| 1. |
- Aghanavesi, Somayeh, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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A multiple motion sensors index for motor state quantification in Parkinson's disease
- 2020
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Ingår i: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-2607 .- 1872-7565. ; 189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To construct a Treatment Response Index from Multiple Sensors (TRIMS) for quantification of motor state in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) during a single levodopa dose. Another aim was to compare TRIMS to sensor indexes derived from individual motor tasks. Method: Nineteen PD patients performed three motor tests including leg agility, pronation-supination movement of hands, and walking in a clinic while wearing inertial measurement unit sensors on their wrists and ankles. They performed the tests repeatedly before and after taking 150% of their individual oral levodopa-carbidopa equivalent morning dose.Three neurologists blinded to treatment status, viewed patients’ videos and rated their motor symptoms, dyskinesia, overall motor state based on selected items of Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III, Dyskinesia scale, and Treatment Response Scale (TRS). To build TRIMS, out of initially 178 extracted features from upper- and lower-limbs data, 39 features were selected by stepwise regression method and were used as input to support vector machines to be mapped to mean reference TRS scores using 10-fold cross-validation method. Test-retest reliability, responsiveness to medication, and correlation to TRS as well as other UPDRS items were evaluated for TRIMS. Results: The correlation of TRIMS with TRS was 0.93. TRIMS had good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.83). Responsiveness of the TRIMS to medication was good compared to TRS indicating its power in capturing the treatment effects. TRIMS was highly correlated to dyskinesia (R = 0.85), bradykinesia (R = 0.84) and gait (R = 0.79) UPDRS items. Correlation of sensor index from the upper-limb to TRS was 0.89. Conclusion: Using the fusion of upper- and lower-limbs sensor data to construct TRIMS provided accurate PD motor states estimation and responsive to treatment. In addition, quantification of upper-limb sensor data during walking test provided strong results. © 2019
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Contest-based and norm-based interventions: (How) do they differ in attitudes, norms, and behaviors?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Setting up a contest is a popular means to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Yet, research on contest-based interventions is scarce while norm-based interventions have gained much attention. In two field experiments, we randomly assigned 79 apartments to either a contest-based or a norm-based electricity conservation intervention and measured kWh usage for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Results from both studies showed that contest-based interventions promote intensive but short-lived electricity saving. In Study 1 apartments assigned to a norm-based intervention showed more stable electricity saving (low intensity and long-lasting). Study 2 did not replicate this finding, but supported that participants in the norm-based intervention also engaged in non-targeted behaviors. These results emphasize the importance of identifying how different intervention techniques may activate different goals, framing both how people think about and act upon targeted pro-environmental behaviors.
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| 4. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Contests versus norms: Implications of contest-based and norm-based intervention techniques
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Bergquist, Nilsson and Hansla. Interventions using either contests or norms can promote environmental behavioral change. Yet research on the implications of contest-based and norm-based interventions is lacking. Based on Goal-framing theory, we suggest that a contest-based intervention frames a gain goal promoting intensive but instrumental behavioral engagement. In contrast, the norm-based intervention was expected to frame a normative goal activating normative obligations for targeted and non-targeted behavior and motivation to engage in pro-environmental behaviors in the future. In two studies participants (n = 347) were randomly assigned to either a contest- or a norm-based intervention technique. Participants in the contest showed more intensive engagement in both studies. Participants in the norm-based intervention tended to report higher intentions for future energy conservation (Study 1) and higher personal norms for non-targeted pro-environmental behaviors (Study 2). These findings suggest that contest-based intervention technique frames a gain goal, while norm-based intervention frames a normative goal.
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| 5. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Descriptive social norms and resource cues influence choice by additive and separate effects
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nordic Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1901-2276 .- 1904-0016. ; 75:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Descriptive social norms have attracted much attention in social influence research. Regarding consumer choice, it is however unclear if, and to what extent, the influence of social norms is related to resource-state information. In two experiments, including 384 and 724 participants, respectively, we assess the unique and combined effects of these influences on both choice and preferences. Results showed consistent effects of descriptive social norms, influencing both choice and preferences across the two experiments. When a resource cue was provided in Experiment 1, a small non-significant difference compared to the control condition indicated that information about resource states might affect choice. This effect was replicated with statistical significance in Experiment 2. No effect of such a cue was detected on preferences in either experiment. Present results suggest that the effects of descriptive social norms and resource cues are independent and additive.
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| 6. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Experiencing a severe weather event increases concern about climate change
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is primarily driven by human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and may therefore be mitigated by changes to human behavior (Clayton et al., 2015; IPCC, 2018). Despite efforts to raise awareness and concern about climate change, GHG emissions continue to rise (IPCC, 2018). Climate change seems to be at odds with the immediate, present threats to which humans are adapted to cope (Gifford et al., 2009; Schultz, 2014; van Vugt et al., 2014). In contrast to immediate dangers, climate change is typically abstract, large scale, slow and often unrelated to the welfare of our daily lives (e.g., Ornstein and Ehrlich, 1989; Gifford, 2011). But there are moments when the consequences of climate change are readily apparent, such as extreme weather events. In the current paper, we examine the impact of personal experience with an extreme weather event, and the impact of this experience on beliefs about climate change, and intentions to take actions that can help prepare for and mitigate the consequences of climate change.
