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1.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2004 2004 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedishcontaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: theInstitute of Applied Environmental Research at Stockholm University (analyses oforganochlorines), the Centre for Environmental Monitoring at the University of Agriculture(analyses of heavy metals) and the Contaminant Research Group at the Swedish Museumof Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation,recording of biological variables, minor additional analyses of organochlorines, storage offrozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies,data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated bythe Environmental Protection Agency in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigatedcontaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes andmay cause biological effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biotacould be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biotafrom several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts.The goal is to describe the general contaminant status and to serve as reference values forregional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80%at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges ofvarious contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at asignificance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’-character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of bannedcontaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance levelof 5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significancelevel of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern ofe.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fishspecies like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish FoodAdministration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish RadiationProtection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM,1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematicallycollected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable4material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today aswell as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also thedevelopment of biological variables like e.g. condition factor, liver somatic index (LSI) andfat content are monitored at all sites. At some few sites, integrated monitoring with fishphysiology and population are running in co-operation with the Swedish Fishery Board.• experiences from the national program with several time series of over 20 years can beused in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high quality, long time series is further used to explorerelationships among biological variables and contaminants concentrations in varioustissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance componentsand the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is anindispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning thefate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general andin the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the nationalmonitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmeswithin ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota andsummarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give thebackground or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasingconcentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for somecontaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caughtat the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentrationbetween tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something aboutthe relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoringprogrammes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised inthe 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences maynot reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature,salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at thebeginning of each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower leftcorner.
2.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2006 2006 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedishcontaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: theInstitute of Applied Environmental Research at Stockholm University (analyses oforganochlorines), the Centre for Environmental Monitoring at the University of Agriculture(analyses of heavy metals) and the Contaminant Research Group at the Swedish Museumof Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation,recording of biological variables, minor additional analyses of organochlorines, storage offrozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies,data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated by theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigatedcontaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes andmay cause biological effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biotacould be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biotafrom several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts.The goal is to describe the general contaminant status and to supply reference values forregional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80%at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges ofvarious contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at asignificance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’-character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of bannedcontaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance level of5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significancelevel of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern ofe.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fishspecies like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish FoodAdministration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish RadiationProtection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM,1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematicallycollected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable5material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today aswell as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also thedevelopment of biological variables like e.g. condition factor (CF), liver somatic index(LSI) and fat content are monitored at all sites. At a few sites, integrated monitoring withfish physiology and population are running in co-operation with the University ofGothenburg and the Swedish Fishery Board.• experiences from the national program with several time series of over 25 years can beused in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high qualityand long time series is further used to explorerelationships among biological variables and contaminants concentrations in varioustissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance componentsand the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is anindispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning thefate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general andin the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the nationalmonitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmeswithin ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota andsummarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give thebackground or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasingconcentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for somecontaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caughtat the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentrationbetween tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something aboutthe relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoringprogrammes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised inthe 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences maynot reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature,salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at the beginningof each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower left corner.
3.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2008 2008 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedish contaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: the Department of Applied Environmental Science at Stockholm University (analyses of organochlorines), the Department of Environmental Assessment at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (analyses of heavy metals), Department of Chemistry at Umeå University (analyses of PCDD/PCDF) and the Department of Contaminant Research at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation, recording of biological variables, storage of frozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies, data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigated contaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes and may cause toxic effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biota could be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biota from several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts. The goal is to describe the general contaminant load and to supply reference values for regional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges of various contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’- character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of banned contaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern of e.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fish species like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish Food Administration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish Radiation Protection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM, 1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematically collected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable4material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today as well as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also the development of biological variables like e.g. condition factor (CF), liver somatic index (LSI) and fat content are monitored at all sites. At a few sites, integrated monitoring with fish physiology and population are running in co-operation with the University of Gothenburg and the Swedish Board of Fisheries.• experiences from the national programme with several time series of over 25 years can be used in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high quality and long time series is further used to explore relationships among biological variables and contaminant concentrations in various tissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance components and the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is an indispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning the fate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’ data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general and in the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the national monitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmes within ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota and summarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give the background or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasing concentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for some contaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caught at the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentration between tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something about the relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoring programmes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised in the 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences may not reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature, salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at the beginning of each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower left corner.
