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Sökning: WFRF:(Berlin Cecilia)

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1.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Comparing 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluation of workplaces
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Creating Sustainable Work Environments. - : NEHF (Norwegian society for Ergonomics and Human Factors). - 9788299574754 ; , s. A3-11-A3-15
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluating workplaces. The comparison focus on differences in the comments when evaluation with 2D and 3D models. The results make strong indication that overall layout, line of sight and space are perceived differently in 2D and 3D models.
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2.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Comparing 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluation of workplaces
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: NORDIC ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluating workplaces. The comparison focus on different given in the comments when evaluation with 2D and 3D models. The results make strong indication that overall layout, line of sight and space are perceived differently in 2D and 3D models.
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3.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • The power of the dollhouse : Comparing the use of full-scale, 1:16-scale and virtual 3D-models for user evaluation of workstation design
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 68, s. 344-354
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The benefits of having users evaluate product or workplace design during the development process are well known. This is often achieved by letting users interact with one or more models of the design proposal, in order to elicit feedback. The issue for product developers is to choose what type(s) of models to use (from paper drawings to physical or virtual mock-ups or fully working prototypes) and when to use them in the development process, while making optimal use of resources like time, money and personnel.This paper compares three types of simple three-dimensional (3D) models (1:1 scale, 1:16 scale and CAD) representing a ship bridge workstation, examining what kind of feedback they elicit in a design evaluation with representative users. Participants were asked to assess the proposed design and to compare the models' relative merits. The study found that while all three types of 3D models elicited several types of useful design feedback, there were differences in both quantity and content of the feedback elicited by each model type. The physical models elicited more feedback than the CAD model, both regarding content richness (direct and indirect design feedback) and quantity. The tangibility of the models seems to greatly influence acceptance and credibility.
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4.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Using 2D and 3D models as tools during a workplace design process : a question of how and when
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference. - Copenhagen, Denmark : Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, DTU. ; , s. 799-804
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The benefits of involving users in a development process are well described. This paper describes a procedure for using 2D and 3D models in a workplace design process, which is based on three rounds of user studies within the maritime domain. The process includes various kinds of models that can be used in order to elicit design feedback in a cost-effective manner. Design teams can greatly benefit from using such mediating objects to draw out the users’ previous experiences. It was found that different model types allow different levels of reflection and questioning of the design from the prospective users.
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5.
  • Österman, Cecilia, 1971, et al. (författare)
  • Enabling end-user participation in ship design
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference - Wellbeing and Innovation Through Ergonomics. - 9789514295416 ; , s. 243-248
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The globalized nature of the shipping industry poses challenges to a traditional set-up of a collaborativedesign and development team involving end-users. The present study explores aspects of end-user involvement and three different 3D models’ abilities to act as boundary objects in a ship design process.The preliminary results indicate that the evaluation methods and representations used in the study produced valuable design feedback. With relatively small means, the procedure supports the benefits of employee participation, contributing to a safe and efficient ship design and subsequent operation.
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6.
  • Österman, Cecilia, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • Involving users in a ship bridge re-design process using scenarios and mock-up models
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 53, s. 236-244
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The context for this study is the maritime domain and the design of shipboard workspaces. Due to the globalized nature of shipping, the traditional approach to a participative ergonomics process can be a logistical challenge since stakeholders like designers, manufacturers and operators are often scattered both geographically and organizationally.The participative design study presented in this paper addresses this challenge by exploring the ability of three types of simple three-dimensional (3D) models to act as mediating objects for representative users in order to elicit design feedback in a use scenario workshop format. The study found that all three types of 3D models, when coupled with a scenario description, elicited several types of useful design feedback that served not only as direct input to changing proposed design parameters, but also as an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team to gain insight into the lives and challenges of their users, who both work and live on board.Relevance to industry: The paper presents a procedure for a participatory design process in the maritime domain where the involved stakeholders are geographically and organizationally dispersed. Mock-up models coupled with use scenario descriptions elicited useful design feedback and an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team.
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7.
  • Babapour Chafi, Maral, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Ergonomics of Office Work in a VR Environment: A State-of-the-art Literature Review
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Conference Proceedings of the 51st NES Conference: Work Well - Ergonomics in an unpredictable world. - 9789150629750
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Virtual Reality (VR) holds promise as a potential professional work tool – one such potential is to support office work tasks. VR is a simulated environment accessed via head-mounted displays and hand-controlled devices for interacting with the virtual interface. This paper aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of empirical research on VR-based office work, focusing on ergonomics. A structured literature database search and criteria-based exclusion led to a total of 5 papers addressing office work in a VR environment. The research on VR-based office work identifies potentials and drawbacks relevant to consider for future research and developments. The identified studies examine technical solutions, task performance, user experience and comfort when using VR-based solutions. The fast pace of technology development, e.g lighter headsets, increased field of vision and screen resolution, new controls, and the emerging plethora of new software may resolve many identified challenges, while perhaps introducing new problems.
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8.
  • Barletta, Ilaria Giovanna, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • A Methodology to Align Core Manufacturing Capabilities with Sustainable Manufacturing Strategies
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 69, s. 242-247
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • How do core business and manufacturing capabilities enable strategies for sustainable manufacturing, and what are those capabilities? This paper proposes a Capability Methodology for Sustainable Manufacturing (CMSM) for allowing top management of manufacturing companies to address these questions. A diagnostic tool was developed from three case studies based on a set of interview questions aimed at identifying core capabilities and sustainability issues in manufacturing companies. Interview data was coded and mapped through a relational matrix formulation that describes four archetypes for the development of sustainability strategies. The matrix maps the degree of complexity of the sustainability concept as understood by the company, and the scope of the product life cycle being considered. It is argued that the methodology helps bring awareness to managers of any gaps or mismatches between their actual core capabilities and the desired outcomes for sustainable manufacturing.
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9.
  • Barletta, Ilaria Giovanna, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Prerequisites for a high-level framework to design sustainable plants in the e-waste supply chain
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 29, s. 633-638
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Currently few attempts to properly structure knowledge that specifically supports a fully sustainable e-waste treatment system design have been proposed in literature. As a result, this paper sets up the prerequisites for a high-level framework to design sustainable plants in the supply chain of e-waste. The framework addresses production and environmental engineers mainly. The methodology grows out of literature studies, research project’s outcomes and interviews with a group of sector experts. Stemming from this, a list of prerequisites was presented for the case study of an automated plant for e-waste sorting in order to design it while considering the triple-bottom-line of sustainability.
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10.
  • Berglund, Jonatan, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Production system geometry assurance using 3D imaging
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 44, s. 132-137
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Production systems evolve to accommodate new and redesigned products. These changes are planned offline in virtual tools, to reduce disturbances on ongoing production. Offline planning requires virtual models that correctly represent reality. Most models are "as-designed" and suffer from geometrical errors stemming from deployment alterations. Such errors are often discovered late in the next change process or during installation, making corrections expensive. Having geometry assured production systems and models eliminate one source of error during the production system change process. This paper evaluates 3D imaging and the C2M (cloud-to-mesh) algorithm for assessing the validity of virtual production system models.
