedish) presents the method developed within the research project ‘Stadsmiljöanalys- Analys av tätbebyggda miljöer i infrastrukturprojekt’, funded by Trafikverket (Swedish Transport Authority). This project sets up an integrated methodology for analysing and estimating the local impact of road and rail infrastructure projects in urban environments, either by way of new infrastructure or by way of retrofits, focusing on socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical effects. While the focus is on national transport infrastructure investments, the method addresses local effects. This stems from the acknowledgement that each infrastructure investments results in a redistribution of accessibility where increasing accessibility on a regional and interurban scale might create encroachments on a local scale including the reduction of the usability of areas near to the infrastructure due to emissions and noise, risk of accidents, negative impacts on wildlife as well as barrier effects. It is these encroachments this method aims to highlight with the aim to reduce negative trade-offs of new or transformed transport infrastructure and recognize both local opportunities and sensitivities. In this project the direct effects of infrastructure projects in relation to the three perspectives (socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural-historical are described and measured in a precise manner through a series of spatial analyses. The cumulative, indirect, effects and broader consequences are also assessed, in relation to the sustainable development goals. The overall assessment methodology is based on a before-and-after analysis workflow, systematically comparing the existing situation (how it is, how it functions, how it affects people) to the future scenarios proposed by planning. The methodology is showcased using two infrastructural transformations projects in Söderköping and Mölndal, Sweden, as case studies. The overarching goal of the research project is to contribute to an improved integration between infrastructure and local urban areas and communities in projects initiated and developed by the Swedish Transport Authority, Trafikverket. The presented methodology builds on the ILKA (Integrerad landskapskaraktärsanalys) method, currently used by the Swedish Transport Authority. While ILKA focuses mainly on the inventory of the current landscape on a regional scale, this project widens the scope to also address urban areas and to include, besides the ecological descriptions, also socio-economic and cultural-historical analysis that are currently less emphasized. Such an integrated method can improve the ability of the Swedish Transport Authority to develop projects that contribute to sustainable urban development and, furthermore, create a unified work procedure in the organization.
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| 25. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
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Measuring Urban Form
- 2011
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Ingår i: Atlantis. - 1387-3679. ; 22:2, s. 16-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 26. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
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Munken som kan rädda vår stad
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Stadsbyggnad. ; 2, s. 16-17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom stadsbyggnad har högre täthet blivit lösningen på det mesta. Utan tvekan finns det tydliga fördelar såsom ökat underlag för handel och kollektivtrafik, sparad mark utanför städerna, och innovationsfördelar (Ahlfedt et al. 2017). Detta har lett till riktlinjer för hållbar stadsutveckling som FN Habitat (2014) sprider där en hög täthet är en av fem föreslagna stadsbyggnads-principer.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
PST
- 2019
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Annan publikation (mjukvara/multimedium) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PST is a tool for performing space syntax and regular accessibility analyses. It currently consists of two main parts - a C++ and Python library called Pstalgo and a plugin for the desktop application QGIS.PST is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. The GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users.For latest download visit either the Chalmers publication page, or find "Releases" on the Github page.