4.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Miljögifter och metaller i biologiskt material från marin miljö 2004 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract A short summary of the results up to year 2002/03 is given below. Graphical presentations,tables and details are given in the following chapters. A summary of the estimatedconcentrations up to 2002/03 is given in table 23.3.•The condition of herring in the Baltic is decreasing in almost all autumn time series. Atthe same time fat content is decreasing in herring from Harufjärden, Landsort andUtlängan (autumn and spring).•Lead concentrations in herring, cod and perch livers are decreasing in almost all timeseries from both the Swedish west coast and the Baltic.•The increasing trends of cadmium concentrations in herring liver from the Baltic Properand from the Bothnian Sea reported for the period 1980 to 1997 seems to havestopped.In herring from Ängskärsklubb a significant decrease can be seen for the last ten years,and in the time series from Landsort there is also indications of this decrease.•Cadmium concentrations in blue mussels from the Baltic Proper are about 5 timeshigherthan the suggested background levels for the North Sea and 3 times higher thanthe mussel samples from Fladen and Väderöarna.•HCH’s are decreasing at almost all sites with a time serie long enough to permit astatistical trend analysis.•HCB is decreasing in herring, cod and guillemot from the Baltic Proper and also inherring and cod at the Swedish westcoast. However, some relativelyhighconcentrationshave been detected in the last years, and it looks like the decrease islevelling out.•TCDD-equivalents have not decreased in herring at Harufjärden, Karlskrona andFladen during the investigated timeperiod 1990-1999. There is a significant decrease ofthese substances in guillemot eggs from St Karlsö between 1970 and the middle of the80-ies after that, the decrease has levelled out.
5.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Temporal trends of Swedish environmental and human milk concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs, with forecasts to 2040 2020 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The report deals with temporal trends of measured concentrations of representative congenersof dioxin-like PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) (here together called dioxins) inbiological samples from the Swedish marine and freshwater environment together with humanmilk and food.Dioxins are well-known for causing cancer, severe reproductive and developmental problems,damage the immune system and for interfering with hormonal systems. Dioxin exposure hasfurther been suggested to induce birth defects, reduced sperm counts, diabetes, learningdisabilities, immune system suppression, lung problems, skin disorders, lowered testosteronelevels and more.The data originates from national monitoring programs on contaminants financed by theSwedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and accomplished by the Swedish FoodAgency (SFA), the Swedish Museum of Natural History (SMNH) and Stockholm University(SU). Temporal trends of the abovementioned chemicals have been studied, also, the trendshave been extrapolated in an attempt to forecast the situation during the coming 20 years.The present report focus on temporal trends and longer time series (often more than 2decades). Compilations that covers also shorter time-series, relations between variousbiological samples and geographical distribution can be found elsewhere. A thorough studydescribing the dioxin situation in the Baltic was carried out by the Swedish EPA 2013(Wiberg et al., 2013).
6.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (författare) Declining levels of PCB, HCB and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from food producing bovines and swine in Sweden 1991-2004 2009 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 74:11, s. 1457-1462 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The official control programme for organochlorine (OC) contaminants in food producing animals in Sweden was used to study temporal and spatial trends of the polychlorinated biphenyl CB 153, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from bovines and swine 1991-2004. Our results show that efforts to decrease OC contamination of animal feed and the environment have had a positive impact on the contamination of the animal production. OC concentrations declined significantly in almost all studied regions of Sweden. OC temporal trends were slower in bovines (6-8% per year) than in swine (10-12%). Power analyses showed that data from more than 10 years of sampling were needed for a detection of an annual OC level change of 5% in both species in the control programme, due to large within- and between-year variation in OC levels. CB 153 and p,p'-DDE levels were higher in southern than in northern Sweden. Levels decreased with age in milk cows, but not in young nulliparous cows (heifers) and bulls. Moreover, milk cows and bulls had significantly lower OC levels than heifers. Levels were not age-dependent among swine, but castrated male swine (barrows) had significantly lower OC levels than young female swine (gilts). Levels of the studied OCs are now in many cases below the LOQ of the analytical method used. Future time trend studies of these OCs thus depend on lowered LOQs in the control programme.