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11.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • A Systemic Overview of Factors Affecting the Cognitive Performance of Industrial Manual Assembly Workers
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2367-3389 .- 2367-3370. ; 221 LNNS, s. 371-381
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In paced assembly lines, cognitive processing is required from assembly workers to perform correct and timely assembly of complex products with varying specifications. This interview study involving 75 industrial assemblers, design- and manufacturing engineers explores how assemblers’ cognitive performance is influenced by multiple factors within the contexts of product design, production setup and assembly. Our results indicate that both positive and negative effects on assemblers’ cognitive performance can stem from task design, timing, physical loading demands, extrinsic motivation factors, teamwork and the assembly “interface” design. Among design- and manufacturing engineers, two mindsets emerged: (i) a product-centred mindset relying on assemblers having sufficient experience, knowledge, and assembly instructions, (ii) an assembler-focused mindset characterised by an iterative and collaborative development process to ensure easy-to-assemble solutions, and avoid errors, delays and costly re-work. Despite organizational differences and conditions between the companies that took part in the study, the results are largely consistent.
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12.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • An Activity Centered Design framework for Determining Design Decision Levels in Production Systems
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 490, s. 455-463
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents the ACD3-Production framework – a twodimensionalmodel whose purpose is to visualize and clarify the scope, impactand organizational position of design decisions. The abbreviation stands forActivity-Centered Design Decision Determination and is based on a similarframework for product development that supports design decision-making inproduct design. The framework characterizes design problems along the twodimensions of Abstraction levels and Design perspectives; it is postulated thatdesign decisions are made at the intersection of these, and that the productionsystem’s overarching purposes will propagate coherently down to the physicaldetailed design level if the design work follows the top-down process indicatedin the framework. ACD3-Production is visually represented in the form of amatrix that can facilitate discussions between design change agents, in order todetermine where in the production system there are problems, where specificeffects are desired, and where to implement a design change.
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13.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) of marine piloting in a Swedish Context
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Human Factors in Transportation. - New York : AHFE International. - 9781958651711 ; 95:2023, s. 709-718
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Modern-day marine pilots are a competent and experienced workforce. They are highly skilled navigators that support the merchant fleet in transiting through challenging sea areas and rivers, as well as in the navigation in and out of ports. In this study, Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) was used to pursue a deeper understanding of expertise and tacit or procedural knowledge that experts rely on and exhibit, mostly in safety-critical situations. ACTA is a structured interview method, which relies on three distinct phases: a task diagram, a knowledge audit and a simulation interview. In this article, results from the first two interview steps are presented to show the intricate complexity of pilotage and building blocks of expertise within marine pilotage. A total of eight experienced pilots from two different port areas in Sweden were interviewed. The results show that there are large differences in how pilotage is conducted in the two areas with regards to both tasks, knowledge and understanding of the service as such. Further, despite recognizing maneuvering as cognitively demanding, the pilots emphasized social skills and learning on the job as key elements of expertise. Conclusions drawn from the ACTA structure highlight the mentally and socially complex task that piloting is, and that the pilots use great discernment and acuity when processing verbal and non-verbal input, as well as physical human and vessel movements. 
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14.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Avenues of entry: how industrial engineers and ergonomists access and influence human factors and ergonomics issues
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Industrial Engineering. - 1751-5254. ; 8:3, s. 325-348
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study compares how Canadian industrial engineers (IEs) and ergonomists ‘position themselves’ to influence human factors and ergonomics (HFE) issues. The study examined how these stakeholders perceived their influence on HFE issues, constraints they operated under, and strategies used. The results contribute to an understanding of decisions and processes surrounding HFE practices, showing that organisational entry points and stakeholder expectations on IEs and ergonomists affect their influence on HFE issues. Ergonomists influenced HFE issues by leveraging their knowledge of other stakeholders’ priorities, and were more dependent on accessing the issue via a ‘problem owner’. IEs were often entrusted with greater freedom to act on improvements. Expressing HFE improvements in terms of business benefits was a successful strategy for both. It was found that ergonomists operated as ‘partial solution builders’, trying to influence the HFE issue as an expert, lobbyist or facilitator. Based on the results, an existing framework was modified.
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15.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Change Agent Infrastructure (CHAI) – a Stakeholder Analysis Tool for Ergonomics- and Work Environment- Related Change Projects
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 498:2017, s. 715-726
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper is a short communication introducing a novel method forstakeholder analysis, Change Agent Infrastructure (CHAI). The method isspecifically developed in the context of ergonomics/work environment-relatedchange projects and is meant for early stages of change projects. It mapspotential stakeholders against eight distinct “roles” that have been found inprevious research to facilitate or hinder workplace change. Mapping the“decision dilemmas” that stakeholders may face, as well as identifying over- orunderrepresented roles, may benefit the change project in terms of determininginformation needs and how the project team should be staffed. The method hasbeen iteratively developed and tested in educational and research projects. Themethod is visual, participative and helps to clarify the various participants’understanding of the change at hand and what it means for them – thiscontributes positively to information strategies and decisions that facilitates theplanning and execution of a sustainable change.
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16.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • COREQ checklist for the research project PreKo, 2018-2021
  • 2021
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • For the research project “A Model for predictive assessment of cognitive workload – PreKo”, we (the researchers) have completed a COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies) checklist to transparently convey the research project’s study design in detail, with regard to the multi-case interview study that was carried out in the project.
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17.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Corporate-internal vs. national standard - A comparison study of two ergonomics evaluation procedures used in automotive manufacturing
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 39:6, s. 940-946
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Manufacturing corporations sometimes use corporate-internal procedures to evaluate and monitor the ergonomic status of the workplace. This article describes an industrial case study in the Swedish automotive sector, where an internally developed evaluation procedure was compared with a procedure based on a Swedish national standard provision. It was found that the national standard procedure tended to give more severe ratings and statistical support shows that the two evaluation procedures are not equivalent. The ability of the methods to identify body segments at risk was also compared. The quantitative comparison was followed up with interviews, where the influence of professional tasks and objectives became evident, as well as the fact that evaluation criteria are quantified differently by the two procedures. The main finding is that unforeseen differences in analysis procedure, criteria of acceptability and levels of detail can cause use-related difficulties for different professional groups when methods are used interchangeably. Relevance to industry: Industrial corporations wishing to monitor ergonomics consistently are advised by the authors to ensure that ratings from internal evaluations are interpreted the same way by all involved personnel, and that they at least have criteria levels equivalent to those of a national standard. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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18.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Development of a stakeholder identification and analysis method for human factors integration in work system design interventions – Change Agent Infrastructure
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Human Factors and Ergonomics In Manufacturing. - : Wiley. - 1520-6564 .- 1090-8471. ; 32:1, s. 151-170
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In any work system design intervention—for example, a physical workplace redesign, a work process change, or an equipment upgrade—it is often emphasized how important it is to involve stakeholders in the process of analysis and design, to gain their perspectives as input to the development, and ensure their future acceptance of the solution. While the users of an artifact or workplace are most often regarded as being the most important stakeholders in a design intervention, in a work‐system context there may be additional influential stakeholders who influence and negotiate the design intervention's outcomes, resource allocation, requirements, and implementation. Literature shows that it is uncommon for empirical ergonomics and human factors (EHF) research to apply and report the use of any structured stakeholder identification method at all, leading to ad‐hoc selections of whom to consider important. Conversely, other research fields offer a plethora of stakeholder identification and analysis methods, few of which seem to have been adopted in the EHF context. This article presents the development of a structured method for identification, classification, and qualitative analysis of stakeholders in EHF‐related work system design intervention. It describes the method's EHF-related theoretical underpinnings, lessons learned from four use cases, and the incremental development of the method that has resulted in the current method procedure and visualization aids. The method, called Change Agent Infrastructure (abbreviated CHAI), has a mainly macroergonomic purpose, set on increasing the understanding of sociotechnical interactions that create the conditions for work system design intervention, and facilitating participative efforts.
