| 1. |
- Adamo, Angela, et al.
(författare)
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Star cluster formation and evolution in Mrk 930 : properties of a metal-poor starburst
- 2011
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 415:3, s. 2388-2406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the analysis of the large population of star clusters in the blue compact galaxy (BCG) Mrk 930. The study has been conducted by means of a photometric analysis of multiband data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We have reconstructed the spectral energy distributions of the star clusters and estimated the age, mass and extinction for a representative sample. Similar to previous studies of star clusters in BCGs, we observe a very young cluster population with 70 per cent of the systems formed less than 10 Myr ago. In Mrk 930, the peak in the star cluster age distribution at 4 Myr is corroborated by the presence of Wolf-Rayet spectral features, and by the observed optical and infrared (IR) line ratios [OIII]/H beta and [Ne III]/[Ne II]. The recovered extinction in these very young clusters shows large variations, with a decrease at older ages. It is likely that our analysis is limited to the optically brightest objects (i.e. systems only partially embedded in their natal cocoons; the deeply embedded clusters being undetected). We map the extinction across the galaxy using low-resolution spectra and the H alpha-to-H beta ratio, as obtained from ground-based narrow band imaging. These results are compared with the extinction distribution recovered from the clusters. We find that the mean optical extinction derived in the starburst regions is close to the averaged value observed in the clusters [more than 80 per cent of the systems have E(B - V) <= 0.2mag], but locally, do not trace the more extinguished clusters. Previous HST studies of BCGs have revealed a population of young and extremely red super star clusters. We detect a considerable fraction of clusters affected by a red excess also in Mrk 930. The nature of the red excess, which turns up at near-IR wavelengths (I band and longwards), remains unknown. We compare the cluster formation history and the star formation history, the latter derived from the fit of spectral population synthesis models to the spectra. We find a general agreement between the two independently estimated quantities. Using the cluster properties, we perform a study of the host environmental properties. We find that the cluster formation efficiency (the fraction of star formation happening in clusters) is significantly higher, suggesting a key role of the environment for the formation of these massive objects.
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| 2. |
- Bergvall, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Emission line flux limits in four QSO metal line absorbers
- 1997
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Ingår i: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS. - : SPRINGER VERLAG. - 0004-6361. ; 321:3, s. 771-775
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an effort to detect the early phases of star formation in massive galaxies, we have searched for Ly alpha and [O II]lambda 3727 emission from four QSO metal absorption line systems and possible associated galaxies, using narrow-band filters. None of th
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| 3. |
- Bergvall, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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First detection of Lyman continuum escape from a local starburst galaxy. I. Observations of the luminous blue compact galaxy Haro 11 with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Astronomy & Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 448:513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: The dominating reionization source in the young universe has not yet been identified. Possible candidates include metal poor dwarf galaxies with starburst properties.Aims. We selected an extreme starburst dwarf, the Blue Compact Galaxy Haro 11, with the aim of determining the Lyman continuum escape fraction from UV spectroscopy.Methods. Spectra of Haro 11 were obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). A weak signal shortwards of the Lyman break is identified as Lyman continuum (LyC) emission escaping from the ongoing starburst. From profile fitting to weak metal lines we derive column densities of the low ionization species. Adopting a metallicity typical of the H II regions of Haro 11, these data correspond to a hydrogen column density of ~10^19cm^-2. This relatively high value indicates that most of the LyC photons escape through transparent holes in the interstellar medium. We then use spectral evolutionary models to constrain the escape fraction of the produced LyC photons.Results. Assuming a normal Salpeter initial mass function we obtain a Lyman continuum escape fraction of f_esc˜ 4-10%. We argue that in a hierarchical galaxy formation scenario, the upper limit we derive for the escape rate allows for a substantial contribution to cosmic reionization by starburst dwarf galaxies at high redshifts.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bergvall, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Local starburst galaxies and their descendants Statistics from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
- 2016
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims. Despite strong interest in the starburst phenomenon in extragalactic astronomy, the concept remains ill-defined. Here we use a strict definition of starburst to examine the statistical properties of starburst galaxies in the local universe. We also seek to establish links between starburst galaxies, post-starburst (hereafter postburst) galaxies, and active galaxies.Methods. Data were selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7. We applied a novel method of treating dust attenuation and derive star formation rates, ages, and stellar masses assuming a two-component stellar population model. Dynamical masses are calculated from the width of the H alpha line. These masses agree excellently with the photometric masses. The mass (gas + stars) range is similar to 10(9)-10(11.5) M-circle dot. As a selection criterion for starburst galaxies, we use, the birthrate parameter, b = SFR/< SFR >, requiring that b >= 3. For postburst galaxies, we use, the equivalent width of H delta in absorption with the criterion EWH delta,abs >= 6 angstrom.Results. We find that only 1% of star-forming galaxies are starburst galaxies. They contribute 3 6% to the stellar production and are therefore unimportant for the local star formation activity. The median starburst age is 70 Myr roughly independent of mass, indicating that star formation is mainly regulated by local feedback processes. The b-parameter strongly depends on burst age. Values close to b = 60 are found at ages similar to 10 Myr, while almost no starbursts are found at ages >1 Gyr. The median baryonic burst mass fraction of sub-L* galaxies is 5% and decreases slowly towards high masses. The median mass fraction of the recent burst in the postburst sample is 5-10%. A smaller fraction of the postburst galaxies, however, originates in non-bursting galaxies. The age-mass distribution of the postburst progenitors (with mass fractions >3%) is bimodal with a break at log M (M-circle dot) similar to 10.6, above which the ages are doubled. The starburst and postburst luminosity functions (LFs) follow each other closely until M-r similar to -21, when active galactic nuclei (AGNs) begin to dominate. The postburst LF continues to follow the AGN LF, while starbursts become less significant. This suggests that the number of luminous starbursts is underestimated by about one dex at high luminosities, because of having large amounts of dust and/or being outshone by an AGN. It also indicates that the starburst phase preceded the AGN phase. Finally, we look at the conditions for global gas outflow caused by stellar feedback and find that massive starburst galaxies are susceptible to such outflows.