7.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (författare) Jämförelser av tidstrender av miljöföroreningarna PCBer, HCB, dioxiner, bromerade flamskyddsmedel och perfluorerade alkylsyror i biota och människa – vilka faktorer bidrar till skillnader? 2020 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Naturvårdsverket har under flera decennier, inom den nationella miljöövervakningen, undersökt tidstrender av bioackumulerande/biomagnifierande organiska miljöföroreningar (persistent organic pollutants, POPs) i biota och människor, eftersom POPs kan utgöra hälsorisker för djur och människor. Ett viktigt syfte med detta monitoreringsprogram är att följa miljötillståndet i Sverige. Programmet används också för att följa upp resultat av de åtgärder som vidtagits nationellt och internationellt för att begränsa POP-förororeningen av miljön. I denna rapport undersöks tidstrender av POPs i människor från Sverige (modersmjölk och blodserum), sillgrisslor från Östersjön (ägg) och sill/strömming (muskel och lever) från svenska ost- och västkusten, och dessa trender kopplas samman med de viktigaste nationella/internationella åtgärderna (lagstiftning, råd/rekommendationer, frivilliga åtgärder, mm) som införts för att begränsa utsläppen i miljön. Syftet är att undersöka om det finns samband mellan åtgärder och förändringar av tidstrender i biota och människor. De studerade POPs omfattar industrikemikalierna polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB), de oavsiktligt bildade föroreningarna polyklorerade dibenso-para-dioxiner och dibensofuraner (PCDD/F), fungiciden hexaklorbensen (HCB), de bromerade flamskyddsmedlen (BFR) polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) och hexabromcyklododekan (HBCDD), och industrikemikalierna per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS).Resultaten visar att nationella/internationella förbud av produktion och användning av PCB och HCB relativt snabbt resulterade i minskande halter i alla studerade matriser. Liknande effekter observerades efter mer eller mindre frivilliga utfasningar av produktion och användning av vissa BFR och PFAS. Halterna av PCDD/F, som förekom som förorening i tekniska PCB-blandningar, minskade också efter att förbud mot PCB-produktion och användning infördes. Detta visar att eliminering av primära källor för utsläpp i miljön är en mycket effektiv åtgärd, som relativt snabbt leder till sjunkande halter i biota och människor även när det gäller så pass svårnedbrytbara substanser som de studerade POPs.När de flesta viktiga primära källorna har eliminerats finns det dock sekundära källor som kan vara mycket svårare, eller helt omöjliga, att eliminera. Detta illustreras av HCB, som för närvarande tycks öka i vissa delar av den svenska miljön. Det har föreslagits att detta fenomen till viss del beror på avdunstning av HCB från förorenad mark i områden som har haft en historiskt högre användning av fungiciden än i Sverige. När det avdunstade HCB med vindarna når Sverige sker en deposition på grund av ett kallare klimat. Diffusa primära källor för PCDD/F, som nu tycks dominera i Sverige, är också svåra att åtgärda, vilket kan förklara varför minskningen av halterna i flera av de studerade matriserna nu verkar gå långsammare än tidigare.Resultaten visar också att stegvis eliminering av produktion och användning av några få substanser i taget inom en grupp av POPs är ineffektivt ur miljömässig synvinkel. Detta exemplifieras av de studerade BFR och PFAS, som i motsats till PCB inte har reglerats gruppvis. Stegvisa åtgärder ger en mycket mer utdragen förbättringsprocess i miljön, där minskande halter av reglerade substanser motverkas av ökande halter av oreglerade substanser med liknande egenskaper. För att undvika denna, ur miljöns synvinkel, utdragna process bör ämnen med liknande egenskaper inom en POP-grupp regleras samtidigt.För vissa av de undersökta POPs har olika delar av den svenska miljön ”svarat” olika snabbt på vidtagna åtgärder. För tetra-pentaBDE vändes en ökning av halter till en minskning mer än 10 år tidigare i sillgrissla och strömming/sill än i modersmjölk. Även om det inte klart går att bevisa, så kan detta bero på att det vidtogs regionala åtgärder i ett tidigt skede som hade positiv effekt på utsläpp i Östersjön utan att nämnvärt påverka den svenska befolkningens exponering. Tidstrenderna i modersmjölk följde istället i hög grad förändringarna i världsproduktion av dessa PBDE.De retrospektiva studierna av BFR och PFAS trender visar att en oreglerad ökning av världsproduktion och -användning har resulterat i exponentiella ökningar av föroreningen av den svenska miljön. Det är därför av yttersta vikt att reglerande myndigheter/organisationer och industrin tillsammans anstränger sig att införa effektiva och snabba åtgärder på global nivå som minimerar risken för framtida miljöproblem orsakade av hittills ”okända” substansgrupper med POP-liknande egenskaper.