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19.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981 (författare)
  • Ergonomics Infrastructure - An Organizational Roadmap to Improved Production Ergonomics
  • 2011
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Improving production ergonomics is a pursuit common to many companies in different industrial sectors. At the core is an aspiration to eliminate risks for work-related musculo-skeletal disorders (MSDs), but modern views on ergonomics have evolved the discipline from a purely physiological, instrumental concern to an organizational, holistic systems-performance discipline (macroergonomics). This modern perspective implies that it is not enough to consider ergonomics as the domain of only ergonomics specialists; nor is it advisable to try improving it in isolation, without paying attention to the influences of the surrounding stakeholders and context. This thesis proposes that the “ergonomics infrastructure” of an organization is made up of the structural, technical, organizational and stakeholder-relational conditions that enable or hinder improvement of ergonomics. These conditions focus on the positioning of different stakeholders towards ergonomics issues, the relations between stakeholders and strategies they use for persuasion, and the influences that arise from industry-specific culture, attitudes and procedural integration (or exclusion) of ergonomics into engineering processes. This in turn affects an organization’s tendency to handle ergonomics proactively (i.e. at the design stage) or reactively (in response to injury, discomfort and compensation claims). It was found that stakeholder influence and relational interactions are of particular importance to the implementation of ergonomics improvements. Ergonomics practitioners who are politically aware and are able to link ergonomics improvements to business and production benefits are best poised to advance an ergonomics agenda. The knowledge gleaned from the work in this thesis has been synthesized, together with relevant theoretical concepts found in the literature, into a “Tentative Framework” which guides empirical data collection aimed at mapping the “ergonomics infrastructure” in an organization. Its step-by-step systematic review of conditions at different hierarchical levels in the organization should serve ergonomics practitioners and managers alike in identifying pathways and roadblocks to improving production ergonomics. This contributes to the branch of macroergonomics literature, which to date has placed little focus on day-to-day ergonomics practice and organizational-relational influences on ergonomics work.
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20.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Factors contributing to high cognitive workload in “expert operators”: a case in automotive manual assembly
  • 2019
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Assembly work in manufacturing companies is frequently associated with monotonous, repetitive tasks and heavy physical loading. Vehicle manufacturers have during the last 20 years increased their share of product variants, placing high demands on the operators’ abilities to make the right decision at the right time, using their cognitive skills. Operators must be able to memorise, improvise and perform assemblies with high quality and under time pressure. This case study aims to examine cognitive workload factors in manufacturing from the perspective of skilled operators with multifaceted work tasks, involving high levels of complexity and performance demands. Multiple cognitive workload analysis methods were utilised on a team of expert operators performing the assembly of customised equipment, mainly at the stages of final assembly when the product is almost complete. The study also reflects on what resources the operators use as a team to solve cognitively demanding tasks.
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21.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Fysisk arbetsmiljö för hälsa, välmående och prestation
  • 2020
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Denna rapport har till syfte att ge en kunskaps-översikt över tillgänglig forskning på temat ”Fysisk arbetsmiljö för hälsa, välmående och prestation”. Kunskapsöversiktens innehåll fokuserar på hur en frisk och välmående fysisk arbetsplats utformas, för att ge förutsättningar för god arbetsprestation parallellt med hög grad av välmående. Rapporten är avsiktligen vinklad bort från problemfokuserad litteratur om skaderisker, likaså om insatser för hälsopromotion som syftar till att individen tar ett större eget ansvar för att öka sin fysiska aktivitet eller ändring av livsstil. Istället riktas fokus mot friskfaktorer som härrör från en väl genomtänkt och avsiktlig formgivning (design) av arbetsplatsen, både i form av layout och dess ingående tekniska lösningar (exempelvis utrustningar, möbler med mera). Översikten inkluderar till stor del litteratur från ergonomi- och design-fältet, i syfte att betona kunskap om den avsiktligt formgivna arbetsmiljön och dess ingående designparametrar. En systematisk litteratursökning har genomförts med sökning i två databaser, Scopus och Web of Science. Till en början identifierades 4299 sökträffar som uppfyllde sökkriterierna. Efter sållning, granskning av abstracts och kvalitetsutvärdering av 446 fulltexter inkluderades och kategoriserades till slut 317 artiklar i två huvudsakliga kategorier: 196 primär- och litteraturstudier om fysisk belastning på arbetsplatser, samt 121 designprocessorienterade artiklar vars innehåll ger råd om, vägleder och organiserar formgivningen av en hälsosam och välfungerande fysisk arbetsplats. Kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes på samtliga inkluderade artiklar; empiriska primärstudier utvärderades med McGill Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), litteraturstudier med Critical Appraisal Skills programmes (CASP) mall för kunskapsöversikter, och den designprocessorienterade litteraturen genomgick en förenklad kvalitetsgranskning med specialanpassad mall. Den inkluderade kunskapen spänner över många olika studietyper, metodansatser, interventionsavsikter och yrkesgrupper. Inom kategorin primär- och litteraturstudier identifierades fältstudier (134), laboratoriska studier (45), enkätbaserade tvärsnittsstudier (53) och litteraturstudier (14). Ett första resultat var att friskfaktorer av olika slag identifierades; dessa uttrycks oftast i form av önskade utfall som är spridda över ett spektrum mellan välbefinnande å ena sidan och prestation å andra sidan, till exempel välmående, nöjdhet, återhämtning, komfort, engagemang, prestation, produktivitet, effektivitet, kreativitet, problemlösning och samarbete. Vissa ”negativt” formulerade utfall är också indikatorer på fysisk belastningsfriskhet, till exempel minskad stress, fysisk belastning, fysisk skaderisk eller felhandling. Som synes håller sig inte alla dessa utfall strikt till den fysiska arbetsmiljön, utan påverkar även kognitiva och organisatoriska friskfaktorer. Resultaten redovisades även indelat i de yrkeskategorier som kunde betraktas som utmärkande i materialet. Den största proportionen av yrkesrelaterad litteratur om friskfaktorer handlar om kunskapsarbete (som domineras av kontorsstudier), följt av studier från vårdsektorn, därefter från industriella tillämpningar (inklusive byggbranschen) och därefter övriga yrken och studier som inkluderar flera yrkeskategorier samtidigt. Den design-processorienterade litteraturen innehåller mycket vägledning i hur arbetsplatser bör utformas generellt för att förbättra friskhet. De flesta studier om designprocesser som ger processrekommendationer om hur utformningsarbetet bör fortlöpa och organiseras rekommenderar en deltagande (participativ) ansats, för att skapa bättre förståelse för medarbetarnas behov och skapa engagemang under designprocessen både för design av arbetsredskap och av arbetsplatser. Det finns dock en del studier som visar att deltagande processer inte alltid leder till önskade effekter.  