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| 7. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Feeling or following? A field-experiment comparing social norms-based and emotions-based motives encouraging pro-environmental donations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Consumer Behaviour. - : Wiley. - 1472-0817 .- 1479-1838. ; 19:4, s. 351-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we design and explore interventions encouraging pro-environmental donations by testing social norms and anticipated positive emotions. The social norms-based intervention included descriptive and injunctive social normative information while the emotions-based intervention included information about anticipated positive emotions. The two intervention techniques were tested in a field-experiment; applying social norms-based or emotions-based messages to a real choice situation between retaining versus donating one's own money (i.e., using recycling machines giving people the choice to either retain money obtained from their recycled bottles, or to donate their money to a pro-environmental organization). Results showed that more people donated their money after being exposed to the emotions-based message, than the social norms-based message or no message.
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| 8. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Field interventions for climate change mitigation behaviors: A second-order meta-analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424. ; 120:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behavioral change is essential to mitigate climate change. To advance current knowledge, we synthesize research on interventions aiming to promote climate change mitigation behaviors in field settings. In a preregistered second-order meta-analysis, we assess the overall effect of 10 meta-analyses, incorporating a total of 430 primary studies. In addition, we assess subgroup analyses for six types of interventions, five behaviors, and three publication bias adjustments. Results showed that climate change mitigation interventions were generally effective (dunadjusted = 0.31, 95% CI [0.30, 0.32]). A follow-up analysis using only unique primary studies, adjusted for publication bias, provides a more conservative overall estimate (d = 0.18, 95% CI [0.13, 0.24]). This translates into a mean treatment effect of 7 percentage points. Furthermore, in a subsample of adequately powered large-scale interventions (n > 9,000, k = 32), the effect was adjusted downward to approximately 2 percentage points. This discrepancy might be because large-scale interventions often target nonvoluntary participants by less direct techniques (e.g., "home energy reports") while small-scale interventions often target voluntary par-ticipants by more direct techniques (e.g., face-to-face interactions). Subgroup analyses showed that interventions based on social comparisons or financial incentives were the most effective, while education or feedback was the least effective. These results provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art summary of climate change mitigation interventions, guiding both future research and practice.
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| 9. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Meta-analyses of fifteen determinants of public opinion about climate change taxes and laws
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 12, s. 235-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public acceptance is a precondition for implementing taxes and laws aimed at mitigating climate change. However, it still remains challenging to understand its determinants for the climate community. Here, we use a meta-analytic approach to examine the role of public opinion about climate change taxes and laws. Fifteen variables were examined by synthesizing 89 datasets from 51 articles across 33 countries, with a total sample of 119,465 participants. Among all factors, perceived fairness and effectiveness were the most important determinants. Self-enhancement values and knowledge about climate change showed weak relationships and demographic variables showed only weak or close to zero effects. Our meta-analytic results provide useful insights and have the potential to inform climate change researchers, practitioners and policymakers to better design climate policy instruments.
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| 10. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Minding the gap: Influence of distance between own behavior and social norms on energy conservation intentions
- 2015
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Ingår i: 11th Biennial Conference on Environmental Psychology, Groningen 2015.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two studies examined if influence of social norms are affected by distances between one’s own behavior and others behavior (norm distance). In the first experiment, including norm distance, feedback unit (kwh, SEK) and perceived importance, hypotheses were derived based on social comparison theory. Results from experiment 1 (n = 104) showed that distal norm distance elicited greatest energy conservation intentions in the norm alignment (i.e. congruent descriptive and injunctive norms) condition. Feedback unit did not affect the influence of norm distance; however, an interaction was found, suggesting that the influence of feedback unit on energy conservation intentions interacts with perceived importance of energy conservation. Finally, importance of energy conservation intentions showed a main effect of energy conservation intentions. Experiment 2 (n = 122) showed that the influence of aligned norm distance on energy conservation intentions followed a positive linear trend. Although influenced by unpredicted gender interactions, experiment 2 supported that norm distance and frequency of descriptive norms are separate processes, and replicated the main effect of importance of energy conservation. Taken together, these results suggest an effect of norm distance in normative influence. This effect seems to be better explained by heuristic processing rather than social comparison processes.
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| 11. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Minding the Gap: Normative Influence on Energy Conservation Intentions
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Congress of Psychology 2015, Milan. - 9788898116225
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study examine the gap between an induced norm and behavior (norm distance), applied to energy behaviors. Results show that con gruent descriptive and injunctive norms produce more conformity and stronger motivation compared to incongruent descriptive and injunctive norms. In the congruent norm condition more distal norms yield greater influence. The ambiguous unity (kWh) produce higher motivation compared to the dis -ambiguous unity (SEK).
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| 12. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983
(författare)
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Most People Think They Are More Pro-Environmental than Others: A Demonstration of the Better-than-Average Effect in Perceived Pro-Environmental Behavioral Engagement
- 2020
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0197-3533 .- 1532-4834. ; 42:1, s. 50-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People tend to perceive themselves as better than average in various contexts. In this article I test if the better-than-average effect (BTAE) also holds for pro-environmental behavioral engagement. Experiment 1 supported that the majority of participants report to be more pro-environmental than others, using a large representative sample. Experiment 2 validated these findings in 3 additional cultures (United States, United Kingdom, and India) and showed that BTAE held for both abstract (other Americans) and concrete (my friends) comparisons. Experiment 3 found that participants overestimated both how "much" and how "often" they engage in pro-environmental actions. Finally, Experiment 4 found weak support for the hypothesis that inducing BTAE are inhibiting future pro-environmental behaviors.