8.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (författare) Perfluorerade organiska ämnen i serum från förstföderskor i Uppsala – tidstrend 1996-2010 2011 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
9.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (författare) Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Blood Serum from Primiparous Women in Sweden : Serial Sampling during Pregnancy and Nursing, And Temporal Trends 1996-2010 2012 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 46:16, s. 9071-9079 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigated temporal trends of blood serum levels of 13 perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in primiparous women (N = 413) from Uppsala County, Sweden, sampled 3 weeks after delivery 1996-2010. Levels of the short-chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) increased 11%/y and 8.3%/y, respectively, and levels of the long-chain perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) increased 4.3%/y and 3.8%/y, respectively. Concomitantly, levels of FOSA (22%/y), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 8.4%/y), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS, 10%/y), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 3.1%/y) decreased. Thus, one or several sources of exposure to the latter compounds have been reduced or eliminated, whereas exposure to the former compounds has recently increased. We explored if maternal levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during the early nursing period are representative for the fetal development period, using serial maternal serum samples, including cord blood (N = 19). PFAA levels in maternal serum sampled during pregnancy and the nursing period as well as in cord blood were strongly correlated. Strongest correlations between cord blood levels and maternal levels were observed for maternal serum sampled shortly before or after the delivery (r = 0.70-0.89 for PFOS and PFOA). A similar pattern was observed for PFNA, although the correlations were less strong due to levels close to the method detection limit in cord blood.
10.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (författare) Reply to comments of Jose G. Dorea on "Declining levels of PCB, HCB and p,p '-DDE in adipose tissue from food producing bovines and swine in Sweden 1991-2004" by Glynn et al. [Chemosphere 74(11)(2009)1457-1462] 2009 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 76:6, s. 868-868 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
11.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (författare) Statistisk utvärdering av tidstrendsstudier av kemikalier i modersmjölk och blodserum från förstföderskor i Uppsala 1996-2014 (POPUP) 2016 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Utvärderingen har genomförts i samarbete med Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, som ansvarat för de statistiska analyserna. Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in blodprover och modersmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala för analys av persistenta organiska miljöföroreningar, såsom polyklorerade bifenyler (PCBer), dibenzo-p-dioxiner och dibenzofuraner (PCDD/F), DDT, hexaklorbensen (HCB), bromerade flamskyddsmedel (PBDE, HBCD) och poly- och perfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS). Syftet är att följa upp om riskreducerande åtgärder mot kemikalierna har haft önskad effekt på befolkningens exponering och hur exponeringen för nya oreglerade kemikalier utvecklas. Rapporten redovisar de viktigaste slutsatserna som ett underlag för planering av framtida provtagnings- och analysstrategier.Trender av alla substanser utom PFAS har undersökts i modersmjölk. Kemikalierna har mätts i prover från förstföderskor 1996-2014 (N=302-471). Med nuvarande upplägg har det under en 10-årig period varit möjligt att med 80 % säkerhet upptäcka förändringar mellan 1,7 % och 5,6 % per år. En ökad variation av haltdata runt trendlinjen (CV) eller ett minskat antal prover gör det svårare att upptäcka trender. Justering av trenderna för störfaktorerna ålder, BMI före graviditet och viktsförändring under graviditet och efter förlossning minskar CV. Möjligheterna att upptäcka trender påverkas av hur ofta analyser sker och av antal prover per analysomgång. Vid en CV på 50 % skulle analyser av 6 enskilda prover per år räcka för att med 80 % säkerhet upptäcka en förändring på 5 % per år under en 12-årsperiod. För att upptäcka en förändring på 1 % ökar antalet prover per år till 400.En övergång till analys av samlingsprover kan vara en kostnadseffektiv åtgärd om endast tidstrender ska studeras. Om ett samlingsprov per provtagningsår analyseras istället för enskilda prover, med samma studieupplägg som hittills, minskar den statistiska styrkan drastiskt jämfört med om enskilda prover analyseras. Att analysera 3 samlingsprover per provtagningsår är ett mer effektivt upplägg. Vid en CV 50 % och årlig analys krävs 2 enskilda prover per samlingsprov för att finna en förändring på 5 % under en 12-årsperiod (80 % säkerhet). Om analys sker vartannat år krävs 7 prover per samlingsprov.Om många prover i en tidsserie har halter under analysmetodernas bestämningsgräns (Brytpunkter i trenderna upptäcktes för totalhalt av PCDD/F/PCB TEQ (år 2008), PCB 153 (2009) och HCB (2002) varefter minskningen av halter tycks ha bromsat in. För BDE-47 och -100 hittades brytpunkter 2004 varefter haltförändringen gick snabbare än innan. För BDE153 och HBCD ökade halterna fram till 2001-2002 och sjönk därefter. För PFAS, som undersöks i 3 samlingsprover av serum per provtagningsår, upptäcktes en brytpunkt för PFHxS (2009), PFOA (2002), PFNA (2007), PFDA (2004), PFUnDA (2011) , PFDoDA (2009) och PFTrDA (2011). Tidigare ökningar av halter tycks då avstannat eller vänts till sänkningar.Halten av PCDD/F/PCB TEQ i fett från modersmjölk ger en bra bild av halten i gravida kvinnors kroppsfett. USAs Naturvårdsverk har tagit fram en hälsobaserad referensdos som motsvarar en TEQ-halt på cirka 5 pg/g kroppsfett. Med den observerade minskningen av TEQ (-6 % per år) 1996-2014 beräknas 95 % av den undersökta populationen kvinnor ha halter under 5 pg TEQ/g fett 2024. Det kommer dock sannolikt att ta längre tid eftersom haltminskningen av TEQ tycks ha bromsats upp efter 2008.