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| 6. |
- Bergvall, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Lyman continuum leaking galaxies : search strategies and local candidates
- 2013
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 554
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Star-forming dwarf galaxies may have played an important role in the reionization of the Universe, provided that some fraction of their ionizing radiation were able to escape into the intergalactic medium. Local galaxies exhibiting such Lyman-continuum (LyC) leakage could potentially shed light on the escape mechanisms involved, but only two low-redshift cases of LyC leakage have been identified so far. Here, we argue that this meager harvest may be caused by unsuitable selection criteria. Candidates for LyC leakage are normally selected by indicators of starburst activity, one of which is a high equivalent width in H alpha. Such a criterion will guarantee a high production of LyC photons but will also bias the selection in favour of a high column density in the neutral gas, effectively ruling out LyC escape. Aims. In this work we want to investigate whether the lack of local LyC emitters can be caused in part by biased selection criteria, and we present a novel method of selecting targets with high escape fractions. By applying these criteria, we assemble a sample of observation targets to study their basic properties. Methods. We introduce a new selection strategy here where the potential LyC leakers are selected by their blue colours and weak emission lines. The selection is based on data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We also take a closer look at the properties of 8 LyC leaking candidates at z similar to 0.03 which we have observed with ESO/NTT in broadband B and H alpha. Results. We find that 7 of the 8 target galaxies are involved in interaction with neighbours or show signs of mergers. In 7 cases the young stellar population is clearly displaced relative to the main body of these galaxies, often directly bordering the halo region. In about half of our targets the absorption spectra show young post-starburst signatures. Comparing the scale lengths in H alpha with those of the stellar continua shows that the scale lengths in H alpha typically are 30% smaller, which is characteristic of galaxies influenced by ram pressure stripping. We tentatively identify a few mechanisms that could improve the conditions for leakage: 1) the combined effects of ram pressure stripping with supernova winds from young stars formed in the front, 2) merger events that increase the star formation rate and displace stars from gas, 3) starbursts in the centres of post-starburst galaxies, whose previous activity has cleared channels for leakage into the intergalactic medium, and 4) a low dust content. Although our target galaxies are rare species in the local universe, we argue that related types could have played a major role in producing ionizing radiation at high redshifts.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bergvall, Nils
(författare)
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Star Forming Dwarf Galaxies
- 2012
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Ingår i: DWARF GALAXIES. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642220180 ; , s. 175-194
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Star forming dwarf galaxies (SFDGs) have a high gas content and low metallicities, reminiscent of the basic entities in hierarchical galaxy formation scenarios. In the young universe they probably also played a major role in the cosmic reionization. Their abundant presence in the local volume and their youthful character make them ideal objects for detailed studies of the initial stellar mass function (IMF), fundamental star formation processes and its feedback to the interstellar medium. Occasionally we witness SFDGs involved in extreme starbursts, giving rise to strongly elevated production of super star clusters and global superwinds, mechanisms yet to be explored in more detail. SFDGs is the initial state of all dwarf galaxies and the relation to the environment provides us with a key to how different types of dwarf galaxies are emerging. In this review we will put the emphasis on the exotic starburst phase, as it seems less important for present day galaxy evolution but perhaps fundamental in the initial phase of galaxy formation.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bergvall, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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The red haloes of SDSS low surface brightness disc galaxies
- 2010
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 405:4, s. 2697-2716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The faint stellar haloes of galaxies contain key information about the oldest stars and the process of galaxy formation. A previous study of stacked SDSS images of disc galaxies has revealed a halo with an abnormally red r - i colour, seemingly inconsistent with our current understanding of the stellar populations inhabiting stellar haloes. Measurements of this type are, however, plagued by large uncertainties which calls for follow-up studies. Here, we investigate the statistical properties of the faint envelopes of low surface brightness disc galaxies to look for further support for a red excess. A total of 1510 nearly edge-on, bulgeless low surface brightness galaxies were selected from the SDSS Data Release 5, rescaled to the same apparent size, aligned and stacked. This procedure allows us to reach a surface brightness of mu(r) similar to 31 mag arcsec-2. After a careful assessment of instrumental light scattering effects in the stacked images, we derive median and average radial surface brightness and colour profiles in g, r and i. The sample is then divided into three subsamples according to g - r colour. All three samples exhibit a red colour excess in r - i in the thick disc/halo region. The halo colours of the full sample, g - r = 0.60 +/- 0.15 and r - i = 0.80 +/- 0.15, are found to be incompatible with the colours of any normal type of stellar population. The fact that no similar colour anomaly is seen at comparable surface brightness levels along the disc rules out a sky subtraction residual as the source of the extreme colours. A number of possible explanations for these abnormally red haloes are discussed. We find that two different scenarios - dust extinction of extragalactic background light and a stellar population with a very bottom-heavy initial mass function - appear to be broadly consistent with our observations and with similar red excesses reported in the haloes of other types of galaxies.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bergvall, Nils
(författare)
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Universums medvetande
- 2005
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Ingår i: Hjärnstrom.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Cumming, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Stellar kinematics in blue compact galaxies
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a programme of observations of local luminous blue compact galaxies (BCGs), we are investigating kinematics by using tracers of both stars and ionized gas. Here we summarise our program and present new data on the local Lyman break galaxy analogue Haro 11. From spatially-resolved spectroscopy around the near-infrared Ca II triplet, we find that its stars and ionized gas have similar velocity fields. Our programme so far indicates however that emission line velocities can differ locally by a few tens of km/s from the Ca II values. Comparing our data to simple stellar population models, we assess which stellar population the Ca II triplet traces and its potential beyond the local universe.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Leitet, Elisabet, et al.
