| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 5. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 6. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 9. |
- Kattge, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:1, s. 119-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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| 10. |
- Niemi, MEK, et al.
(författare)
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- 2021
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 11. |
- Bi, Yu-Han, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between chronic diseases and depression in middle-aged and older adults : A 4-year follow-up study from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 289, s. 160-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Evidence of the association between common chronic diseases and depression is sparse.Methods: Totally 7819 participants aged 45+ without depression at baseline were followed-up (2011-2015) to detect incident depression. Chronic diseases and depression were defined by self-reported diagnosis and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D10), respectively. Cox proportional hazards model was used to explore the association between chronic diseases and depression adjusting for age, gender, education, marital/living conditions, area, smoking, drinking, economic status, BMI and health insurance.Results: During an average of 3.42 years follow-up, 2271 participants developed depression (85 per 1000 person-year). Chronic diseases were related to significantly higher risk of depression (HR = 1.38). A higher risk of depression was also associated with specific diseases: stomach/other digestive diseases (HR = 1.19), diabetes (HR = 1.22), arthritis/rheumatism (HR = 1.30), and kidney diseases (HR = 1.34) (P < 0.05). The risk of depression increased with increasing in the number of chronic diseases (1: HR = 1.27, 2: HR = 1.49, and 3+: HR = 1.51, P-trend < 0.001). No significant difference was observed across age, gender, education, and area.Limitations: Chronic diseases and depression were based on self-reported diagnosis and measurement scale, respectively, which could lead to information bias. Some unmeasured confounders might have biased the results.Conclusions: The occurrence of depression in people aged 45+ is associated with number of chronic diseases in a dose-response fashion. These results may provide guidance on preventing depression and improving the quality of life in middle and late adulthood.
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| 12. |
- Chen, Yuqian, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental study on combustion and flow resistance characteristics of an afterburner with air-cooled bluff-body flameholder
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aerospace Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1270-9638. ; 123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the afterburner assembled with an air-cooled bluff-body flameholder, cooling air is directly injected into the recirculation zone behind the bluff-body, which can reduce the local temperature and increase the oxygen concentration of the gas mixture in the wake of the bluff-body, thereby affecting the total pressure loss and combustion characteristics. To better understand the flow and combustion process of the system, the exhaust gas temperature, cold and hot total pressure losses in a rectangular premixed combustor are investigated under different cooling air jet conditions. Experimental results show that the added cooling air could improve the combustion efficiency and widen the blowout limit, whereas it could also give rise to an extra total pressure loss. However, when the cooling air flow rate was higher than a critical value, i.e., after the blowing ratio reached 2.5, the recirculation zone could be blown away, resulting in a failed ignition in the afterburner. Notably, the decreased temperature difference between the mainstream and the cooling air could improve the combustion efficiency and reduce the thermal resistance loss but enlarge the cold flow loss and hot total pressure loss. Moreover, since the oxygen content declined and autoignition appeared after the mainstream temperature reached 1100 K, the exhaust gas temperature and combustion efficiency declined rapidly, and the hot total pressure loss also decreased. In addition, with the fuel-gas ratio increasing, the combustion efficiency significantly dropped, the exhaust gas temperature and thermal resistance loss firstly increased to a peak value (at the equivalence ratio of 1.14) and then decreased for excessively fuel-rich combustion.
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| 13. |
- Feng, Meng-Yao, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of chronic diseases on the occurrence of depression : A 13-year follow-up study from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123. ; 326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The causal association between chronic diseases and depression remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of types and number of chronic diseases on the risk of depression using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). A self-admitted questionnaire was used to obtain data on 14 predefined chronic diseases and the European-Depression Scale (EURO-D) was used to assess depression. Among the 16,080 baseline depression-free participants aged 50+, 31.29% (5032) developed depression over 13 years. Multivariate Cox regression models showed that individuals with any chronic diseases were at higher risk of new onset depression compared to disease-free participants. The risk of new onset depression increased with an increasing number of diseases among both younger (50–64) and older (65+) adults. Individuals with heart attack, stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease, and arthritis were at increased risk of depression across age groups. However, some age-specific associations were observed, with cancer increasing depression risk among younger- and peptic ulcer, Parkinson's disease and cataracts increasing depression risk among older adults. These findings highlight the importance of managing chronic diseases, especially among those with more than two diseases, to prevent the development of depression among middle-aged and older adults.
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| 14. |
- Kristanl, Matej, et al.
(författare)
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The Seventh Visual Object Tracking VOT2019 Challenge Results
- 2019
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Ingår i: 2019 IEEE/CVF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION WORKSHOPS (ICCVW). - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9781728150239 ; , s. 2206-2241
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2019 is the seventh annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of 81 trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis as well as the standard VOT methodology for long-term tracking analysis. The VOT2019 challenge was composed of five challenges focusing on different tracking domains: (i) VOT-ST2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB, (ii) VOT-RT2019 challenge focused on "real-time" short-term tracking in RGB, (iii) VOT-LT2019 focused on long-term tracking namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. Two new challenges have been introduced: (iv) VOT-RGBT2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB and thermal imagery and (v) VOT-RGBD2019 challenge focused on long-term tracking in RGB and depth imagery. The VOT-ST2019, VOT-RT2019 and VOT-LT2019 datasets were refreshed while new datasets were introduced for VOT-RGBT2019 and VOT-RGBD2019. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard short-term, long-term tracking and tracking with multi-channel imagery. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website(1).
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| 15. |
- Lu, Hui, et al.
(författare)
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Grain growth behavior, surface morphology evolution, structures, and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by RF reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. - : NATL INST OPTOELECTRONICS. - 1454-4164 .- 1841-7132. ; 16:1-2, s. 170-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ZnO thin films were prepared by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering at varying deposition conditions. The effects of RF power (from 40 to 90 W) and substrate temperature (from 100 to 200 degrees C) on the grain growth behavior, surface morphology evolution, and the structural and optical properties of the films were investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements confirmed that the grain size and surface roughness depend mainly on the RF power and increase with increasing it at the initial deposition stage of 5 s, and are strongly affected by the substrate temperature and increase with increasing it at the final deposition stage of 45 min. The influence of both the deposition parameters on the surface structure of the ZnO films at different deposition stages and the mechanism concerning this influence were discussed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical absorption spectra analysis indicated that all the films deposited for 45 min are in the state of the compressive stress and exhibit polycrystalline nature with the (002) preferential orientation, and they have high optical transparency in the visible range and sharp absorption edges around the wavelength 360 nm corresponding to the ZnO exciton. With the increase of the RF power and substrate temperature, the grain size increases, the residual compressive stress relaxes, and the optical band gaps broaden. In comparison with the RF power, the substrate temperature has more evident influence on the microstructure of the ZnO thin films.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Zheng, Zhijia, et al.
(författare)
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Photoluminescence properties of ZnO:Al films deposited on flexible PET substrate by RF reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2013
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Ingår i: Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials Rapid Communications. - 1842-6573 .- 2065-3824. ; 7:9-10, s. 676-679
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aluminium-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films have been deposited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by RF reactive magnetron sputtering process at low substrate temperature (room -100 degrees C), and their photoluminescence (PL) behavior at room temperature and the influence of O-2:Ar ratio, substrate temperature, and deposition time were investigated. The strong near band-edge UV emission and the weak blue emission were observed, while the defect-related deep-level green emission was nearly absent, indicating that high optical quality AZO films, grown on flexible PET substrate, were obtained using the RF reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The origin of the emissions is discussed.
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