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| 13. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Replicating the focus theory of normative conduct as tested by Cialdini et al. (1990)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944. ; 74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In developing the focus theory of normative conduct (FTNC), Cialdini et al. (1990), proposed and demonstrated that social anti-littering norms reduced littering in 1) clean environments (signaling that others did not litter) and 2) by adding a single piece of litter to an otherwise clean environment. The assumption was that the single piece of litter would focus people?s attention on the descriptive anti-littering norm, signaling that others did not litter. Despite the profound influence of Cialdini et al.?s (1990) paper, no attempt to replicate this ?single piece of litter? effect has been reported. In two high powered and pre-registered field-experiments and one online experiment (ntotal = 1798), we attempted to replicate and then examine the processes behind both descriptive anti-littering norms and the single piece of litter effect. Results first supported FTNC by replicating less littering in clean compared to littered environments. Second, replications of the single piece of litter effect ran contrary to the original finding, showing as much littering in environments including a single piece of litter as in fully littered environments. Hence, littering increased rather than decreased by adding a single piece of litter in an otherwise clean environment. Supporting some theoretical assumptions of the FTNC, a follow-up experiment showed increased salience of an anti-littering norm and a perceived descriptive norm against littering in a single-piece-oflitter compared to a clean environment. However, in line with findings from our replications, the injunctive antilittering norm appears to weaken as litter accumulates.
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| 14. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Self-persuading norms: Adding a self-persuasion technique strengthens the influence of descriptive social norms
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Social Influence. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1553-4510 .- 1553-4529. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social norms have been implemented to change a variety of behaviors. Yet, these studies show noticeable dispersion of effects. We suggest that such dispersion is partially due to people perceiving reasons for following a certain norm to be more or less appealing. In testing this proposition, we couple descriptive norms with a self-persuading technique (i.e. the self-persuading norm). We propose that the self-persuading norm operate in two steps: 1) self-persuasion leads to value-matched information, 2) value-matched information is more self-relevant, making the norm more influential. Across three experiments, we consistently found that self-persuading norms are more influential than simple descriptive norms and a control condition. The practical applications are straightforward: adding self-persuasive content seems to strengthen the descriptive norm.
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| 15. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The DOs and DON'Ts in Social Norms: A descriptive Don't-norm increases conformity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2475-0387. ; 3:3, s. 158-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Descriptive norms guide social behavior by informing what other people do. In a conceptual proposition, we suggest that descriptive norms also could signal what other people don’t do. Building on the evolutionary predisposition to more urgently attend to negative than positive information, we hypothesize that people are more strongly influenced by choices that other people avoid, than by choices that other people choose. Descriptive data in three experiments consistently demonstrated that more participants conformed to information about what other people don’t do (i.e., the don’t‐norm) than information about what other people do (i.e., the do‐norm). We found that don’t‐norms more strongly influenced pro‐environmental choices related to both energy efficiency (Experiment 1) and sustainable food consumption (Experiments 2 and 3). The increased influence of the don’t‐norm were supported in two cultures (Sweden and USA), in two decision contexts (accepting and rejecting), and when using two wordings (want vs. avoid and preferred vs. unpreferred). These results suggest that descriptive do‐ and don’t‐norms are conceptually distinct and that don’t‐norms exert stronger influential power.
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| 16. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
The importance of perceived fairness to public opinion about climate change policies
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 12, s. 226-227
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is a "Research Briefing" summarizing Bergquist et al. (2022) Meta-analyses of fifteen determinants of public opinion about climate change taxes and laws. Nat. Clim. Change https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01297-6
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983
(författare)
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Using social norms in energy conservation interventions
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When designing interventions to promote pro-environmental behaviors, practitioners may choose between techniques based on for example education, incentives, commitments, or social norms. These intervention techniques may, however, target different kinds of motivation, and therefore differ in their psychological and behavioral implications. It is therefore important to examine the motivational bases and implications of intervention techniques targeting pro-environmental behavioral change. The aim of the current licentiate thesis is to assess norm-based intervention techniques targeting energy conservation. Study I compared the psychological and behavioral implications of a contest-based and a norm-based intervention technique. Building on Goal-framing theory, we predicted that the contest-based intervention technique would frame a gain goal, while the norm-based intervention technique would frame a normative goal. Results of three experiments showed that participants who engaged in writing energy-saving tips and performed a recycling task under a contest-based intervention technique engaged more intensively in the tasks, but also made more errors, than participants who performed these tasks in a norm-based intervention technique. We also found a significant mediational path from writing energy-saving tips, via personal norms, to intentions of future energy conservation only for the norm-based intervention technique. Moreover, after conducting the recycling task, participants in the norm-based intervention technique tended to show stronger obligations to perform the non-targeted pro-environmental behaviors energy conservation behaviors and acceptance of pro-environmental policies. Based on the focus theory of normative conduct, Study II examined compliance to combinations of prescriptive and proscriptive norms, targeting an overt energy conservation behavior. We tested an “attention-reactance proposition”, predicting that prompts including both a prescriptive norm and a proscriptive norm (dual-injunctive prompts) would both attract attention and prevent reactance, and therefore elicit greater compliance than prompts including only prescriptive or proscriptive norms (single-injunctive prompts). Results from a field experiment found that 88.1% of the participants exposed to the dual-injunctive prompts turned off the lights in a public restroom compared with 78.6% of the participants exposed to the single-injunctive prompt. To test how these prompts were perceived, an online survey measured emotional response and rated reactance to all four prompts. Results generally supported the attention-reactance proposition. Finally, participants were also asked to choose the prompt they thought would encourage as many people as possible to turn off the lights after using a public bathroom. Results showed that a majority (80.5%) of the participants chose the single-injunctive prompt, which was the least effective prompt in promoting energy conservation in our field experiment. Study I and II highlights the role of social norms, both as an intervention technique increasing obligations and intentions for engaging in energy conservation and to increase energy conservation.