12.	Gyllenhammar, Irina, et al. (författare) Levels of persistent halogenated organic pollutants (POP) in mother’s milk from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden: results from year 2015 and 2016, and temporal trends for the time period 1996-2016 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in modersmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala för analys av persistenta halogenerade organiska miljöföroreningar (POP). I följande rapport redovisas halterna av industrikemikalien PCB (mono-, di- och non-orto PCB), oavsiktligt bildade dioxiner och furaner (PCDD/F), de klorerade pesticiderna DDT (p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, o,p’-DDT), hexaklorbensen (HCB), hexaklorcyklohexan (β-HCH) och klordan (oxyklordan och transnonaklor) samt bromerade flamskyddsmedel (PBDE, HBCD) i 30 modersmjölksprover insamlade 2015 och 2016. Nya data används också för att uppdatera tidstrenderna för dessa ämnen. Bland PCBerna var medelkoncentrationen i modersmjölk (2015-2016) högst för PCB 153 (27 ng/g fett). Medel-halten för PCDD TEQ (2,0 pg/g fett) var högre än för PCDF TEQ (1,5 pg/g fett). Den DDT-förening som hade högst medelhalt var p,p’-DDE (35 ng/g fett). Bland de polybromerade difenyletrarna (PBDE) uppvisade BDE-47 (0,75 ng/g fett) och BDE-153 (0,46 ng/g fett) högst medelhalter. Utvärdering av tidstrender för perioden 1996-2016 (multipel linjär regression) visade att halterna av di-orto PCBer, mono-orto PCB TEQ och non-orto PCB TEQ har minskat med ca 6 % per år. Halterna av PCDD TEQ har minskat fortare än halterna av PCDF TEQ (7 % respektive 4 % per år). Dessa resultat stämmer överens med de trender som tidigare observerats för POPUP. I denna studie har också en statistisk analys för trendbrott använts. Det finns en tendens till att haltminskningarna för PCB och PCDD/F varit snabbare under perioden den första delen av studien. För mono-orto PCB TEQ och PCDD/F TEQ observerades ett signifikant trendbrott 2002, och för PCB-153 och di-orto PCBer var det ett trendbrott 2012. Efter trendbrotten minskade halterna långsammare eller inte alls. Halterna av p,p’-DDE och HCB i modersmjölk minskade med 7 respektive 5 % per år, vilket stämmer överens med de minskningshastigheter som rapporterats tidigare från POPUP. För HCB sågs ett trendbrott år 2006 och därefter ses ingen signifikant trend. Resultaten för PBDEer stämmer överens med det som rapporterats tidigare och halterna av BDE-47, -99 och -100 har minskat med 6-12% per år. Nivåerna av BDE-153 ökade under 1996-2002 då ett trendbrott sågs och därefter har halterna minskat. BDE-209 har bara analyserats i modersmjölk sedan 2009 och hit-tills kan inte någon tidstrend observeras. Trenden för HBCD har tidigare varit osäker men med de nya halterna för år 2015 och 2016l sågs en nedåtgående trend med 2 % per år och ett trendbrott sågs 2003 med ökande trend före och minskande halter efter det året. Fortsatta undersökningar av POPar i modersmjölk kan ge svar på om halterna av PCBer, PCDD/F och HCB håller på att stabiliseras på nuvarande nivåer.