Andra värdefulla bidrag från denna litteraturkategori berör användandet av olika verktyg för simulering och utvärdering samt metoder för att bedöma lämpligheten av arbetsplatsutformningen för specifika grupper av användare. Både arbetsplatsdesign och tekniska produktlösningar för att stödja friskhet på arbetsplatsen har utvärderats av litteraturen. Ett fåtal studier fokuserade på att utvärdera arbetsredskap för olika yrkeskategorier, ofta med belastningsergonomiska och riskkartläggande perspektiv, men även med hänsyn till aspekter som nöjdhet, preferens och användarvänlighet. Andra specifika spår i litteraturen är artiklar om sittande och stående, särskilda arbetskrav och förutsättningar för äldre arbetskraft, återhämtning. Användning av nya teknikutvecklingar i design- och utvärderingsprocesser är en annan trend som syns i litteraturen. Rapporten lyfter fram tre områden som kan bli allt vanligare: robotar som arbetsredskap inklusive hur arbetsfördelning mellan robotar och människor bör ske, användning av bärbar teknologi (wearables) eller rörelseregistrerande teknik (till exempel sensorer och kameror) för aktivitets- och/eller biometrisk mätning och slutligen ökad användning av simuleringar, exempelvis via så kallade digitala tvillingar, för design och underhåll av arbetsplatser. Enligt en kategori studier framhålls att designmässiga arbetsplatsförändringar bör kombineras med utbildning, träning och kunskapskomplettering för att uppnå beteendeförändringar hos användare av arbetsplatsen eller arbetsredskapen, detta för att erhålla de största och mest varaktiga effekterna på hälsa och välmående. Den designprocessorienterade litteraturen gav en rik och varierad vägledning i olika processer, ansatser, verktyg och metoder för hur en friskhetsfrämjande arbetsplatsdesign kan stödjas. Bidragen kan vara vägledande både för individ- och makroperspektiv, det vill säga systemsynen i artiklarna varierar mellan olika systemnivåer och kan vägleda såväl olika processteg som val och utvärdering av specifika utrustningar och layouter samt ge råd för hur en deltagande process som involverar medarbetarna bör gå till. Bland verktygen som beskrivs för dessa ändamål finns metoder, analytiska modeller, mätutrustningar och simuleringstekniker. Denna översikt hade en bred ansats, vilket har visat sig vara både en styrka och en svaghet. Det är svårt att finna klara, allmänna rekommendationer med hänsyn till så många olika specialsammanhang och skilda arbetssystems syften. Även om renodlade studier om enskilda ”friskhetsfrämjande” faktorer finns, är multi-utfallsinriktade ansatser en mycket mer intressant och relevant väg att gå för framtida forskning och utveckling. För att komma längre och djupare med sådana kombinationer av syften, tror författarna att en framgångsfaktor är att begränsa sig till fördjupade studier inom avgränsade yrkesområden, till exempel industri, vård, kunskapsarbete och andra, mer specifika områden som i denna översikt har sammanförts med andra kategorier. En ytterligare rekommenderad fördjupning skulle vara att fokusera på utvärderingar av belastningsreducerande arbetsredskap, särskilt i syfte att vägleda organisationer, arbetsgivare och formgivare i processen att upphandla, välja, införskaffa och implementera utrustning och arbetsredskap. Något som bör beforskas mer är parallella utvärderingar av fysisk och kognitiv (eller mental) arbetsbelastning från samma arbete. Detta är svårt men mycket viktigt att undersöka. Denna studie har även funnit få bidrag som berör tidsrelaterade faktorer som till exempel schemaläggning, rotation med mera, vilka presenterats som strategier för en hälsosammare grad av fysisk belastning i arbetet. En närbesläktad aspekt som vore intressant att undersöka närmare är hur interaktionen med digitala gränssnitt påverkar den fysiska belastningen, då användningen av fler digitala tjänster leder till mer fysisk interaktion med ”smarta” gränssnitt och handhållna/bärbara tekniker både i våra yrken och privat. Vidare identifierade översikten få studier som beskriver misslyckade designprocesser.
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22.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981 (författare)
  • Human Factors Experiences in Context - Comparing Four Industrial Cases Using a Soft Systems Framework
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: The Ergonomics Open Journal. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1875-9343. ; 4, s. 131-144
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract: In industrial production companies, the practice of assigning responsibility for human factors and ergonomics(HFE) to specific professionals (referred to as HF agents in this paper) may take on various organizational forms. This interview study examines the extent to which HF agents are able to give input towards the design of new productionsystems in different industrial sectors. The present paper reports on how HF agents work in four Canadian case companies from the Automotive, Nuclear Power, Poultry and Auto parts sectors. A stratified soft-systems framework was used to guide the comparison of the four case companies regarding the HF agents’ positioning in their companies and how this influences their work practices. HF agents and a cluster of 2 -3 surrounding colleagues with adjacent responsibilities were interviewed.Results showed that company context-specific factors such as procedures, collegial relations, processes and culture all heavily influence the “infrastructure” the HF agents can make use of to advance and sustain a human factors/ergonomics agenda. This includes vertical support in the company hierarchy (management support from top-down, employee acceptance from bottom-up), available tools and methods for demonstrating HFE benefits, and proceduralized accountability for HFE in projects. The companies that report positively on being able to address HFE issues proactively have HFE input integrated procedurally into new project start-ups, and the HF agent has a sign-off role. These companies have also, on a high organizational level, established linkage between HFE improvements and business objectives.
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23.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, et al. (författare)
  • Keyword mingling workshop : a method for identifying and consolidating industrially perceived needs and requirements of future operators
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium, SPS12. - 9789175197524
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Investments into the technology of the future require a firm basis in the needs of production industry. However, gathering, sorting and ranking cross-industrial future needs remains a steep challenge to technology developers. Gathering feedback from just one or a few case companies can result in a biased set of priorities, since feedback from specific industrial sectors may often be highly influenced by their industry- and product-specific challenges. The workshop method presented in this paper resolves this by using a highly interactive "mingling" technique to get participants in a large group workshop (between 15 - 20 people) to answer a specific question. The participants discuss ideas in smaller groups, share their findings to the group at large, co-operatively organize the input from all participants into functional categories, and finally perform a 'ranking' of the results. The outcome is a prioritized list of concerns to focus research efforts on, providing workshop analysts with a finished structure for reporting the results. The method was tested in two workshops within the project "The Operator of the Future" and resulted in plenty of positive feedback from participants, who felt that the input was relevant, well-structured, and easy to agree with due to the consensus categorizing.
  •  
24.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Keyword Mingling workshop - a method for identifying and consolidating industrially perceived needs and requirements of future operators
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium, SPS12. - 9789175197524
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Investments into the production technology of the future require a firm basis in the needsof production industry. However, gathering, sorting and ranking cross-industrial futureneeds remains a steep challenge to technology developers. Gathering feedback from justone or a few case companies can result in a biased set of priorities, since feedback fromspecific industrial sectors may often be highly influenced by their industry- and productspecificchallenges. This paper describes a structured method called “Keyword Mingling”that addresses the collection of such feedback in a multi-partner workshop format.The workshop method presented in this paper resolves this by using a highly interactive"mingling" technique to get participants in a large group workshop (between 15 - 20people) to answer a specific question. The participants discuss ideas in smaller groups,share their findings to the group at large, co-operatively organize the input from allparticipants into functional categories, and finally perform a 'ranking' of the results. Theoutcome is a prioritized list of concerns to focus research efforts on, providing workshopanalysts with a finished structure for reporting the results. The method was tested in twoworkshops within the project "The Operator of the Future" and resulted in plenty ofpositive feedback from participants, who felt that the input was relevant, well-structured,and easy to agree with due to the consensus categorizing.