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| 19. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983
(författare)
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Using social norms in energy conservation interventions
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When designing interventions to promote pro-environmental behaviors, practitioners may choose between techniques based on, for example, education, incentives, or social norms. These intervention techniques may, however, target different kinds of motivation, and therefore differ in their psychological and behavioral implications. The aim of this thesis is to assess norm-based intervention techniques targeting energy conservation. Study I compared a contest-based with a norm-based intervention technique. In two online experiments participants performed pro-environmental tasks (writing energy-saving tips and fictive recycling) while provided with either normative or competitive feedback. Results showed that participants assigned to the contest-based intervention technique engaged more intensively in both tasks. Participants in the norm-based intervention technique showed a tendency for stronger intention for future energy conservation and stronger activation of personal norms for non-targeted pro-environmental behaviors. Study II applied the findings from Study I in two field experiments. Participants were randomly assigned to a norm-based or a contest-based intervention targeting electricity conservation. In the contest, both experiments confirmed an intensive but short-lived effect of electricity conservation. Experiment 1 confirmed increase electricity saving attitudes and more long-term electricity conservation in the norm-based interventions. Results of Experiment 2 did not replicate these findings, but supported a positive spillover effect between electricity and water conservation only in the norm-based intervention. Study III tested a conceptual development of the descriptive norm. Analogous to the separation between injunctive proscriptive and prescriptive norms, we suggest that the descriptive norm can be separated into signaling others’ engagement (a descriptive “donorm”) or disengagement (a descriptive “don’t-norm”). In line with our hypothesis that don’tnorms are more influential, results from three experiments consistently showed that don’tnorms outperformed do-norms (15%, 10% and 19%). However, only the third experiment supported the difference with statistical significance. Study IV examined compliance to prescriptive and proscriptive norms, targeting energy conservation. In a 2 (words: prescription vs. proscription) × 2 (picture: prescription vs. proscription) between-subject design, participants were exposed to prompts promoting energy-saving. Results supported the hypothesis, showing that more participants (88.1%) conformed to prompts including both prescriptive and proscriptive content than to prompts including either prescriptions or proscriptions (78.6%). A follow-up experiment indicated that these results were driven by attention and reactance. Finally, when asked which prompt participants would use to influence other people to act pro-environmentally, the majority of participants (80.1%) chose the prompt that was least effective in our field experiment.
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| 20. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Using social norms in smart meters: the norm distance effect
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 11:8, s. 2101-2109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018, The Author(s). Normative feedback has shown to promote energy conservation, indicating that people are motivated to adjust their energy usage to others. Yet, the effect of social norms is conditional. Adding to past research, we proposed a norm distance effect, hypothesizing that the influential power of social norms increases as others’ behavior comes closer to peoples’ own behavior. In two experiments, we provided participants with normative information on energy usage through fictive smart phone applications. Results first conceptually replicated the norm alignment effect, showing that participants adjusted their energy usage intentions more when other peoples engaged in the approved rather than the disapproved behavior. In line with our norm distance hypothesis, both experiments found that people are more likely to adjust their behavior intentions to others as others’ behaviors come closer to their own behavior. These experiments contribute to past research on normative influence through smart meters, suggesting that norm distance can refine normative feedback promoting energy conservation.