13.	Gyllenhammar, Irina, et al. (författare) Temporal trends of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in pooled serum samples from first-time mothers in Uppsala 1997-2016 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in prover från förstföderskor i Uppsala (POPUP-studien) för analys av persistenta halogenerade organiska miljöföroreningar (POPar). I följande rapport redovisas halterna av poly- och perfluorerade ämnen (PFAS) i blodserum insamlade 3 veckor efter förlossningen 1997- 2016. Prover från ungefär 30 kvinnor per år delades upp i 3 samlingsprover per provtagningsår (9-10 prover per samlingsprov). Nya resultat från 2015 och 2016 är hopslagna med tidigare publicerade data från POPUP där samma analysmetod och laboratorium har använts. Halten av långkedjiga karboxylsyror (8-12 kol) ökade med runt 3 % per år. För PFNA, PFDA och PFUnDA sågs ett trendbrott runt 2004 och därefter ses ingen trend. För PFDoDA sågs ett liknande trendbrott runt 2011. PFTrDA hade inget trendbrott utan halterna har ökat hela tiden under studieperioden. Det är viktigt att följa upp resultaten för de långkedjiga karboxylsyrorna för att se att halterna planar ut och börjar minska. Tillverkningen av sulfonsyran PFOS och liknande substanser i världen upphörde i stort sett runt 2002. Detta har resulterat i sjunkande halter av substansen (ca 8 % per år). Även prekursorer till PFOS visar en nedåtgående trend som också är snabbare än för PFOS, 17-26 % per år. Halterna av andra prekursorer låg i allmänhet under kvantifieringsgränserna, även om de i vassa fall var mätbara. Tillverkningen av en karboxylsyra kallad PFOA har minskat, men inte ännu fasats ut helt, och minskningen av denna substans i kvinnornas blod går därför långsammare (ca 3 % per år). Befolkningen i Uppsala utsattes fram till 2012 för förhöjda halter av den mycket bioackumulerbara sulfonsyran PFHxS i dricksvattnet. Detta har resulterat i ökade blodhalter hos förstföderskor under studieperioden (ca 5 % per år). Ett trendrott sågs också 2011och därefter ses ingen trend. Detta antyder att de åtgärder som sattes in för att rena vattnet i Uppsala 2012 satte stopp för den ökade trenden av PFHxS. Även här krävs en dock en uppföljning framöver för att säkerställa att den minskade exponeringen från dricksvatten efter 2012 verkligen har resulterat i sänkta blodhalter av PFHxS och hur snabbt det går.
14.	Helander, Björn, 1946-, et al. (författare) The Role of DDE, PCB, Coplanar PCB and Eggshell Parameters for Reproduction in the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Sweden. 2002 Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 31:5, s. 386-403 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The reproduction of white-tailed sea eagles was monitoredin1964–1999 in 3 differently contaminated sub-populations: BalticSea coast (Bp), inland central Sweden (Ip) and Lapland (Lp). 249dead eggs from 205 clutches were obtained for analyses of DDEand PCBs and for eggshell measurements. A desiccation index(Di) value was calculated for each egg as a measure of waterloss through the shell. In the highly contaminated Bp, p,p´-DDEconcentrations in the eggs decreased continuously and 5-foldduring the study period and PCB concentrations decreased 3-fold from the mid 1980s. The PCB pattern changed slightly overtime towards more high-chlorinated congeners but the relativetoxicity of the PCB mixture, expressed as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQ), remained constant and TEQcan be assumed to have decreased in a similar way as PCB overtime. Productivity (P), shell thickness (St), shell index (Si) and Diincreased over time in the Bp but no change in Di or productivityoccurred in the Lp, where residue concentrations were 5–8 timeslower. P of the Bp was not correlated to St or Si but was negatively correlated to Di, DDE and PCB. An S-shaped doseresponse relationship was indicated between P and DDE. After1988, when the PCB/DDE ratio was considerably higher thanpreviously, PCB but not DDE concentrations were significantlyhigher in eggs with dead embryos as compared to undevelopedeggs, implying lethal concentrations of PCB, and a LOEL of 320pg g–1 TEQ is suggested for embryo mortality. In a subset of 21eggs, representing productive and unproductive females, analyzed for a selection of coplanar PCB congeners, tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol and bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulphone, there wasno evidence for a correlation between P and any of these compounds. A reduction in residue concentrations in old females didnot lead to increased P or improved Di-values, indicating aremaining effect from a previous, higher exposure to contaminants. The inability to reproduce included a high rate ofundeveloped eggs, indicating effects at a prezygotic stage. Pshowed the strongest correlation with Di, and Di was moststrongly correlated to DDE. Thus, the remaining effect of previousexposure resulted in a stronger correlation to the symptom (Di)rather than to the suggested causative agent (DDE). LOEL valuesfor depressed P were estimated at 120 µg g–1 DDE and 500 µgg–1 PCB (lipid basis). It is concluded that the major reason fordepressed P during the study period was DDE, but that effectsalso from PCB were largely concealed by the effects from DDE.