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| 30. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative comparison of cities : Distribution of street and building types based on density and centrality measures
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings - 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017. - : Instituto Superior Tecnico, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Georrecursos. - 9789729899447 ; 2, s. 44.1-44.18
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been argued that different urban configurations-planned vs. organic, treelike vs. grid like-perform differently when it comes to the intensity and distribution of pedestrian flows, built density and land uses. However, definitions of urban configurations are often rather abstract, ill-defined and at worse end in fixed stereotypes hiding underlying spatial complexity. Recent publications define morphological typologies based on quantitative variables (e.g. Barthelemy, 2015; Serra, 2013a; Gil et al., 2012; Berghauser Pont and Haupt, 2010) and solve some of these shortcomings. These approaches contribute to the discussion of types in two ways: firstly, they allow for the definition of types based on multiple variables in a precise and repeattable manner, enabling the study of large samples and the comparison between both cities and regions; secondly, they frame design choices in terms of types without being fixed and so open up for design explorations where the relation between the variables can be challenged to propose new types. This paper explores the typologies defined by Serra (2013a) and Berghauser Pont and Haupt (2010) further, as these target two of the most important morphological entities of urban form, namely the street network and the building structure. The purpose is to gain a better understanding of how types are composed and distributed within and across different cities. The method is based on GIS and statistical modeling of four cities to allow for a comparative analysis of four cities: Amsterdam, London, Stockholm and Gothenburg. For the street network, we process the Road-Centre-line maps to obtain a clean network model, then run segment angular analysis to calculate the space syntax measures of betweenness at different metric radii, defining the "centrality palimpsest" (Serra, 2013a). For the building structure, we process elevation data to obtain building height, then run accessible density analysis for all building density metrics (FSI, GSI, OSR, L) using the Place Syntax Tool (Berghauser Pont and Marcus, 2014). The street and building types are defined using cluster analysis (unsupervised classification), following a similar approach to Serra (2013a). The result is a typology of street ('paths') and building types ('places'), with different profiles of centrality and density across scales. The spatial distribution and frequency of these types across the four cities gives an objective summary of their spatial structure, identifying common as well as unique traits.
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| 31. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative comparison of the distribution of densities in three Swedish cities
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings ISUF 2017 XXIV international conference: City and territory in the globalization age. - : UNIV POLITECNICA VALENCIA. ; , s. 1327-1336
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies play a role in urban studies since a long time, but definitions are often rather abstract, ill-defined and at worst end in fixed stereotypes hiding underlying spatial complexity. Traditional typologies are focussing on separate elements, which allow for understanding crucial differences of one spatial feature in greater detail, but lack the capacity to capture the interrelation between elements. Further, they often focus on one scale level and therefore lack to acknowledge for interscalarity. Recent publications define morphological typologies based on quantitative variables, building on the seminal book ´Urban Space and Structures´ by Martin and March, published in 1972, but using more advanced spatial analysis and statistics. These approaches contribute to the discussion of types in two ways: firstly, they define types in a precise and repeatable manner allowing for city-scale comparisons; secondly, they acknowledge cross-scale dynamics important for e.g. living qualities and economic processes where not only the local conditions are important, but also the qualities in proximity. This paper focuses on the comparison of building types in three Swedish cities, using the multi-variable and multi-scalar density definition. A statistical clustering method is used to classify cases according to their measured similarity across the scales. The results show that working with types is a fruitful way to reveal the individual identity of these types, compare cities and highlight some differences in the way the three cities are structured.
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| 32. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
-
Reducera inte naturen till en kuliss!
- 2013
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Ingår i: Arkitektur. - 0004-2021. ; 2013:06, s. 18-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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SMARTA GATOR - SMART STREETS Vad säger 1000 vetenskapliga artiklar om städernas gator?
- 2020
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this presentation, we present the results of a systematic review on the multifunctionality of streets. We focus on the empirical papers that help us identify the physical factors which have been proven to support and improve the different functions of streets, from the social and ecologic to the economic and technical.
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| 36. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Morphology Lab
- 2018
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 37. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972
(författare)
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Sustainable Urban Form
- 2012
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Ingår i: High-Rise and the Sustainable City. - 9789085940494 ; , s. 76-91
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The search for more sustainable urban patterns is at the core of this article. Often, this discussion does not go further than a discussion concerning compact cities versus sprawl. Starting from the importance of higher densities, this article explores the subject of density in relation to urban form much deeper by looking into a variety of performances. Issues that will be discussed are, amongst others, the role of density in terms of daylight access, urbanity (or urban vitality) and CO2 emissions. We will see that performances often contradict each other and finding the most sustainable solutions is a question of optimizing all of them simultaneously. The Spacematrix method (Berghauser Pont and Haupt 2010) will be used as a starting point to do so.