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| 21. |
- Chowdhury, Soumitra, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Architectural Characteristics of Digital Services Enabled by Embedded Technology : A Study on Remote Diagnostics Services
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. - Los Alamitos, CA : IEEE. - 9781479925056 - 9781479925049 ; , s. 3909-3918
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we characterize the architecture of digital services that are enabled by embedded technology. Digitalization with embedded technology in physical products has become a common phenomenon. In spite of growing instance of such digitalization, little is known about the architectural characteristics of digital services enabled by embedded technology. Based on a research on vehicular remote diagnostics services, we characterize the architecture of such digital services. Following the framework on layered modular architecture continuum, our findings provide the following architectural characteristics: i) the architecture of the digital services spans along the layered modular architecture continuum, ii) the application program of the digital services is simultaneously de-coupled and partly coupled with the embedded devices, iii) there exist layers within layer of the digital services, iv) application program layer of the digital services is a closed innovation platform. © 2014 IEEE
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| 22. |
- Chowdhury, Soumitra, 1983-
(författare)
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Service Logic in Digitalized Product Platforms : A Study of Digital Service Innovation in the Vehicle Industry
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The digitalization of products has become an important driver for service innovation in manufacturing firms. The embedding of digital technology in previously non-digital products creates digitalized product platforms that enable digital service innovation. Digital service innovation offers new business opportunities for manufacturing industries, as well as challenges established premises for value creation. While digital service innovation can be found in many manufacturing industries, this thesis studies service logic in digitalized product platforms in the vehicle industry.Existing Information Systems (IS) literature presents challenges in digital service innovation relating to value, architecture, and generativity. The design of the architecture of digitalized product platforms requires the identification and combination of digital and non-digital assets. Understanding the architectural aspects is useful in digital service innovation. Moreover, with growing instances of generative digital technologies, it is challenging to develop strategies to leverage generativity for service design in digitalized product platforms. While digital technologies are embedded in products, the role of technology-embeddedness in value creation of digital services is relatively unexplored. Drawing on these challenges, this thesis describes and conceptualizes the underlying premises brought by the architecture and generativity to the value creation of services in digitalized product platforms. The research question addressed in this thesis is: What are the underlying premises for services in digitalized product platforms?To address the question, an interpretive qualitative research approach was adopted in a collaborative research project concerning services enabled by digitalization of vehicles. Drawing on digital innovation and service literature, this thesis presents a theoretical perspective on the role of the architecture and generativity of digitalized product platforms for value creation of digital services. This perspective is conceptualized as underlying premises for this specific class of services. The premises frame the service logic in digitalized product platforms and provide a ground for understanding services in digitalized product platforms in relation to value dimensions, architecture and generativity. The premises are based on five concepts: value-in-architecture, value-in-connectivity, fundamental asset for value creation, mutual dependence of modular and layered modular assets, and re-evaluation of value propositions. The proposed premises offer a basis for understanding value creation of this class of services, and guidance for manufacturing firms designing digitalized product platforms.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Why are they eco-friendly? Attributing eco-friendly descriptive norms to intrinsic motivation increases pro-environmental purchase intention
- 2022
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People perform pro-environmental behaviors not only out of intrinsic motivation, but also due to external factors such as expected social approval or financial gain. To the extent that people use their own motivations to infer the motivation of others, people may view descriptive norms favoring pro-environmental behavior as extrinsically motivated. This may in turn decrease the normative influence of the norm, as conformity can be negatively affected by perceptions that others are conforming mindlessly. While descriptive norms generally promote pro-environmental behavior change, the influential power of descriptive norms varies between studies. One possible explanation for these inconclusive findings is that people interpret others' behavior as either intrinsically- or extrinsically motivated. We propose that pro-environmental descriptive norms will be more influential when attributing others' pro-environmental behavior as intrinsically (e.g., pleasure of contributing to the environment) rather than extrinsically, motivated (e.g., fear of social disapproval). In two experiments (N = 1326), we compared participants' intention to purchase pro-environmental products between four conditions: control condition vs intrinsic norm vs extrinsic norm (Exp. 1) vs injunctive norm (Exp. 2). Results consistently found a significant increase in pro-environmental purchase intention in the intrinsic norm condition compared to both extrinsic norm condition (Exp. 2) and no-information control condition (Exp. 1 & 2). These studies highlight that attribution of behavior is vital for the adoption of pro-environmental norms.
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| 25. |
- Ekelund, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Hotels re-explored: Experience and influence of reciprocity and social normative appeals
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 18:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we report two high-powered and pre-registered experiments, testing the robustness and conceptual development of reciprocity and social norm appeals. Both experiments assessed both psychological processes for complying with these appeals and pro-environmental behavioral intention in tourism settings. In Experiment 1 (N = 2004), participants reported lower psychological reactance levels after learning that the hotel engaged in resource conservation (i.e., indirect homeomorphic reciprocity). No statistically significant effect was obtained for either obligatory motivation, prosocial motivation, skepticism, or behavioral intentions to reuse hotel towels. Importantly, high baseline intention of reusing hotel towels might have limited the effect of appeals. Therefore, we targeted meat consumption in Experiment 2 (n = 2540). Results first showed stronger obligatory and prosocial motivation for all three reciprocity appeals, compared to the standard appeal. No statistically significant results were found for either reactance or skepticism. Finally, after learning that the hotel had made a financial contribution to an environmental organization (i.e., indirect heteromorphic reciprocity) participants showed reduced meat consumption intentions compared to the standard appeal. Overall, the results provide initial evidence for conceptually refining the norm of reciprocity to encourage pro-environmental behaviors and for understanding the underlying psychological processes.
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| 26. |
- Helferich, Marvin, et al.
(författare)
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Direct and mediated impacts of social norms on pro-environmental behavior
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions. - 0959-3780. ; 80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The social norm-based intervention is a frequently used tool for encouraging pro-environmental behavior. In designing effective interventions, however, both practitioners and researchers need more knowledge about the relationships between different norm constructs and pro-environmental behavior. In this study, we meta-analyze the predictive strength of injunctive, descriptive, and personal norms using meta-analytical structural equation modeling (MASEM). Data are extracted from 572 studies reported in 534 articles across 56 countries with a total sample size of N = 312,127. We find that internalized (i.e., personal) norms are consistently the strongest predictor of pro-environmental behavior and that personal norms mediate most of the impacts of injunctive and descriptive norms. Both injunctive and descriptive norms predict pro-environmental behavior, uniquely and with similar strengths. We find no significant moderations of collectivism or behavioral cost on the predictive strength of social norms on pro-environmental behavior.