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25.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • National Standard vs. Corporate-Internal Ergonomics Evaluation - an Industrial Case Study
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: The 40th annual Nordic Ergonomic Society Conference, NES 2008, Reykjavík, Iceland, August 11-13.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In Sweden, industrial corporations are required to actively monitor and improve the working environment for their employees according to the provision AFS 1998:1, a document that offers guidelines for maintaining a healthy physical working environment, chiefly by ensuring healthy working postures. This provision was purposely formulated in a very general, nonspecific manner in order to be relevant for a large variety of industries.At certain industrial corporations, corporate-internal procedures for evaluating and monitoring the ergonomic status of the workplace have been developed, usually in order to takeconsideration of the specific conditions of that industrial application. The protocol, method,execution and presentation of the evaluation results may vary. Also, the decision regarding which personnel should carry out the evaluation becomes a poignant question. In this article, which describes a Swedish industrial case study in the automotive sector, a corporate-internal method with a highly specified input protocol was used to evaluate theergonomic status of a production line. At the time, the evaluation was carried out by factory personnel with specific training in using the method. Months later, the same factory segment was re-evaluated by two professional ergonomists from an occupational health service, thistime using the AFS 1998:1 provision as a basis.The article makes an attempt to compare the two methods, finding some similarities and also some interesting differences. However, the main research questions that arise from this work concern the difficulties of choosing the right evaluation method for a large, complex industrialsystem; not only do different evaluation methods tell us different things at different levels of detail, but they also require very different competencies from the persons who perform the evaluation.
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26.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981 (författare)
  • On the Development of a Time-Sensitive Ergonomics Evaluation Method
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: 39th annual conference of the Nordic Ergonomics Society NES 2007 Conference CD. ; , s. 119-
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract As part of a research project with focus on ergonomics evaluation, a video-observation study of manual car assembly work was carried out. Rather than presenting the study results as hard data for further development, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using 'static' evaluation methods to rate and acknowledge accumulated physical load. In the study, RULA was used at five-second intervals as an unbiased discrete evaluation method with no specifically selected ‘target’ postures. The paper aims to discuss the scope of what a new time-sensitive method needs to accomplish, in order to be ready for the capabilities of dynamic human simulation.
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27.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • “Power Base” Tactics for Workplace Change – an Interview Study with Industrial Engineers and Ergonomists
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 60:5, s. 613-627
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The work activities of Industrial Engineers (IEs) and Ergonomists drive workplace changes. The purpose of this study is to compare the work practices of the two professions and examine 1) how IEs and ergonomists gain influence over workplace changes, and 2) whether there are prevailing types of intentional interaction behaviours called Power Bases (PB), present in the interactiontactics they employ. The study identified key behavioural strategies used by the interviewees to successfully influence workplace changes; these were then mapped to their corresponding PB. Results showed that IEs and Ergonomists were successfully influencing workplace changes using several tactics across the spectrum of power bases, with the exception of Reward and Coercion. The study concludes with a list of recommended workplace change agent tactics, and proposes that a PB “analytical lens” can serve to increase the budding ergonomist’s critical and analytical skills when considering possible workplace change tactics.
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28.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Prerequisites and Conditions for Socially Sustainable Manufacturing in Europe’s Future Factories – results overview from the SO SMART Project
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 490, s. 319-330
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper provides an overview of the EU project SO SMART(Socially Sustainable Manufacturing for the Factories of the Future), acoordinated support action (CSA) project. SO SMART examined the conditionsin Europe for creating socially sustainable workplaces in the manufacturingsector, where factories flourish along with their social environment. The projectwas international (with partners from five countries), multidisciplinary andparticipatory, involving participation of several science domain experts and awider community of academic and industry beneficiaries who participated inpanels, workshops, conference events and an online forum created specificallyfor the project.
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29.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981 (författare)
  • Proaktiv bedömning av kognitiva och mentala arbetsbelastningskrav och resurser i manuell montering - PreKo-modellen
  • 2021
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Projektet ”Modell för prediktiv bedömning av kognitiv belastning” (”PreKo”, dnr. 170018) genomfördes 2018-2021 och syftade till att sammanställa vetenskaplig och empirisk kunskap om kognitiv och mental belastning i sammanhanget taktad industriell montering av komplexa produkter. Målet var att skapa underlag för rådgivning kring utformning av såväl monteringsuppgifter och instruktioner som av monterbara komponenter. Föreliggande rapport ger översiktliga resultat av projektet ”Modell för prediktiv bedömning av kognitiv belastning - PreKo”. Detaljerade resultat återges i separata vetenskapliga publikationer. Det praktiska slutresultatet av projektet är en framåtsyftande, holistisk och systemorienterad ”bedömningschecklista” som vi kallar PreKo-modellen. Denna modell stöttar olika roller i tillverkande företag i att kartlägga möjliga kognitiva/mentala  sund och lagom utmanande belastning, som främjar montörernas trivsel och motivation i arbetet samt hög monteringskvalitet. Modellen och det tillhörande verktyget ”PRECO I” är tänkt att hjälpa företag att analysera förutsättningarna för montörers välmående och prestation samt identifiera krav och resurser från ett flertal systemnivåer (konstruktionen, monteringsstationen, produktionsflödet, inlärning och instruktioner, arbetslaget och övriga krav/resurser). För att få insikt i alla dessa aspekter, som ibland är organisatoriskt och geografiskt separerade på vissa företag, förespråkar modellen att ett flertal bedömare som representerar olika roller (erfaren montör, oerfaren montör, konstruktör, produktionsberedare och ergonom/arbetsmiljöansvarig) för att genomföra bedömningen. Eftersom checklistan bygger på litteraturstudier och en intervjustudie så syftar modellen i nuläget inte till att kvantifiera och mätakognitiv/mental belastning; i stället bör modellen användas som ett praktiskt orienterande scanningverktyg. Projektet utfördes av ett kärnteam av forskare kopplade till Chalmers Tekniska Högskola i Göteborg. Projektet omfattade en informell litteraturstudie; en intervjustudie med tre industriella företag; medverkande i ett flertal forum där företagen och andra intressenter delgavs preliminära resultat löpande  under projektet; samt ett antal konferenspresentationer och vetenskapliga publikationer. Covid 19-pandemin under våren 2020 till hösten 2021 påverkade delvis projektets genomförande, dock endast till lindrig grad. Några planerade intervjustudier behövde ställas in pga. utbrottet, som begränsade möjligheten att kunna ta nya intervjupersoners tid i anspråk. Dock gjorde forskarlaget bedömningen att det insamlade antalet intervjuer (75 totalt, varav 50 med montörer och resten med konstruktörer och beredare) totalt sett är tillräckligt för att understödja våra resultat och slutsatser, med givna förbehåll om att studien är i huvudsak kvalitativ och att fokuset hålls på kognitiv och mental belastning hos montörer på industriella monteringsföretag. Vissa personalrelaterade omständigheter och ett internt ekonomiskt sparbeting på Chalmers Tekniska Högskola under 2019-2021 påverkade också delvis projektets bemanning och genomförande, men anställning säkrades för kritiska projektmedlemmar fram till projektets verksamhetsslut.
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30.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Production Ergonomics: Designing Work Systems to Support Optimal Human Performance
  • 2017
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Production ergonomics – the science and practice of designing industrial workplaces to optimize human well-being and system performance – is a complex challenge for a designer. Humans are a valuable and flexible resource in any system of creation, and as long as they stay healthy, alert and motivated, they perform well and also become more competent over time, which increases their value as a resource. However, if a system designer is not mindful or aware of the many threats to health and system performance that may emerge, the end result may include inefficiency, productivity losses, low working morale, injuries and sick-leave.To help budding system designers and production engineers tackle these design challenges holistically, this book offers a multi-faceted orientation in the prerequisites for healthy and effective human work. We will cover physical, cognitive and organizational aspects of ergonomics, and provide both the individual human perspective and that of groups and populations, ending up with a look at global challenges that require workplaces to become more socially and economically sustainable. This book is written to give you a warm welcome to the subject, and to provide a solid foundation for improving industrial workplaces to attract and retain healthy and productive staff in the long run.