15.	Johansson, Jana H., et al. (författare) Temporal trends (1999-2010) of perfluoroalkyl acids in commonly consumed food items 2014 Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 188, s. 102-108 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study was to determine how dietary exposure to PFAAs has changed over the period when major production changes occurred. Archived samples (1999-2010) of eggs, milk and farmed rainbow trout were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Statistically significant decreasing trends were observed for concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in fish (p < 0.002 and p < 0.032, respectively) and eggs (p < 0.001 for both compounds). Concentrations of PFOS in fish and eggs decreased by a factor of 10 and 40, respectively. In eggs there was also a statistically significant decreasing trend in concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The results of this study demonstrate that PFAA concentrations in food items from agricultural food chains and aquatic food chains close to sources respond rapidly to changes in environmental emissions. Implications for the overall understanding of human exposure are discussed.
16.	Johansson, J., et al. (författare) Temporal trends (1999-2010) of perfluoroalkyl acids in commonly consumed food items 2014 Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; , s. 102-108 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
17.	Miaz, Luc T., et al. (författare) Temporal trends of suspect- and target-per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) in pooled serum from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden, 1996–2017 2020 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 22:4, s. 1071-1083 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A combined method for quantitative analysis, along with suspect and non-target screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was developed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-ultra-high resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. The method was applied together with measurements of total- and extractable organofluorine (TF and EOF, respectively), to pooled serum samples from 1996–2017 from first-time mothers living in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, some of which (i.e. 148 of 472 women sampled 1996–2012) were exposed to drinking water contaminated with perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and other PFAS until mid-2012. Declining trends were observed for all target PFAS as well as TF, with homologue-dependent differences in year of onset of decline. Only 33% of samples displayed detectable EOF, and amongst these samples the percentage of EOF explained by target PFAS declined significantly (−3.5% per year) over the entire study period. This finding corroborates prior observations in Germany after the year 2000, and may reflect increasing exposure to novel PFAS which have not yet been identified. Suspect screening revealed the presence of perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS), which displayed declining trends since the year 2000. Non-target time trend screening revealed 3 unidentified features with time trends matching PFHxS. These features require further investigation, but may represent contaminants which co-occurred with PFHxS in the contaminated drinking water.
18.	Miaz, Luc T, et al. (författare) Temporal trends of suspect and target per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) in pooled serum from first-time mothers in Uppsala 1996-2017 2020 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract A combined method for quantitative, suspect, and non-target screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was developed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-ultra-high resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. The method was applied together with measurements of total- and extractable organofluorine (TF and EOF, respectively), to pooled serum samples from 1996–2017 from first-time mothers living in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, some of which were exposed to drinking water contaminated with perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and other PFASs until mid-2012. Declining trends were observed for all target PFASs as well as TF, with homologue-dependent differences in year of onset of decline. Only 33% of samples displayed detectable EOF, and amongst these samples the percentage of EOF explained by target PFASs declined significantly (−3.5% per year) over the entire study period. This finding corroborates prior observations in Germany after the year 2000, and may reflect increasing exposure to novel PFASs which have not yet been identified. Non-target time trend screening revealed 3 unidentified features with time trends matching PFHxS (Spearman’s ρ > 0.5). These features require further investigation, but may represent contaminants which co-occurred with PFHxS in the contaminated drinking water.