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| 27. |
- Memedi, Mevludin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Construction of levodopa-response index from wearable sensors for quantifying Parkinson's disease motor functions
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of wrist worn motion sensors to objectively measure motor functions in Parkinson’s disease (PD). More specifically, the aim was to construct a sensor-based levodopa-response index (SBLRI) and evaluate its clinimetric properties (convergent validity and internal consistency). Nineteen advanced PD patients and 22 healthy controls were recruited in a single center, open label, single dose clinical trial in Sweden. The subjects performed standardized motor tasks while wearing one sensor on each wrist and one on each ankle. Each sensor unit consisted of three-dimensional accelerometer and gyroscope. The patients were video recorded and the videos were blindly rated by three independent movement disorder specialists. The clinical scores were given using the Treatment Response Scale (TRS) on a scale from -3 = ‘Very Off’ to 0 = ‘On’ to +3 = ‘Very dyskinetic’. The clinical assessments were based on the overall motor function of the patients. A mean TRS was defined as the mean of the three specialists’ assessments per time point. The measurements were repeated over several time points following a single levodopa/carbidopa morning dose (50% over normal to induce dyskinesias). Sensor measurements during rapid alternating movements of hands were processed with time series analysis methods to calculate spatiotemporal parameters designed to measure bradykinesia and dyskinesia. For each hand, 96 spatiotemporal parameters were calculated and their average scores were then used in a principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality by retaining 6 principal components. These components were then used as predictors to support vector machines and to be mapped to the mean TRS ratings of the three specialists and to calculate the SBLRI. For this analysis, a 10-fold stratified cross-validation was performed. The SBLRI was strongly correlated to mean TRS with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.79 (CI: 0.74-0.83, p<0.001). The 95% confidence interval for the mean squared error of SBLRI on patients data was ± 1.62 with a mean value of 0.57 whereas on healthy controls data was ± 1 with a mean value of 0.27. The sensor-based spatiotemporal parameters had good internal consistency with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.87 and significantly differed between patients and healthy controls. The results demonstrated that the SBLRI had good clinimetric properties for measuring motor functions (Off and dyskinesia) in PD patients. The method could also distinguish hand rotation movements exhibited by patients from those exhibited by healthy controls. The SBLRI provides effect-time profiles, which could be useful during therapy individualization of advanced PD patients.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Nilsson, Andreas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Spillover effects in environmental behaviors, across time and context: a review and research agenda
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Education Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-4622 .- 1469-5871. ; 23:4, s. 573-589
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When implementing environmental education and interventions to promote one pro-environmental behavior, it is seldom asked if and how non-target pro-environmental behaviors are affected. The spillover effect proposes that engaging in one behavior affects the probability of engagement or disengaging in a second behavior. Therefore, the positive spillover effect predicts that interventions targeting one specific behavioral have the capacity to promote non-targeted and/or future pro-environmental behaviors. However, the negative spillover effect predicts that engaging in a first pro-environmental behavior will prevent or decrease a second pro-environmental behavior. Since the theoretical and empirical basis for positive and negative spillover effects are not sufficiently understood, the present paper (1) suggests a distinction between behavioral, temporal, and contextual spillovers (2) reviews the existing spillover research literature across a variety of environmental domains, (3) presents potential moderators governing the direction of spillover effects, and finally (4) discuss techniques to promote pro-environmental spillovers.
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| 31. |
- Pettersson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Police decision-making in the absence of evidence-based guidelines: Assessment of alcohol-intoxicated eyewitnesses
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regarding police procedures with alcohol-intoxicated witnesses, Swedish police officers have previously reported inconsistent and subjective decisions when interviewing these potentially vulnerable witnesses. Most officers have also highlighted the need for national policy guidelines aiding in conducting investigative interviews with intoxicated witnesses. The aims of the two studies presented here were to investigate whether; (1) police officers’ inconsistent interview decisions are attributable to a lack of research-based knowledge; (2) their decision to interview, as well as their perceptions of the witnesses’ credibility could be influenced by scientific research; (3) police officers decision-making and perceptions of witness credibility is biased by pre-existing social norms. In two separate randomized online experiments, police professionals and recruits (Study 1, N = 43; Study 2, N = 214) watched a recorded fictive witness interview, to which they were asked to rate the probability of interviewing the witness, the witness’ credibility, and to estimate the witness’ level of intoxication. Results showed that interview probability and perceived witness credibility was affected by witness intoxication level. While it cannot be stated definitely from the present research, these findings provided indications that police officers and recruits lacked research-based knowledge. Results also showed that interview probability, but not perceptions of credibility, was influenced by a research-based message. In line with research, interview probability for the most intoxicated witness increased after reading the message. Unexpectedly, neither interview probability nor witness credibility was affected by social norms. The current findings added to the legal psychology literature by showing that a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) as low as 0.04% was enough for police officers and recruits to consider intoxicated witnesses less credible than sober witnesses. Findings also indicated that, despite the lower credibility assessment, police may have some understanding that these witnesses can be interviewed at low intoxication levels (i.e., around 0.04%). However, this willingness to interview intoxicated witnesses ceased at a BrAC lower than the levels where research has found intoxicated witnesses as reliable as sober witnesses (i.e., BrAC < 0.10%). Future directions for research and policy development as well as theoretical and practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
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| 32. |
- Reinholdsson, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Nudging green food: The effects of a hedonic cue, menu position, a warm-glow cue, and a descriptive norm
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Consumer Behaviour. - : Wiley. - 1472-0817 .- 1479-1838. ; 22:3, s. 557-568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meat consumption is associated with both public health risks and substantial CO2 emissions. In a large-scale field-experiment, we applied four nudges to the digital menus in 136 hamburger restaurants. The nudges promoted vegetarian food purchases by either (1) changing the menu position of vegetarian food, or aligning vegetarian food with (2) a hedonic, taste-focused nudge, (3) the warm-glow effect, or (4) a descriptive social norm. These nudges were thus aimed to shift salience toward a certain goal or the salience of a specific alternative. Vegetarian food purchases were measured in two datasets analyzing if nudges affected customers' "route " to ordering vegetarian food (29,640 observations), and the total number of vegetarian food sold during the intervention (346,081 observations). Results showed that the position nudge affected customers route to buying vegetarian food. More specifically, making the "green category " more accessible made more customers order through that category. Interestingly, this did not affect the total number of vegetarian sales. However, results indicate that nudges that utilize the salience of goals, in particular hedonic goals, may have an overall positive effect on total vegetarian sales.