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| 38. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Systematic review and comparison of densification effects and planning motivations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Buildings and Cities. - : Ubiquity Press, Ltd.. - 2632-6655. ; 2:1, s. 378-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do higher urban densities contribute to more sustainable cities and communities? This paper examines the effectiveness of higher density (as a means) for achieving sustainable urban development (the goal) following three lines of enquiry. First, a systematic review of the scientific literature (n = 229 peer-reviewed empirical studies) is presented on the effects of urban density. Second, the motivations for increasing urban density are studied in a systematic review of Swedish planning practices based on the comprehensive urban plans in 59 municipalities. Third, these two studies are compared to find matches and mismatches between evidence and practice. Although positive effects exist for public infrastructure, transport and economics, there are also considerable negative environmental, social and health impacts. This creates a challenging task for urban planners to assess the trade-offs involving densification and accommodate current urbanisation rates. Some topics are found to be over-represented in research (transport effects), seldom discussed in practice (environmental impact), and misaligned when comparing motives and evidence (social impact). Furthermore, for some topics, urban density thresholds are found that are important because they may explain some of the divergences in the results between studies. PRACTICE RELEVANCE The transfer of knowledge from research to planning practice is a serious concern as planning strategies are not aligned with scientific evidence. Planning practice in Sweden is more positive about the contribution of higher density to sustainable urban development than the results of empirical studies warrant. The largest deviation is found in relation to the social impacts of higher density where the planning arguments are not aligned with the evidence. Several reported negative effects of densification (e.g. water management, recreational infrastructure, biodiversity) are not sufficiently accounted for in Sweden’s planning policy and strategy. The narrow planning focus on decarbonising cities and densification needs to be broadened to ensure cities are resilient against the effects of climate change and include mitigation strategies to reduce negative social, environmental and health impacts. The findings can be used to develop evidence-based planning strategies. Other countries can apply this process to assess their planning strategies.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The spatial distribution and frequency of street, plot and building types across five European cities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning B-Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7, s. 1226-1242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies have always played an important role in urban planning and design practice and formal studies have been central to the field of urban morphology. These studies have predominantly been of a historical-qualitative nature and do not support quantitative comparisons between urban areas and between different cities, nor offer the precise and comprehensive descriptions needed by those engaged in urban planning and design practice. To describe contemporary urban forms, which are more diffuse and often elude previous historic typologies, systematic quantitative methods can be useful but, until recently, these have played a limited role in typo-morphological studies. This paper contributes to recent developments in this field by integrating multi-variable geometric descriptions with inter-scalar relational descriptions of urban form. It presents typologies for three key elements of urban form (streets, plots and buildings) in five European cities, produced using statistical clustering methods. In a first instance, the resulting typologies contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of streets, plots and buildings. In particular, the results offer insight into patterns between the types (i.e. which types are found in combination and which not) and provide a new large scale comparative analysis across five European cities. To conclude, a link between quantitative analysis and theory is established, by testing two well-known theoretical propositions in urban morphology: the concept of the burgage cycle and the theory of natural movement.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Typology based on three density variables central to Spacematrix using cluster analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings ISUF 2017 XXIV international conference: City and territory in the globalization age. ; , s. 1337-1348
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the publication of the book ‘Spacematrix. Space, density and urban form’ (Berghauser Pont and Haupt, 2010), the Spacematrix method has been linked back to its theoretical foundations by Steadman (2013), is further developed using the measure of accessible density to arrive at a density measure that more closely relates to the environment as experienced by people moving through the city (Berghauser Pont and Marcus, 2014) which then is used to arrive at a multi-scalar density typology (Berghauser Pont et al. 2017). This paper will take yet another step in the development of the Spacematrix method by including the measure of network density in the classification which until now was not used to its full potential. Important for successful classification is the ability to ascertain the fundamental characteristics on which the classification is to be based where the work of Berghauser Pont and Haupt (2010) will be followed addressing three key variables: Floor Space Index (FSI), Ground Space Index (GSI) and Network density (N) where especially the last was not fully included in the earlier work. Besides a typology based on these three variables, this paper will also result in a robust statistical method that can later be used on larger samples for city-scale comparisons. Two statistical methods are tested: hierarchical clustering and centroid-based clustering and besides a general discussion about their strong and weak points, the paper shows that the hierarchical method is more convincing in distinguishing differences in both building type and street pattern that is especially captured with Network density (N). As this method is not useful for large datasets we propose a combination of the two clustering methods as the way forward.