(författare)
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Escape of Lyman continuum radiation from local galaxies : Detection of leakage from the young starburst Tol 1247-232
- 2013
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 553
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. It has been suggested that the escape fraction of hydrogen ionizing photons (f(esc)) from galaxies is evolving with time, but the picture is far from clear. While evidence for significant escape fractions has been found at high redshifts in several studies, the picture looks different in the closer universe. The lack of local detections could in principle be a combined effect of an evolving escape fraction, the low number galaxies observed, the selection criteria of these targets, and technical problems associated with the instrument best adapted for low redshift targets, the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Aims. In an attempt to tackle the last of these effects, we apply a new background routine developed for FUSE data to study galaxies from the archive in search of possible Lyman continuum (LyC) leakage. In the process, for the first time a stacked spectrum in the LyC has been produced for local galaxies. With this small sample, we also make a more tentative approach to looking for possible correlations between f(esc) and physical parameters, such as internal absorption E(B - V)(i), mass, H I mass, specific star formation rate (SSFR), metallicity, and Ly alpha emission. Methods. Eight star forming galaxies with redshifts z > 0.015 from the FUSE archive were re-examined. Also, a subsample of an additional four galaxies with lower redshifts were included, for which the escape fraction was estimated from residual flux in the low ionization interstellar C II lambda 1036 angstrom line. Results. Out of the eight galaxies, only one was found to have significant LyC leakage, Tol 1247-232 (S/N = 5.2). This is the second detection of a leaking galaxy in the local universe. From the first case, Haro 11, we derive an intrinsic Lyman break amplitude for starbursts at this young age of (f(1500) (angstrom)/f(900) (angstrom))(int) = 1.5(-0.5)(+0.6), which gives an absolute escape fraction for Tol 1247-232 of f(esc) = 2.4(-0.8)(+0.9) %. Tol 1247-232 exhibits an extremely blue far-UV slope reminiscent of high redshift LyC leaking galaxies, and although it does not classify as an AGN in the BPT diagram or by other available diagnostics, a minor AGN cannot be completely excluded. The stacked sample shows an excess in the LyC with f(esc) = 1.4(-0.5)(+0.6) %, but we note that there might be important selection biases involved, since the galaxies were originally handpicked for their star forming qualities. With the small sample, we suggest a possible trend toward higher f(esc) with lower mass and with enhanced SSFR. None of the galaxies with high values of E(B - V)(i) were found to show any sign of leakage.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Leitet, Elisabet
(författare)
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On the Escape of Lyman Radiation from Local Galaxies
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cosmic reionization was most likely initiated by star forming dwarf galaxies. Little is known about the physical mechanisms allowing ionizing Lyman continuum (LyC) photons to escape from galaxies, but to learn more we can study local galaxies in detail. Until now, there has however only been one claim of a local LyC leaking galaxy, the disputed case of Haro 11.The lack of local detections could in part be a combined effect of technical problems and search strategies. Re-examining the FUSE (Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer) data of Haro 11 led us to develop a new model for the spectral reduction, by which we could confirm an escape fraction of LyC photons (fesc) of 3.3±0.7%. In addition, eight more galaxies from the FUSE archive were examined leading to a new detection, Tol 1247-232, with fesc = 2.4±0.5%. The low value derived from the stacked spectrum of the whole sample, fesc = 1.4±0.4%, could be an indication of an evolving fesc scenario and/or an effect of probing the wrong targets.Local LyC candidates are normally selected among starburst galaxies with high equivalent widths in Hα. This can however give preference to ionization bounded H II regions with low escape fractions. In an attempt to overcome this selection bias, we developed a novel method to select LyC leaking galaxies. The selection is based on a blue continuum and weak emission lines, properties that in combination can be explained only by models with very high fesc. Using these criteria, we selected a sample of leaking candidates at z≈0.03 to be observed in Hα and Johnson B filters. The sample galaxies have properties that strongly favour leakage. Among these are clear signs of mergers and interaction with neighbouring galaxies, off-centre major star forming regions and spectral properties indicating previous starburst activity.The Lyman-alpha (Lyα) line is often used as a tracer for the distant galaxies believed to have reionized the universe. Here, for the first time local face-on spiral galaxies are studied in Lyα imaging. All three galaxies are emitting Lyα photons in the polar direction far out in the spiral arms, in clear contrast to previously studied irregular galaxies where strong emission is seen from the nuclei. If the small sample studied here is representative, it will have implications for detecting Lyα galaxies at high redshifts as it would depend strongly on the viewing angle.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Marquart, Thomas
(författare)
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Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies : Internal motions and evolution