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31.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981 (författare)
  • PRODUCTION ERGONOMICS EVALUATION - NEEDS, PROCEDURES AND DIGITAL HUMAN MODELING TOOLS
  • 2009
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In production systems, human operators may be at risk for developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), resulting in pain, inability to work and high costs. An increasingly capable tool for identifying MSD risks early in the production design process are Digital Human Models (DHMs), although their built-in analysis tools are in great need of development regarding how they address time-related aspects of load exposure. Time-related exposure phenomena provoking MSDs are e.g. repetitive work patterns, lack of variation, fatigue effects, work enlargement effects, and distributions of activity/rest. The aim of this thesis is therefore two-fold; to explore pragmatic industrial needs regarding ergonomics evaluation and compare this to the State-of-the-art of scientific evaluation methods that address time-related aspects. The first approach, a case study in an automotive setting, revealed that switching from one evaluation method to another in a factory may be for pragmatic contextual reasons rather than based on educated selection. It was also shown that companies who do this may unintentionally risk producing evaluation results that are not equal regarding criteria levels or degree of analysis detail, rendering results difficult to use for some actors in the process.The second approach, a literature review, categorizes several time-related ergonomics terms and has proposed a ‘process-flow’ framework for the terms, based on an input-throughput-output concept. This framework can give DHM tool developers an overview of which time-related aspects interact and which combinations are suited to different analysis goals. Lastly, the thesis reflects on actor roles and time perspectives.
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32.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981 (författare)
  • Production Ergonomics Evaluation – Needs, Procedures and Digital Human Modeling Tools
  • 2009
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In production systems, human operators may be at risk for developing work-relatedmusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), resulting in pain, inability to work and high costs. Anincreasingly capable tool for identifying MSD risks early in the production designprocess are Digital Human Models (DHMs), although their built-in analysis tools are ingreat need of development regarding how they address time-related aspects of loadexposure. Some examples of time-related exposure phenomena provoking MSDs arerepetitive work patterns, lack of variation, fatigue effects, work rotation effects, anddistributions of activity/rest. The aim of this thesis is therefore two-fold; to explorepragmatic industrial needs regarding ergonomics evaluation and compare this to theState-of-the-art of scientific evaluation methods that address time-related aspects.The first approach, a case study in an automotive setting, revealed that switching fromone evaluation method to another in a factory may be for pragmatic contextual reasonsrather than based on educated selection. It was also shown that companies who do thismay unintentionally risk producing evaluation results that are not equal regardingcriteria levels or degree of analysis detail, rendering results unsatisfactory to use forsome actors in the process.The second approach, a literature review, categorizes several time-related ergonomicsterms and has proposed a ‘process-flow’ framework for the terms, based on an inputthroughput-output concept. This framework can give DHM tool developers an overviewof which time-related aspects interact and which combinations are suited to differentanalysis goals.Lastly, the thesis reflects on actor roles and time perspectives.
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33.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • SIMTER: a Multi-Aspect Virtual Production System Evaluation Tool.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the XLth Conference of the Association of Canadian Ergonomists, September 14-17, 2009.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Production systems consist of complex combinations of human-and-machine interactions, material flows, energy transitions and workflows. Additionally, production enterprises are challenged with handling the environmental impacts and societal effects of their processes – including workplace ergonomics. One way of testing different system solutions quickly, early and at low cost (or consequence) is to use computer-based simulation. This paper introduces the production simulation tool SIMTER, which allows users to build a 3D animated model of a human-machine work system and explore the output consequences of different Levels of Automation (ranging from letting tasks be performed by either a human worker, a human worker using a range of tools, or an automated machine). The SIMTER tool facilitates concurrent assessment of Ergonomics, Automation Levels and Environmental Impacts. Development work to date has shown that combining these factors is technically feasible and potentially very useful for integrating ergonomics into design processes.
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34.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Social Sustainability Challenges for European Manufacturing Industry: Attract, Recruit and Sustain
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1868-4238 .- 1868-422X. - 9783642412660 ; 414, s. 78-85
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The purpose of this paper is to link social sustainability challenges to manufacturing companies, focusing on the upcoming recruitment crisis caused by demographic changes in Europe. The findings are based on literature studies that were validated and reflected upon as the study progressed. The conclusion is that diversity within the manufacturing industry has to be increased in order to expand the pool of possible employees by focusing on three main improvements: providing interesting jobs, work flexibility and an improved image of the industry.
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35.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Time-related ergonomics evaluation for DHMs: a literature review
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Human Factors Modelling and Simulation. - 1742-5549. ; 1:4, s. 356-379
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ergonomics problems in production systems are of a multi-causal nature. It has been established in ergonomics literature that time-related factors, including activity duration, repetitiveness, work-rest distribution and musclereactions to dynamic loads, can influence the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). In recent years, ergonomic practices have evolved to include the use of digital human models (DHMs) in virtual workstations, resulting in more cost-efficient and proactive evaluations.However, the ergonomic tools provided in DHMs often fail to consider time-related ergonomic factors. This literature review compiles and examines time-related ergonomics terms for the benefit of introducing such concepts intoDHMs. The influence of time-scale perspectives and ambiguities regarding how terms have been used are also discussed. Developers of DHMs can benefit immensely from a literary overview of how to consider time-related factors ofphysical workload. Likewise, the scientific community can benefit from the identification of ambiguities and gaps in ergonomics research.
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36.
  • Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Using the ACD3-ladder to manage multi-phase requirements on end-user products
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED. - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. - 9781904670872 ; 4:DS87-4, s. 425-434
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • During the development of any end-user product, a multitude of design decisions need to be made. But if design activities and decisions happen at the wrong time, or not at all, unintentional and sometimes negative design outcomes can be the result. Determining all requirements early in the product development is traditionally recommended, but may force design decisions to be made prematurely onthe basis of incomplete preconditions. Requirements at different degrees of resolution are useful and purposeful at different stages of the development process. To address these requirements management challenges, this paper proposes an approach for incrementally developing requirements in parallel with design, based upon a previously developed framework called ACD³, which draws on a combination of theoretically compatible ideas and concepts from Design Engineering, Human Factors/Ergonomics,Usability and Systems Theory. This approach helps designers identify and handle the possible interdependencies of design variables. The paper also theoretically motivates and demonstrates with an example how the different resolution levels of requirements relate within the framework.
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37.
  • Berlin, Frida, et al. (författare)
  • Mast Cell Proteases Tryptase and Chymase Induce Migratory and Morphological Alterations in Bronchial Epithelial Cells
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1422-0067. ; 22:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Chronic respiratory diseases are often characterized by impaired epithelial function and remodeling. Mast cells (MCs) are known to home into the epithelium in respiratory diseases, but the MC-epithelial interactions remain less understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of MC proteases on bronchial epithelial morphology and function. Bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with MC tryptase and/or chymase. Morphology and epithelial function were performed using cell tracking analysis and holographic live-cell imaging. Samples were also analyzed for motility-associated gene expression. Immunocytochemistry was performed to compare cytoskeletal arrangement. Stimulated cells showed strong alterations on gene, protein and functional levels in several parameters important for maintaining epithelial function. The most significant increases were found in cell motility, cellular speed and cell elongation compared to non-stimulated cells. Also, cell morphology was significantly altered in chymase treated compared to non-stimulated cells. In the current study, we show that MC proteases can induce cell migration and morphological and proliferative alterations in epithelial cells. Thus, our data imply that MC release of proteases may play a critical role in airway epithelial remodeling and disruption of epithelial function.
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38.