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| 33. |
- Senek, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Levodopa/carbidopa microtablets in Parkinson disease : pharmacokinetics and blinded motor assessment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Twentieth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was to characterize the levodopa and carbidopa plasma concentration in relation to blinded motor function ratings. This is a part of a study where a Multimodal motor Symptoms Quantification (MuSyQ) platform consisting of three different types of sensors were tested while evoking motor fluctuations with levodopa/carbidopa(LD/CD) microtablets in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Today, dose titration and chronic treatment largely relies on the patient’s subjective assessment of symptoms and clinicians’ assessment of patient status during a visit at the clinic. This was a single-center, open-label, single dose study in patients experiencing motor fluctuations. Patients were given 150% of their individual levodopa equivalent morning dose. Blood sampling and motor function testing were conducted for up to 6.5 hours at prespecified time points. The patients performed standardized motor activities for clinical rating in accordance with parts of the Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Unified Dyskinesia RatingScale (UDysRS). Each test cycle was video recorded, and the video sequences were presented to three movement disorder specialists in a randomized order for blinded rating of UPDRS items and the treatment response scale (TRS). Concentration versus time profiles and the pharmacokinetics were compared with a study previously conducted in healthy subjects. Nineteen patients, 14 male and 5 female, were included in the study. The individual LD/CD doses ranged between 110/27.5mg to 410/102.5 mg. The concentration time profiles are similar to the LD/CD microtablet profiles reported in healthy subjects. The blinded video ratings managed to capture the most distinctive movements. This is the first pharmacokinetic study where patients received LD/CD microtablets. For patients fluctuating from 'off' to dyskinetic, the relationship between the plasma concentration and motor function was clearer compared to the patients that fluctuated to a lesser extent.
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| 34. |
- Senek, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Levodopa/carbidopa microtablets in Parkinson's disease : a study of pharmacokinetics and blinded motor assessment
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - Heidelberg, Germany : Springer. - 0031-6970 .- 1432-1041 .- 0014-2999. ; 73:5, s. 563-571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Motor function assessments with rating scales in relation to the pharmacokinetics of levodopa may increase the understanding of how to individualize and fine-tune treatments.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of levodopa-carbidopa and the motor function following a single-dose microtablet administration in Parkinson’s disease.Methods: This was a single-center, open-label, single-dose study in 19 patients experiencing motor fluctuations. Patients received 150% of their individual levodopa equivalent morning dose in levodopa-carbidopa microtablets. Blood samples were collected at pre-specified time points. Patients were video recorded and motor function was assessed with six UPDRS part III motor items, dyskinesia score, and the treatment response scale (TRS), rated by three blinded movement disorder specialists.Results: AUC0–4/dose and Cmax/dose for levodopa was found to be higher in Parkinson’s disease patients compared with healthy subjects from a previous study, (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.026, respectively). The mean time to maximum improvement in sum of six UPDRS items score was 78 min (±59) (n = 16), and the mean time to TRS score maximum effect was 54 min (±51) (n = 15). Mean time to onset of dyskinesia was 41 min (±38) (n = 13).Conclusions: In the PD population, following levodopa/carbidopa microtablet administration in fasting state, the Cmax and AUC0–4/dose were found to be higher compared with results from a previous study in young, healthy subjects. A large between subject variability in response and duration of effect was observed, highlighting the importance of a continuous and individual assessment of motor function in order to optimize treatment effect.