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study of dwarf galaxies is important in order to better understand the physics of the young universe and how larger galaxies form and evolve. In this work we focus on Blue Compact Galaxies (BCGs) which havemuch enhanced star formation (starbursts), causing blue colours and strong emission line spectra.Investigating of the inner motions of BCGs provides a means for determining masses and understanding what triggered the current starburst. We have used the Very Large Telescope to perform challenging observations of the stellar motions in several BCGs, as seen in the near-infrared Ca-triplet absorption lines. By comparing these to the kinematics of the ionized interstellar medium, we were able to look into the role of feeback from stellar winds and supernova explosions, as well as further strengthen the notion that the merging of galaxies plays an important role.Spatially resolved spectroscopy can yield information about the 3D-structure of galaxies. We have used a Fabry-Perot interferometer to study the kinematics of the interstellar medium in two samples of galaxies, each containing about twenty objects. We find strong indications for ongoing galaxy mergers that correlate well with the strength of the star-formation activity. Furthermore, by estimating dynamical masses, BCGs are shown to be on average not dynamically supported by rotation.In addition, we have used data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to study the frequency of starbursts in the local universe and the connection to their descendants. We selected starbursts by the strength of emission in H-alpha, the first Balmer recombination line, and post-starbursts by the strength of absorption in H-delta. These are indicators of currently ongoing and recent, on the order of 100 Myr, star-formation, respectively. By modelling the stellar populations we derive ages and masses and can establish a link between starbursts and postbursts in a time sequence. We find that starbursts are active on a 100 Myr timescale but are rare objects in the local universe.
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| 24. |
- Marquart, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Star-gas decoupling and a non-rotating stellar core in He 2-10. : Integral field spectroscopy with FLAMES/ARGUS
- 2007
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 474:L9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: We study the two-dimensional distribution and kinematics of the stellar and gaseous components in the centre of the blue compact dwarf galaxy He 2-10. The aim is to compare the kinematics of gas and stars in order to determine whether they are consistent with one another, or if stars and gas can be decoupled due to gravitational perturbations and feedback from star formation. Methods: We have used the integral field unit ARGUS, part of FLAMES on the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, to target the Ca ii λλ8498,8542,8662 Å triplet in the central 300 × 480 parsecs of He 2-10. The selected wavelength regime includes several prominent spectral features, including the Paschen series and the [S iii] emission-line, which we have used to derive the kinematics of the ionised interstellar medium. Results: We find no systematic trend in the velocities of the stars over the observed field of view and conclude that the stellar kinematics is governed by random motions. This is in contrast to the motions the ionised interstellar medium, where we find spatial velocity variations up to 60 km s-1. Our gas velocity field is consistent with previous studies of both the molecular gas and the feedback-driven outflow in He 2-10. We interpret the kinematic decoupling between the stars and the gas as He 2-10 being in the process of transformation to a dwarf elliptical galaxy.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Marquart, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The Kinematics of Extended Hα Emission in Blue Compact Galaxies
- 2007
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Ingår i: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ; , s. 321-321
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blue Compact Galaxies are gas-rich systems with strong star formation and spectra that are dominated by young stars and emission lines. Many are true starburts in the sense that the gas consumption timescales are short. The trigger of the starburst is poorly understood, although mergers are likely to play a role. We have observed a large sample (∼50) of low-z emission-line galaxies with a Fabry-Perot instrument, targeting the H-alpha line at high spectral and spatial resolution. Here, we present a small subsample of objects where we detect emission to large radii in the objects. The near-spherical outer isophotes indicate a central ionising source. In addition, the kinematics of the extended emission is different from that of the central starburst, strengthening the hypothesis of a merging event, triggering the central burst while the surrounding gas is still rather undisturbed. We use additional data from own observations and from the literature to quantify the ionising radiation, as well as to estimate the mass in gas and stars that is compared to the dynamical mass.
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| 27. |
- Mattsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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ESO 546-G34 : the most-metal-poor, low surface brightness galaxy?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966 .- 1745-3925. ; 415:1, s. L54-L58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a re-analysis of spectroscopic data for 23 H(II) regions in 12 blue, metal-poor, low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs), taking advantage of recent developments in calibrating strong-line methods. In doing so, we have identified a galaxy (ESO 546-G34) which may be the most-metal-poor LSBG found in the local Universe. Furthermore, we find evidence that blue, metal-poor LSBGs, together with blue compact galaxies (BCGs) and many other HII galaxies, fall outside the regular luminosity-metallicity relation. This suggests that there might be an evolutionary connection between LSBGs and BCGs. In such cases, several very metal poor LSBGs should exist in the local Universe.