  • Berlin, Frida, et al. (författare)
  • Mast Cell Tryptase Promotes Airway Remodeling by Inducing Anti-Apoptotic and Cell Growth Properties in Human Alveolar and Bronchial Epithelial Cells
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Cells. - 2073-4409. ; 12:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Bronchial and alveolar remodeling and impaired epithelial function are characteristics of chronic respiratory diseases. In these patients, an increased number of mast cells (MCs) positive for serine proteases, tryptase and chymase, infiltrate the epithelium and alveolar parenchyma. However, little is known regarding the implication of intraepithelial MCs on the local environment, such as epithelial cell function and properties. In this study, we investigated whether MC tryptase is involved in bronchial and alveolar remodeling and the mechanisms of regulation during inflammation. Using novel holographic live cell imaging, we found that MC tryptase enhanced human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cell growth and shortened the cell division intervals. The elevated cell growth induced by tryptase remained in a pro-inflammatory state. Tryptase also increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BIRC3, as well as growth factor release in epithelial cells. Thus, our data imply that the intraepithelial and alveolar MC release of tryptase may play a critical role in disturbing bronchial epithelial and alveolar homeostasis by altering cell growth–death regulation.
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39.
  •  
40.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • ACD³ - a new framework for activity-centered design
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign, NordDesign 2016. - 9781904670803 ; 2
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • During the design process of a product, a variety of design variables are gradually determined – this happens either intentionally when design decisions are made, or unintentionally when design variables are determined by limitations brought about by circumstances. At the same time, product development in teams complicates the design process if the interdependencies of design decisions are not transparent. If decisions are made at the wrong time, or not at all, the design may not end up being coherent with the product’s overall purpose, which negatively impacts the final result of the development. To address this problem, the present paper presents the ACD³-framework, a newly developed product development mapping tool that visualizes where design decisions can be coherently made through a clear structure, while allowing flexibility so as not to inhibit a design organization’s innovation and creativity. To map the interrelationship between several design aspects at once, the framework is made up of three dimensions of design (the D³ in ACD³): levels, perspectives and activities. The three dimensions provide a systemic and systematic framework that organises design work at different abstraction levels within a common structure. From this foundation, two coherent models that together make up the framework are derived: the ACD³-matrix and the ACD³-process. These models are useful for planning and carrying out the right activities, at the right level in the organization, at the right stage of the development work.
  •  
41.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • ACD³ as a framework for design of ergonomic workplaces
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018). - 3319960989
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Contemporary work-life developments, such as shrinking and aging work populations, changes brought about by digitalized work tasks, and a continual evolution of physical and cognitive workplace conditions mean that workplace ergonomics remains as relevant and important as ever. Ergonomics and Human Factors (E/HF) has repeatedly been shown to succeed only if that expertise is involved early and consistently enough in the design of workplaces, otherwise it risks becoming a reactive, individual injury-focused concern brought in from a medical perspective. Therefore, E/HF experts must get involved in early and appropriate phases of the workplace design process. Such a process involves constraining the proposed design solution to an exact description of its structure and contents – in other words, design decisions are made. The aim of this paper is to describe the use of a systems-theoretical framework as a guide in collaborative workplace design, with particular focus on planning and documenting which activities should involve E/HF expertise. The ACD³-Production is used to structure this process and clarify the design decisions that are pertinent to ergonomics. The ACD³ framework is intended as an enabler of many types of design, including the design of work systems. It provides a framework s that allows all stakeholders to converge around design decisions that ensure that the work system is optimized to human characteristics and the activity to be performed. Different E/HF aspects may be in focus during different phases of designing the workplace, as the detail level over time becomes more granular.
  •  
42.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • ACD³ as a framework for design of ergonomic workplaces. Ergonomics in a Global World
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815. ; 62:1, s. 5-12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Workplace Ergonomics and Human Factors (E/HF) remains as relevant and important as ever to respond to contemporary workplace design challenges. Therefore, E/HF expertise must be involved in early and appropriate phases of the workplace design process, in order to leverage user needs and requirements to constrain the proposed design solution. In this process, design decisions are made. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to describe the use of a systems-theoretical framework as a guide in collaborative workplace design, focussing on planning and documenting which decisions and activities should involve E/HF expertise. METHODS: As this …is a conceptual paper, its method is to synthesise a framework from a combination of design process methodology-, general systems theory- and sociotechnical systems literature. RESULTS: The framework organises the design decisions to be made into hierarchical abstraction levels and cross-cuts them into five perspectives from which the design problem can be viewed holistically. CONCLUSIONS: The ACD3 framework is intended as an enabler of many types of design, including the design of work systems. It provides a framework that allows all stakeholders to converge around design decisions that ensure that the work system is optimised to human characteristics and the activity to be performed.
  •  
43.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • EBooks as course literature in ergonomics and human factors
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne Australia.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper concerns how to use electronic books (eBooks) as course literature, whether eBooks can replace the traditional paper book, and what to consider when using eBooks as course literature? The presented study is based on four MSc courses that used eBooks as course literature. The students' points of view were investigated with a survey, while the course examiners were interviewed. The result shows that eBooks have advantages like being free for the students and easy to access thought the internet (via the University Library), and disadvantages like being harder to read on the computer/tablet screen and harder to get an overview of the content compared to paper books. The main reflection from the authors is: since ergonomics and human factors are an interdisciplinary subject, eBooks give a better opportunity to combine multiple sources for the particular type of application area that is interesting in a specific course. Practitioner Summary: To make eBooks as course literature a successful enterprise, the study indicates the following two main recommendations: Be very careful in the selection of literature, since the format makes it more difficult for the student to scan the contents and get an overview. For the same reasons, provide the students with clear reading guidelines. In many courses at university level one fundamental element is the course literature, often in the form of a paper text book. Courses based on a well-suited book generally succeed in achieving a good match between course content and book content. In our area, ergonomics and human factors, we see two main problems with traditional paper text books. The first is that it can be hard to find one book that covers the diverse subjects in the course, so you therefore often need more than one book if you do not want to limit the course content. This stems from the fact that the research area is relatively young and basic content is still evolving. The second problem is in the relation to the students. The books in our area are often rather expensive, which means that the students hesitate to buy them, especially if they require more than one book. The books can sometime also be hard to retrieve and if they do have good subject coverage, many are heavy to carry around (which may be quite ironic in an ergonomic course). In recent years more books have been published also as electronic books (eBooks), and libraries have increased the free accessibility – for example, Chalmers library subscribes to them. One feasible solution to the problems stated above is therefore to use eBooks instead of paper books. Then you as a teacher more easily can select parts from different books, and the students have easy and free access to the literature on computers and tablets. 2. Questions and objectives This paper presents a study regarding the use of eBooks as course literature at university level. The research questions were if eBooks can replace the traditional paper book, and what to consider when using eBooks as course literature. The chosen approach was an empirical study with the objectives to (1) study students' reactions and attitudes towards eBooks as course literature, (2) study teachers' relation to the use of use eBooks as course literature, and (3) develop a short guideline for how to use eBooks as course literature.
  •  
44.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Ergonomics activities in the product development process
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: NORDIC ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE. ; , s. 224-231
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ergonomics and human factors (E/HF) has an important role throughout the whole product development process, but the scope and content of E/HF work differs depending on the phase of the project. The aim of this paper is to describe ergonomics activities in the product development process, with special focus on the purpose of ergonomics activities in different parts of the process. As a base for the description the ACD³-framework is used.
  •  
45.
  • Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Perceived industrial usefulness of the ACD³-matrix - an interview study with product developers
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign: Design in the Era of Digitalization, NordDesign 2018.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Today, a large number of tools are available to support the organization and documentation of product development. However, a tool is not successful merely by virtue of being available; it is in the actual use of the tool that its utility and value emerges. To increase the probability that a tool is used, it is also important for it to be perceived as useful by its potential users. The ACD³ (Activity Centred Design)-matrix is a product development mapping tool based on systems theory. It visualizes how design decisions can be made coherently, through a clear hierarchical structure that visualizes logical chains of interdependent design decisions, yet allows flexibility so as not to inhibit a design organization’s innovation and creativity. This paper presents a study of how potential users perceive the ACD³-matrix. Seventeen product developers were introduced to the ACD³-matrix and then interviewed about how they perceived the tool; the interview probed what strengths and weaknesses were perceived, the tool’s usefulness in relation to the interviewees’ practices now and in the future, and whether they saw opportunities to implement the matrix in their business operations.   The main identified perceived advantages were that the ACD³-matrix could be a good tool for identifying knowledge gaps within a project, and that ACD³ could provide a common structure and language throughout the whole project, facilitating communication between different competencies and domains within the work organisation. The main disadvantages interviewees perceived were that the terminology and contents of the matrix cells need to be adapted to the terms used at the specific company and that the matrix might seem difficult at first to understand. The study showed that there was an interest in the industry for the ACD³-matrix tool and all participants saw opportunities (to varying degrees) to implement the matrix in their own practice. The study also provided good insight into how product developers reacted initially when introduced to the ACD³-matrix. The input provided by the product developers is valuable for the further development ACD³-matrix and how to introduce the tool in organisations.
  •  
46.
  • Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Maintenance in digitalised manufacturing: Delphi-based scenarios for 2030
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273. ; 191, s. 154-169
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite extensive research on future manufacturing and the forthcoming fourth industrial revolution (implying extensive digitalisation), there is a lack of understanding regarding the specific changes that can be expected for maintenance organisations. Therefore, developing scenarios for future maintenance is needed to define long-term strategies for the realisation of digitalised manufacturing. This empirical Delphi-based scenario planning study is the first within the maintenance realm, examining a total of 34 projections about potential changes to the internal and external environment of maintenance organisations, considering both hard (technological) and soft (social) dimensions. The paper describes a probable future of maintenance organisations in digitalised manufacturing in the year 2030, based on an extensive three-round Delphi survey with 25 maintenance experts at strategic level from the largest companies within the Swedish manufacturing industry. In particular, the study contributes with development of probable as well as wildcard scenarios for future maintenance. This includes e.g. advancement of data analytics, increased emphasis on education and training, novel principles for maintenance planning with a systems perspective, and stronger environmental legislation and standards. The scenarios may serve as direct input to strategic development in industrial maintenance organisations and are expected to substantially improve preparedness to the changes brought by digitalised manufacturing.
  •  
47.
  • Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Smart Maintenance: a research agenda for industrial maintenance management
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273. ; 224
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • How do modernized maintenance operations, often referred to as “Smart Maintenance”, impact the performance of manufacturing plants? This question is a pressing challenge for practitioners and scholars in industrial maintenance management, in direct response to the transition to an industrial environment with pervasive digital technologies. This paper is the second part of a two-paper series. We present an empirically grounded research agenda that reflects the heterogeneity in industrial adoption and performance of Smart Maintenance. Focus groups and interviews with more than 110 experts from over 20 different firms were used to identify contingencies, responses, and performance implications of Smart Maintenance. The findings were transformed into a contingency model, providing the basis for a research agenda consisting of five principal areas: (1) environmental contingencies; (2) institutional isomorphism; (3) implementation issues related to change, investments and interfaces; (4) the four dimensions of Smart Maintenance; and (5) performance implications at the plant and firm level. The agenda can guide the field of industrial maintenance management to move from exploratory work to confirmatory work, studying the validity of the proposed concepts as well as the magnitude and direction of their relationships. This will ultimately help scholars and practitioners answer how Smart Maintenance can impact industrial performance.
  •  
48.
  • Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Smart Maintenance: an empirically grounded conceptualization
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273. ; 223
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • How do modernized maintenance operations, often referred to as “Smart Maintenance”, impact the performance of manufacturing plants? The inability to answer this question backed by data is a problem for industrial maintenance management, especially in light of the ongoing rapid transition towards an industrial environment with pervasive digital technologies. To this end, this paper, which is the first part of a two-paper series, aims to investigate and answer the question, “What is Smart Maintenance?”. The authors deployed an empirical, inductive research approach to conceptualize Smart Maintenance using focus groups and interviews with more than 110 experts from over 20 different firms. By viewing our original data through the lens of multiple general theories, our findings chart new directions for contemporary and future maintenance research. This paper describes empirical observations and theoretical interpretations cumulating in the first empirically grounded definition of Smart Maintenance and its four underlying dimensions; data-driven decision-making, human capital resource, internal integration, and external integration. In addition, the relationships between the underlying dimensions are specified and the concept structure formally modeled. This study thus achieves concept clarity with respect to Smart Maintenance, thereby making several theoretical and managerial contributions that guide both scholars and practitioners within the field of industrial maintenance management.
  •  
49.
  • Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Smart Maintenance: Instrument Development, Content Validation and an Empirical Pilot
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Operations and Production Management. - 1758-6593 .- 0144-3577. ; 40:4, s. 481-506
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: Scholars and practitioners within industrial maintenance management are focused on understanding antecedents, correlates and consequences of the concept of “Smart Maintenance”, which consists of the four dimensions data-driven decision-making, human capital resource, internal integration and external integration. In order to facilitate this understanding, valid and reliable empirical measures need to be developed. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a psychometric instrument that measures the four dimensions of Smart Maintenance. Design/methodology/approach: The results from two sequential empirical studies are presented, which include generating items to represent the constructs, assessment of content validity, as well as an empirical pilot test. With input from 50 industrial experts, a pool of 80 items that represent the constructs are generated. Thereafter, using data from 42 industrial and academic raters, the content validity of all items is assessed quantitatively. Finally, using data from 59 manufacturing plants, the dimensionality and factor structure of the instrument are tested. Findings: We demonstrate content validity and provide evidence of good model fit and psychometric properties for one-factor models with 8-11 items for each of the four constructs, as well as a combined 24-item four-factor model. Originality/value: We provide recommendations for scholarly use of the instrument in further theory-testing research, as well as its practical use to assess, benchmark and longitudinally evaluate Smart Maintenance within the manufacturing industry.
  •  
50.
  • Callesen, Katrine T., et al. (författare)
  • Characterization of Mast Cells from Healthy and Varicose Human Saphenous Vein
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Biomedicines. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-9059. ; 10:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mast cells (MCs) are distributed in tissues throughout the body and are highly involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. The potential and involvement of different MC phenotypes are still not well understood. MCs are present in blood vessel walls, but their specific phenotypic features are unknown. We aimed at characterizing MCs from human saphenous veins for localization, mediator content, and receptor expression. This was done in MCs from both healthy and varicose human saphenous veins (hSV and vSV, respectively). For both vSV and hSV, we found that vein MCs are mainly present in the tunica adventitia (99% MCs in adventitia) and that the population consists of both MCT and MCTC phenotypes (vSV: 55% MCT, hSV: 64% MCT). The vein MCs contained high levels of histamine (vSV: 27 pg/MC, hSV: 55 pg/MC) and tryptase (vSV: 98 pg/MC, hSV: 111 pg/MC), indicating a strong potential for regulatory effects on blood vessels. The receptor expression of FcɛRI, MRGPRX2, PTAFR, C3aR, and C5aR was found, even though the percentage of positive cells differed between vSV and hSV MCs. We conclude that vein MCs from the blood vessel wall have a high potential to affect the tissue around them.
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