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| 43. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Tät blandstad passar inte överallt i Göteborg
- 2018
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Ingår i: Göteborgs-Posten. - 1103-9345.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Debattartikel. Vi tror inte på att bygga med extrem täthet i alla tänkbara lägen, utan på att tålmodigt komplettera med goda stadsmiljöer där det finns utrymme och kvaliteter att vinna på att tillföra ny bebyggelse, skriver en rad stadsbyggnadsexperter.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Urban Calculator
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Major steps have in recent decades been taken when it comes to understanding how cities work. Essential is the change from understanding cities as locations to understanding them as flows (Batty 2013). In principle this means that we need to understand locations (or places) as defined by flows (or different forms of traffic), rather than locations only served by flows. This implies that we need to understand the built form and spatial structure of cities as a system, that by shaping flows creates a series of places with very specific relations to all other places in the city, which also give them very specific performative potentials. It also implies the rather fascinating notion that what happens in one place is dependent on its relation to all other places (Hillier 1996). Hence, to understand the individual place, we need a model of the city as a whole. Extensive research in this direction has taken place in recent years, that has also spilled over to urban design practice, not least in Sweden, where the idea that to understand the part you need to understand the whole is starting to be established. With the Urban Calculator that we present here, we take a important leap towards integrating this knowledge in the daily practice of urban designers and other professionals active in urban development. The objective of this project is to provide a user-friendly software that allows for effective knowledge transfer. The software will support the evaluation of different urban scenario’s as well as mirror these against a references database. The project is expected to impact decision making in urban development projects, especially during the initial phases.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Using urban form to increase the capacity of cities to manage noise and air quality
- 2023
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Ingår i: Urban Morphology. - 1027-4278. ; 27:1, s. 51-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The top two environmental factors adversely affecting human health in Europe are air and noise pollution, with road traffic being the largest source. Urban density plays an important role in reducing car traffic. However, the benefits of reduced emissions per capita can still mean higher emissions locally, because of the number of people in the area. Therefore, this paper investigates how morphological parameters influence the local distribution of noise and air pollution. A parametric approach, based on the Spacematrix method, is used to study the impact of morphological parameters on the distribution of air and noise pollution, controlling for traffic mode, flows and speed. To compare the impact of exposure to noise and air pollution, their respective health burden is calculated using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The results, based on 31 models of different forms, show that the degree of openness greatly affects performance with opposite effects for noise and air pollution. Building types with slightly open yards, like open corner blocks, may provide an attractive compromise solution due to their relatively good noise exposure situation at the same time as the dispersion of air pollutants improves. Adding sound absorbing vegetation is an effective measure to mitigate noise, especially for blocks with openings, limiting the propagation of sound into the yard. Further, densification is beneficial for health if the increase in density does not increase traffic volume in the same proportion. Densification by adding towers on a perimeter building block gives the best results for health as it combines a less noisy yard, thanks to the enclosure of the yard with towers, which enhances turbulent mixing of air within the street canyon.
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| 48. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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What can typology explain that configuration can not?
- 2015
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Ingår i: 10th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2015, University College London (UCL)London, United Kingdom, 13-7 July 2015. - 9780993342905 ; , s. 43:1-43:16
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the relation between space syntax and the adjacent field of urban morphology. We believe that this can benefit both fields in their further development and more specifically, this paper will show how typical approaches in urban morphology can be helpful in explaining variations in correlations between space syntax measures and pedestrian movement. That these correlations vary is shown by various scholars and the reoccurring argument is missing data input such as, amongst others, density, land use and public transport. We also see a problem in space syntax analysis in that there seems to be little consistency in exactly how pedestrian movement is best captured, that is, with what measure and at which radius. Hillier and Iida (2005) show for instance in their study of four London areas that the ‘best radius’ can be found with a radius of analysis varying from 12 to 102 segments. This is troublesome, especially if we are not able to explain why this is the case. In this paper we propose to use two typo-morphological approaches to explain such variations: the classification system for street morphologies developed by Marshall (2005) and the integrated density approach ‘Spacemate’ developed by Berghauser Pont and Haupt (2009; 2010). The results presented in this paper show that different neighbourhood types, in terms of density and street morphology, indeed have different patterns driving pedestrian behaviour and following that, ask for tailored spatial analysis. It is shown that in denser and more ‘griddy’ street patterns, the betweenness centrality measure is able to capture pedestrian behaviour, but in other neighbourhood types pedestrian behaviour is better captured when also closeness centrality and the distribution of attractions is included. Further, it is shown that what may be called the ’scale of operation’ of each neighbourhood plays a crucial role which needs to be considered when choosing the radius of analysis. This paper shows further that a first indication of pedestrian intensity and pedestrian distribution can be arrived at by using two relative simple spatial measures: ‘accessible density’ and ‘attraction betweenness’ respectively. Although this study is just a first tentative exploration in combining urban morphology with space syntax, we suggest that we based on these preliminary results can see many advantages in pursuing research in this direction.