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| 28. |
- Mattsson, Lars, 1974-
(författare)
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On the Winds of Carbon Stars and the Origin of Carbon : A Theoretical Study
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Carbon is the basis for life, as we know it, but its origin is still largely unclear. Carbon-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars (carbon stars) play an important rôle in the cosmic matter cycle and may contribute most of the carbon in the Galaxy. In this thesis it is explored how the dust-driven mass loss of these stars depends on the basic stellar parameters by computing a large grid of wind models. The existence of a critical wind regime and mass-loss thresholds for dust-driven winds are confirmed. Furthermore, a steep dependence of mass loss on carbon excess is found. Exploratory work on the effects of different stellar metallicities and the sizes of dust grains shows that strong dust-driven winds develop also at moderately low metallicities, and that typical sizes of dust grains affect the wind properties near a mass-loss threshold. It is demonstrated that the mass-loss rates obtained with the wind models have dramatic consequences when used in models of carbon-star evolution. A pronounced superwind develops soon after the star becomes carbon rich, and it therefore experiences only a few thermal pulses as a carbon star before the envelope is lost. The number of dredge-up events and the thermal pulses is limited by a self-regulating mechanism: each thermal pulse dredges up carbon, which increases the carbon excess and hence also the mass-loss rate. In turn, this limits the number of thermal pulses. The mass-loss evolution during a thermal pulse (He-shell flash) is considered as an explanation of the observations of so-called detached shells around carbon stars. By combining models of dust-driven winds with a stellar evolution model, and a simple hydrodynamic model of the circumstellar envelope, it is shown that wind properties change character during a He-shell flash such that a thin detached gas shell can form by wind-wind interaction. Finally, it is suggested that carbon stars are responsible for much of the carbon in the interstellar medium, but a scenario where high-mass stars are major carbon producers cannot be excluded. In either case, however, the carbon abundances of the outer Galactic disc are relatively low, and most of the carbon has been released quite recently. Thus, there may neither be enough carbon, nor enough time, for more advanced carbon-based life to emerge in the outer Galaxy. This lends some support to the idea that only the mid-part of the Galactic disc can be a “Galactic habitable zone”, since the inner parts of the Galaxy are plagued by frequent supernova events that are presumably harmful to all forms of life.
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| 29. |
- Menacho, Veronica, et al.
(författare)
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Ionized gas properties of the extreme starburst galaxy Haro 11 - temperature and metal abundance discrepancies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 506:2, s. 1777-1800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use high quality VLT/MUSE data to study the kinematics and the ionized gas properties of Haro 11, a well-known starburst merger system and the closest confirmed Lyman continuum leaking galaxy. We present results from integrated line maps, and from maps in three velocity bins comprising the blueshifted, systemic, and redshifted emission. The kinematic analysis reveals complex velocities resulting from the interplay of virial motions and momentum feedback. Star formation happens intensively in three compact knots (knots A, B, and C), but one, knot C, dominates the energy released in supernovae. The halo is characterized by low gas density and extinction, but with large temperature variations, coincident with fast shock regions. Moreover, we find large temperature discrepancies in knot C, when using different temperature-sensitive lines. The relative impact of the knots in the metal enrichment differs. While knot B is strongly enriching its closest surrounding, knot C is likely the main distributor of metals in the halo. In knot A, part of the metal enriched gas seems to escape through low density channels towards the south. We compare the metallicities from two methods and find large discrepancies in knot C, a shocked area, and the highly ionized zones, that we partially attribute to the effect of shocks. This work shows, that traditional relations developed from averaged measurements or simplified methods, fail to probe the diverse conditions of the gas in extreme environments. We need robust relations that include realistic models where several physical processes are simultaneously at work.
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| 30. |
- Menacho, Veronica, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of stellar feedback from velocity-dependent ionized gas maps - a MUSE view of Haro 11
- 2019
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 487:3, s. 3183-3198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have used the capability of the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) instrument to explore the impact of stellar feedback at large scales in Haro 11, a galaxy under extreme starburst condition and one of the first galaxies where Lyman continuum (LyC) has been detected. Using H alpha, [O III] lambda 5007, and [O I]) lambda 6300 emission lines from deep MUSE observations, we have constructed a sequence of velocity-dependent maps of the H alpha emission, the state of the ionized gas, and a tracer of fast shocks. These allowed us to investigate the ionization structure of the galaxy in 50 km s(-1) bins over a velocity range of -400 to 350 km s(-1). The ionized gas in Haro 11 is assembled by a rich arrangement of structures, such as superbubbles, filaments, arcs, and galactic ionized channels, whose appearances change drastically with velocity. The central star-forming knots and the star-forming dusty arm are the main engines that power the strong mechanical feedback in this galaxy, although with different impact on the ionization structure. Haro 11 appears to leak LyC radiation in many directions. We found evidence of a kpc-scale fragmented superbubble that may have cleared galactic scale channels in the ISM. Additionally, the Southwestern hemisphere is highly ionized in all velocities, hinting at a density hound scenario. A compact kpc-scale structure of lowly ionized gas coincides with the diffuse Ly alpha emission and the presence of fast shocks. Finally, we find evidence that a significant fraction of the ionized gas mass may escape the gravitational potential of the galaxy.
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| 31. |
- Micheva, Genoveva, et al.