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| 35. |
- Senek, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Motor fluctuations in relation to plasma concentrations following a single-dose of levodopa/carbidopa microtablets in advanced Parkinson's disease
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the levodopa and carbidopa plasma concentration in relation to blinded motor function ratings. This is a part of a study where a Multimodal motor Symptoms Quantification (MuSyQ) platform consisting of three different types of sensors were tested while evoking motor fluctuations with levodopa/car-bidopa (LD/CD) microtablets in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients.Background: Today, dose titration and chronic treatment largely relies on the patient’s subjective assessment of symptoms and clinicians’ assessment of patient status during a visit at the clinic.Methods: This was a single-center, open-label, single dose study in patients experiencing motor fluctuations. Patients were given 150% of their individual levodopa equivalent morning dose. Blood sampling and motor function testing were conducted for up to 6.5 hours at prepecified time points. The patients performed standardized motor activities for clinical rating in accordance with parts of the Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS). Each test cycle was video recorded, and the video sequences were presented to three movement disorder specialists in a randomized order for blinded rating of UPDRS items and the treatment response scale (TRS). Concentration versus time profiles and the pharmacokinetics were compared with a study previously conducted in healthy subjects.Results: Nineteen patients, 14 male and 5 female, were included in the study. The individual LD/CD doses ranged between 110/27.5 mg to 410/102.5 mg. The concentration time profiles are similar to the LD/CD microtablet profiles reported in healthy subjects. The blinded video ratings managed to capture the most distinctive movements.Conclusions: This is the first pharmacokinetic study where patients received LD/CD microtablets. For patients fluctuating from ‘off’ to dyskinetic, the relationship between the plasma concentration and motor function was clearer compared to the patients that fluctuated to a lesser extent.
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| 36. |
- Somayeh, Aghanavesi, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of upper limb motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease using a smartphone
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate methods for quantifying motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) using combined upper limb motor test data collected during tapping and spiral drawing tasks by a smart phone.Background: PD is a multidimensional and complex disorder affecting motor and non motor functionalities. Assessments of PD symptoms are usually done by clinical rating scales. One of them is the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) developed to provide comprehensive, efficient and flexible means to monitor PD-related disability and impairments. It has been the most commonly used rating scale. It is composed of four main parts where the third part is designed for rating of motor symptoms. However, UPDRS has relatively poor inter-rater reliability. Another scale that is used to grade motor function of patients is Treatment Response Scale (TRS). A limitation is that there is no general agreement on which parts of the symptomatology should be included in the TRS score. However, the scales have low intra- and inter-rater reliability and their use is limited, as they are only used during in-clinic observations.Methods: Participants: Nine-teen patients diagnosed with PD and 22 healthy controls were recruited in a single center, open label, single dose clinical observational study in Sweden. Simultaneous clinical- and smartphone-based measures were collected up to 15 times following a single levodopa/carbidopa morning dose (50% over normal to induce dyskinesias).Clinical assessment: Subjects were asked to perform standardized motor tests in accordance with UPDRS and were videotaped. The videos were blindly rated by three movement disorder specialists. The ratings were given based on TRS ranging from -3, 'Very Off' to 0, 'On' to +3, 'Very dyskinetic', three UPDRS motor items (item 23, finger taps; item 25, rapid alternating movements of hands, item 31, body bradykinesia and hypokinesia) and dyskinesia score. Means of the three specialists' assessments per time point on these scales were used in subsequent analysis.Smartphone-based data collection: On each test occasion, the subjects performed upper limb motor tests (tapping and spiral drawings) using a smartphone. The subjects were instructed to perform the tests using an ergonomic pen stylus with the device placed on a table and to be seated in a chair. During tapping tests, the subjects were asked to alternately tap two fields (as shown in the screen of the device) as fast and accurate as possible, using first right hand and then left hand. Each tapping test lasted for 20 seconds. During spiral tests, the subjects were instructed to trace a pre-drawn Archimedes spiral as fast and accurate as possible, using the dominant hand. The spiral test was repeated three times per test occasion. The smartphone recorded both position and time-stamps (in milliseconds) of the pen tip.Data processing and analysis: The raw tapping and spiral data were processed with time series analysis methods, including both time- and frequency-domains methods. Nineteen and 22 spatiotemporal features were extracted from spiral and tapping data, respectively. Features were calculated to represent various kinematic quantities during the motor tests such as acceleration, speed, time delay, and distance. The features from both tapping and spiral data were used in a Principal Component Analysis and 7 principal components (PCs) were retained, which in turn were used as inputs to a Support Vector Machines (SVM) to be mapped to mean clinical ratings. The analyses were performed with a stratified 10-fold cross-validation. Test-retest reliability of the spiral tests were assessed after calculating correlations between the first PCs for the three spiral tests and then calculating the mean of all possible correlations.Results: The correlation coefficients between SVM predictions and mean clinical ratings were as follows: 0.59 for TRS, 0.6 for dyskinesia score, 0.52 for item 23 of UPDRS (finger taps), 0.47 for item 25 of UPDRS (rapid alternating movements of hands), and 0.57 for item 31 of UPDRS (body Bradykinesia and Hypokinesia). The spiral test had a good test-retest reliability with a coefficient of 0.84, indicating that spiral scores are stable and consistent over time. When assessing the ability of the PCs to distinguish between patients and healthy controls the means of 3 out of 7 PCs (PC1, PC2 and PC4) were different between the two groups (p<0.005).Conclusions: The upper limb motor tests of the smartphone were able to capture important and relevant symptom information of the clinical rating scales. The methods for quantifying the upper limb motor symptoms of PD patients: had adequate correlations to clinical ratings were able to differentiate between movements of patients and healthy controls, and(Spiral tests) had good test-retest reliability.
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