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| 49. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Multivariable measures of plot systems: describing the potential link between urban diversity and spatial form based on the spatial capacity concept
- 2017
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Ingår i: 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017, Lisbon, Portugal, 3-7 July 2017. - 9789729899447 ; , s. 47.1-47.15
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban diversity is a widely recognized concept used to describe vitality in cities and is often associated with cities that perform successfully both from an economic and social perspective. The concept of urban diversity was introduced to the broader public by Jane Jacobs, later inherited by the New Urbanism movement and has been extensively used in contemporary urban discourse. While theoretical definitions of urban diversity are manifold, measures that allow for a description of a more rigorous kind are less developed (Talen, 2006, 2008). The aim of this paper is to identify fundamental variables of spatial form that could potentially contribute to urban diversity and socio-economic performativity. In particular, the paper investigates the concept of spatial capacity, that is, the impact of plot systems (i.e. land division) on urban diversity (Marcus, 2000, 2010; Sayyar & Marcus, 2013) While the link to urban diversity is presented here as an essential starting point, the aim of this paper is to develop purely morphological measures of plot systems and to test if these measures can identify the difference among particular urban contexts. The study of the direct relation between spatial form and socio-economic performance is beyond the scope of this paper and will be presented in forthcoming studies. The first part of the paper presents a theoretical framework to establish the fundamental morphological parameters of plot systems that can potentially contribute to urban diversity. The second part of the paper describes an empirical study of selected areas in Stockholm, Sweden, where essential morphological aspects of plot systems are explored and measured, using the proposed parameters of the plot systems. Importantly, the plot systems are measured here in geometric terms, capturing size, openness and compactness of plots, and also in configurational terms through accessible number and diversity of plots using the Place Syntax Tool (Ståhle, 2008). The paper is set within the framework of a bigger project aimed at developing and testing sound methodologies for measuring central variables of spatial form: density, diversity and distance (Berghauser Pont et al. 2017; Berghauser Pont & Marcus, 2015; Marcus & Berghauser Pont, 2015).
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| 50. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Plot systems and property rights: morphological, juridical and economic aspects
- 2018
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Ingår i: 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. - 9788490485743 ; , s. 177-185
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of the plot (also referred to as ‘parcel’, ‘lot’ or ‘property’) as one of the fundamental elements of urban form is well recognized within the field of urban morphology. It has been described as a basic element in the pattern of land divisions that works as an organizational grid for urban form. A distinctive feature of the plot is its ambiguous character: it is at the same time a legal unit defining property rights, a spatially defined physical entity and an institutional tool designating land use in urban planning. In urban space, these dimensions act together to drive the evolution of built form. In this paper, we will investigate the entanglements of the morphological, juridical and economic definitions of the term. By resolving these we may better address and compare the vital layer of plot systems in different urban contexts and identify common fundamental aspects of the notion of plot systems and private properties. What we more specifically aim to capture with this comprehensive concept is the relation between urban form and legal and socio-economic space, where the plot can be identified as an element that creates a generic affordance for occupancy, in contrast to mobility, in cities of most kinds. The intended outcome of the paper is to contribute to unveiling the complex nature of the plot systems, bridging between spatial and non-spatial dimensions of cities, that is, more precisely, a potential to establish, not least, a stronger interface between the urban design and urban planning practices.
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