(författare)
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A Super-Deep Study of the Outskirts of Haro 11
- 2010
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Ingår i: Hunting for the dark: The hidden side of galaxy formation. - New York : American Institute of Physics. - 9780735407862 ; , s. 295-296
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The low surface brightness host of Haro 11 has been observed to have anomalously red optical/NIR colors of V-K = 4.2+/-0.8 [1]. Predictions from current stellar evolutionary models for any normal stellar population over a wide range of metallicities are inconsistent with this color. We present the deepest V and K band observations to date of Haro 11 and derive a new V-K color for the host galaxy. Our new data suggest a far less extreme colour of V-K = 2.3+/-0.2, which is perfectly consistent with the expectations for an old host galaxy with the same metallicity as that derived from nebular emission lines in the star-forming center.
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| 32. |
- Micheva, Genoveva, et al.
(författare)
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Deep multiband surface photometry on a sample of 24 blue compact galaxies - I
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 431:1, s. 102-144
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present deep optical and near-infrared (NIR) UBVRIHKs imaging data for 24 blue compact galaxies (BCGs). The individual exposure times are on average similar to 40 min in the optical (B) and similar to 90 min in the NIR, but on occasion up to similar to 5 h for a single target and filter, observed with 2.5, 3.5, 8.2-m telescopes. The sample contains luminous dwarf and intermediate-mass BCGs which are predominantly metal poor, although a few have near-solar metallicities. We have analysed isophotal and elliptical integration surface brightness and colour profiles, extremely deep (mu(B) less than or similar to 29 mag arcsec(-2)) contour maps and RGB images for each galaxy in the sample, and provide a morphological classification where such is missing. Separating the burst from the underlying host we find that regardless of the total luminosity the host galaxy has the properties of a low surface brightness (LSB) dwarf with M-B greater than or similar to -18. For a number of galaxies we discover a distinct LSB component dominant around and beyond the Holmberg radius. For the specific case of ESO 400-43A&B we detect an optical bridge between the two companion galaxies at the mu(V) similar to 28th mag arcsec(-2) isophotal level. Synthetic disc tests are performed to verify that we can trace such faint components with negligible errors down to mu(B) = 28 and mu(K) = 23 mag arcsec(-2). By examining the structural parameters (central surface brightness mu(0) and scalelength h(r)) derived from two radial ranges typically assumed to be dominated by the underlying host galaxy, we demonstrate the importance of sampling the host well away from the effects of the burst. We find that mu(0) and h(r) of the BCGs host deviate from those of dwarf ellipticals (dEs) and dwarf irregulars (dI) solely due to a strong burst contribution to the surface brightness profile almost down to the Holmberg radius. Structural parameters obtained from a fainter region, mu(B) = 26-28 mag arcsec(-2), are consistent with those of true LSB galaxies for the starbursting BCGs in our sample, and with dEs and dIs for the BCGs with less vigorous star formation.
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| 33. |
- Micheva, Genoveva, et al.
(författare)
-
Deep multiband surface photometry on a sample of 24 blue compact galaxies - I
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 431:1, s. 102-144
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present deep optical and near-infrared (NIR) UBVRIHKs imaging data for 24 blue compact galaxies (BCGs). The individual exposure times are on average similar to 40 min in the optical (B) and similar to 90 min in the NIR, but on occasion up to similar to 5 h for a single target and filter, observed with 2.5, 3.5, 8.2-m telescopes. The sample contains luminous dwarf and intermediate-mass BCGs which are predominantly metal poor, although a few have near-solar metallicities. We have analysed isophotal and elliptical integration surface brightness and colour profiles, extremely deep (mu(B) less than or similar to 29 mag arcsec(-2)) contour maps and RGB images for each galaxy in the sample, and provide a morphological classification where such is missing. Separating the burst from the underlying host we find that regardless of the total luminosity the host galaxy has the properties of a low surface brightness (LSB) dwarf with M-B greater than or similar to -18. For a number of galaxies we discover a distinct LSB component dominant around and beyond the Holmberg radius. For the specific case of ESO 400-43A&B we detect an optical bridge between the two companion galaxies at the mu(V) similar to 28th mag arcsec(-2) isophotal level. Synthetic disc tests are performed to verify that we can trace such faint components with negligible errors down to mu(B) = 28 and mu(K) = 23 mag arcsec(-2). By examining the structural parameters (central surface brightness mu(0) and scalelength h(r)) derived from two radial ranges typically assumed to be dominated by the underlying host galaxy, we demonstrate the importance of sampling the host well away from the effects of the burst. We find that mu(0) and h(r) of the BCGs host deviate from those of dwarf ellipticals (dEs) and dwarf irregulars (dI) solely due to a strong burst contribution to the surface brightness profile almost down to the Holmberg radius. Structural parameters obtained from a fainter region, mu(B) = 26-28 mag arcsec(-2), are consistent with those of true LSB galaxies for the starbursting BCGs in our sample, and with dEs and dIs for the BCGs with less vigorous star formation.
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| 34. |
- Micheva, Genoveva, et al.
(författare)
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Deep multiband surface photometry on a sample of 24 blue compact galaxies II. A volume-limited sample of 21 emission line galaxies
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 556, s. A10-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims. We present deep surface photometry of a volume-limited sample of 21 UM emission line galaxies in broadband optical UBVRI and near infrared (NIR) HKs filters. The sample comprises 19 blue compact galaxies (BCGs) and two spirals. Methods. We separated the burst and host populations for each galaxy and compared them to stellar evolutionary models with and without nebular emission contribution. We measured and analyzed the A(180) asymmetry in all filters, the concentration index C, the scale length, and the central surface brightness of the host galaxy. Results. A shift in the average A180 asymmetry is detected from optical to NIR. This shift seems correlated with the morphological class of the BCGs. Using the color-asymmetry relation, we identify five BCGs in the sample as mergers, which is confirmed by their morphological class. Though clearly separated from normal galaxies in the concentration-asymmetry parameter space, we find that it is not possible to distinguish luminous starbursting BCGs from the merely star forming low luminosity BCGs.
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| 35. |
- Micheva, Genoveva, et al.
(författare)
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Deep V and K band photometry of the host galaxy of Haro 11
- 2009
-
Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Previous studies of the host galaxy of Haro 11 have suggested an extreme red color of V-K=4.2+-0.8 which cannot be reconciled with any normal stellar population of reasonable metallicity. We present the deepest V and K band data to date of the blue compact galaxy (BCG) Haro 11 and derive a new V-K color for the host. Our new data suggest a much more modest value of V-K=2.3+-0.2, which is in the same range as V-K colors measured for several other BCGs. The new Haro 11 color is not abnormally red and can be attributed to an old metal-poor stellar population with a Salpeter initial mass function.
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| 36. |
- Micheva, Genoveva, et al.
(författare)
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The faint outskirts of the blue compact galaxy Haro 11 : is there a red excess?
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 405:2, s. 1203-1211
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies of the low surface brightness host of the blue compact galaxy (BCG) Haro 11 have suggested an abnormally red colour of V - K = 4.2 +/- 0.8 for the host galaxy. This colour is inconsistent with any normal stellar population over a wide range of stellar metallicities (Z = 0.001-0.02). Similar though less extreme host colours have been measured for other BCGs and may be reconciled with population synthesis models, provided that the stellar metallicity of the host is higher than that of the ionized gas in the central starburst. We present the deepest V- and K-band observations to date of Haro 11 and derive a new V - K colour for the host galaxy. Our new data suggest a far less extreme colour of V - K = 2.3 +/- 0.2, which is perfectly consistent with the expectations for an old host galaxy with the same metallicty as that derived from nebular emission lines in the star-forming centre.
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| 37. |
- Mizuno-Wiedner, Michelle, et al.
(författare)
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Age Constraints for Blue LSBGs
- 2001
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Ingår i: Astrophysics and Space Science Supplement. - : Dordrecht , The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 1402000014 ; , s. 343-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 38. |
- Näslund, Magnus, 1959-
(författare)
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Deep photometry of galaxies : to see or not to see /Magnus Näslund
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4565 and the distant galaxy cluster MS2255.7+2039 have been studied at optical wavelengths with deep photometry using the 2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope on La Palma.By careful data reductions we traced the surface brightness of NGC 4565 to faint levels. The vertical colour profiles display a reddening in the dust lane close to the galactic plane and a hint of a reddening at large galactic heights. The presence of the previously detected photometric thick disk was confirmed. The radial colour profiles show a clear transition from the relatively red inner region to the bluer outer parts of the thin disk. This is to some extent explained by the prominent dust lane that is present in this galaxy, which causes a reddening of the inner regions.We have found, with our deep photometry, that there is no wavelength dependence of the apparent disk bending in NGC 4565. We conclude that the evidence in favour of the proposed magnetic-field hypothesis for the generation of warps is weakened.We have confirmed, by tracing the radial luminosity profiles, the clear disk cutoff found in previous studies. Outside the optical disk a faint optical counterpart to the gaseous warp was found. This is, to our knowledge, the first detection of such a structure. This warp was subsequently observed in greater detail in two wavelength bands (B and V). With the colour information, a crude estimate of the age could be achieved by use of the results from stellar-population synthesis.The results obtained for NGC 4565 fit into a picture where infall of gas, continuously or in lumps, is responsible for the warp, and furthermore makes the outer disk bluer by triggering star formation.Modelling of the light distribution revealed no clear signs of an optical halo component, as that detected in NGC 5907. This could in part be explained by the more complex structure of NGC 4565. A mass model was made from three components; a bulge, a disk, and a dark-matter halo. Although the luminous disk is dominating in the inner regions, the extended rotation curve assures that the dark-matter halo provides the largest mass.The luminosity function of the galaxy cluster MS2255.7+2039, at redshift z = 0.288, was determined. By modelling the galaxy population we converted the isophotal magnitudes to total magnitudes. The luminosity function was found to increase steeply at the faint end (M_R > -19), similar to the luminosity functions of more nearby clusters.
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| 39. |
- Olivo, Martino
(författare)
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Neutrino emission from high-energy component gamma-ray bursts
- 2010
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are brief and sudden explosions radiating most of their energy in the soft γ-ray band ( 100 keV). In the context of multimessenger astroparticle physics recent observations of GRBs provide an excellent benchmark for testing theoretical models of high energy emission mechanisms. Acceleration of hadrons in the engine is expected to produce high energy neutrinos and gamma-rays simultaneously via π±/π0 decays, thus reinforcing the motivation for coincident searches in km3 neutrino telescopes. The Waxman-Bachall spectra and the corresponding expected neutrino rates in IceCube are derived here for GRB090510 amd GRB090902B recently detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. The implications of the significant detection of deviations from the Band function fit in photon spectra and a model that explains these extra-components in terms of π0-decay photons are presented here and the relevance to neutrino astronomy is shown.
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| 40. |
- Pardy, Stephen A., et al.
(författare)
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Detection Of H I In Emission In The LY Alpha Emitting Galaxy Haro 11
- 2016
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-6256 .- 1538-3881. ; 152:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the first robust detection of H I 21 cm emission in the blue compact galaxy Haro 11 using the 100 m Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT). Haro 11 is a luminous blue compact galaxy with emission in both Ly alpha and the Lyman continuum. We detect (5.1 +/- 0.7 x 10(8)) M-circle dot of H I gas at an assumed distance of 88 Mpc, making this galaxy H I deficient compared to other local galaxies with similar optical properties. Given this small H I mass, Haro 11 has an elevated MH2/MH I ratio and a very low gas fraction compared to most local galaxies, and contains twice as much mass in ionized hydrogen as in neutral hydrogen. The H I emission has a linewidth of 71 km s(-1) and is offset 60 km s(-1) redward of the optical line center. It is undergoing a starburst after a recent merger that has elevated the star formation rate, and will deplete the gas supply in <0.2 Gyr. Although this starburst has elevated the star formation rate (SFR) compared to galaxies with similar H I masses and line widths, Haro 11 matches a trend of lower gas fractions toward higher SFRs and is below the general trend of increasing H I mass with increasing luminosity. Taken together, our results paint Haro 11 as a standard low-mass galaxy that is undergoing an unusually efficient star formation episode.
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| 41. |
- Puschnig, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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The Lyman continuum escape and ISM properties in Tololo 1247-232-new insights from HST and VLA
- 2017
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 469:3, s. 3252-3269
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low- and intermediate-mass galaxies are widely discussed as cause of reionization at redshift z similar to 10-6. However, observational proof of galaxies that are leaking ionizing radiation (Lyman continuum; LyC) is a currently ongoing challenge and the list of LyC emitting candidates is still short. Tololo 1247-232 is among those very few galaxies with recently reported leakage. We performed intermediate resolution ultraviolet spectroscopy with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope and confirm ionizing radiation emerging from Tololo 1247-232. Adopting an improved data reduction procedure, we find that LyC escapes from the central stellar clusters, with an escape fraction of 1.5 +/- 0.5 per cent only, i.e. the lowest value reported for the galaxy so far. We further make use of far-ultraviolet absorption lines of Si II and Si IV as a probe of the neutral and ionized interstellar medium ( ISM). We find that most of the ISM gas is ionized, likely facilitating LyC escape from density bounded regions. Neutral gas covering as a function of line-of-sight velocity is derived using the apparent optical depth method. The ISM is found to be sufficiently clumpy, supporting the direct escape of LyC photons. We further report on broad-band UV and optical continuum imaging as well as narrow-band imaging of Lya, Ha and H beta. Using stellar population synthesis, an Lya escape fraction of 8 per cent was derived. We also performed Very Large Array 21cm imaging. The hydrogen hyperfine transition was not detected, but a deep upper limit atomic gas mass of less than or similar to 10(9) M-circle dot could be derived. The upper limit gas fraction defined as M-HI/M-* is only 20 per cent. Evidence is found that the HI gas halo is relatively small compared to the Lyman Alpha Reference Sample (Hayes et al. 2013, 2014; Ostlin et al. 2014).
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Villforth, C., et al.
(författare)
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Variability and stability in blazar jets on time-scales of years : optical polarization monitoring of OJ 287 in 2005-2009
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 402:3, s. 2087-2111
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OJ 287 is a BL Lac object at redshift z = 0.306 that has shown double-peaked bursts at regular intervals of similar to 12 yr during the last similar to 40 yr. We analyse optical photopolarimetric monitoring data from 2005 to 2009, during which the latest double-peaked outburst occurred. The aim of this study is twofold: firstly, we aim to analyse variability patterns and statistical properties of the optical polarization light curve. We find a strong preferred position angle in optical polarization. The preferred position angle can be explained by separating the jet emission into two components: an optical polarization core and chaotic jet emission. The optical polarization core is stable on time-scales of years and can be explained as emission from an underlying quiescent jet component. The chaotic jet emission sometimes exhibits a circular movement in the Stokes plane. We find six such events, all on the time-scales of 10-20 d. We interpret these events as a shock front moving forwards and backwards in the jet, swiping through a helical magnetic field. Secondly, we use our data to assess different binary black hole models proposed to explain the regularly appearing double-peaked bursts in OJ 287. We compose a list of requirements a model has to fulfil to explain the mysterious behaviour observed in OJ 287. The list includes not only characteristics of the light curve but also other properties of OJ 287, such as the black hole mass and restrictions on accretion flow properties. We rate all existing models using this list and conclude that none of the models is able to explain all observations. We discuss possible new explanations and propose a new approach to understanding OJ 287. We suggest that both the double-peaked bursts and the evolution of the optical polarization position angle could be explained as a sign of resonant accretion of magnetic field lines, a 'magnetic breathing' of the disc.
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