19.	Neimane, Aleksija, et al. (författare) Emergence of the Zoonotic Biliary Trematode Pseudamphistomum truncatum in Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea 2016 Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:10, s. e0164782- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The biliary trematode Pseudamphistomum truncatum parasitizes a wide range of fish-eating mammals, including humans. Here we report the emergence of this parasite in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea. One hundred eighty-three of 1 554 grey seals (11.9%) examined from 2002–2013 had detectable hepatobiliary trematode infection. Parasite identification was confirmed as P. truncatum by sequencing the ITS2 region of a pool of five to 10 trematodes from each of ten seals collected off the coast of seven different Swedish counties. The proportion of seals parasitized by P. truncatum increased significantly over time and with increasing age of seals. Males were 3.1 times more likely to be parasitized than females and animals killed in fishery interactions were less likely to be parasitized than animals found dead or hunted. There was no significant difference in parasitism of seals examined from the Gulf of Bothnia versus those examined from the Baltic Proper. Although the majority of infections were mild, P. truncatum can cause severe hepatobiliary disease and resulted in liver failure in at least one seal. Because cyprinid fish are the second intermediate host for opisthorchiid trematodes, diets of grey seals from the Baltic Sea were analysed regarding presence of cyprinids. The proportion of gastrointestinal tracts containing cyprinid remains was ten times higher in seals examined from 2008 to 2013 (12.2%) than those examined from 2002 to 2007 (1.2%) and coincided with a general increase of trematode parasitism in the host population. The emergence and relatively common occurrence of P. truncatum in grey seals signals the presence of this parasite in the Baltic Sea ecosystem and demonstrates how aquatic mammals can serve as excellent sentinels of marine ecosystem change. Investigation of drivers behind P. truncatum emergence and infection risk for other mammals, including humans, is highly warranted.
20.	Zhou, Yihui, et al. (författare) Chlorinated Paraffins in Human Milk from Urban Sites in China, Sweden, and Norway 2020 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 54:7, s. 4356-4366 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) were analyzed in human milk from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Scandinavia. Individual samples were collected from Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing (China), Stockholm (Sweden), and Bodø (Norway) between 2010 and 2016. Mean concentrations (range) of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from the YRD were 124 [-1 fat, respectively, all of which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 15.9 (-1 fat, respectively, in samples from Scandinavia. MCCPs predominate in most samples, and LCCP concentrations exceed reported for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the same regions. This study is the first to confirm LCCP exposure via breastfeeding. Principal component analysis showed that the YRD samples were more influenced by SCCPs than the Scandinavian samples, which mirror different exposures to CPs between the regions. Because of a large variation in concentrations among individuals, SCCP intake via breastfeeding indicated a potential health concern in the 90th percentile among Chinese infants. Further, CP concentrations in the YRD samples from first-time mothers were on average three times higher than from second-time mothers. In order to limit the worldwide CP contamination, the inclusion of SCCPs as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention needs to be followed up, with the inclusion of MCCPs and LCCPs as well.
21.	Andersson, Agneta, et al. (författare) Can Humic Water Discharge Counteract Eutrophication in Coastal Waters? 2013 Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:4, s. e61293- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A common and established view is that increased inputs of nutrients to the sea, for example via river flooding, will cause eutrophication and phytoplankton blooms in coastal areas. We here show that this concept may be questioned in certain scenarios. Climate change has been predicted to cause increased inflow of freshwater to coastal areas in northern Europe. River waters in these areas are often brown from the presence of high concentrations of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon ( humic carbon), in addition to nitrogen and phosphorus. In this study we investigated whether increased inputs of humic carbon can change the structure and production of the pelagic food web in the recipient seawater. In a mesocosm experiment unfiltered seawater from the northern Baltic Sea was fertilized with inorganic nutrients and humic carbon (CNP), and only with inorganic nutrients (NP). The system responded differently to the humic carbon addition. In NP treatments bacterial, phytoplankton and zooplankton production increased and the systems turned net autotrophic, whereas the CNP-treatment only bacterial and zooplankton production increased driving the system to net heterotrophy. The size-structure of the food web showed large variations in the different treatments. In the enriched NP treatments the phytoplankton community was dominated by filamentous >20 mu m algae, while in the CNP treatments the phytoplankton was dominated by picocyanobacteria <5 mu m. Our results suggest that climate change scenarios, resulting in increased humic-rich river inflow, may counteract eutrophication in coastal waters, leading to a promotion of the microbial food web and other heterotrophic organisms, driving the recipient coastal waters to net-heterotrophy.
22.	Assefa, Anteneh, et al. (författare) Source-apportionment shows why dioxin levels have not declined in Baltic fish Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, “dioxins”) in fatty fish of the Baltic Sea have remained high despite declines in environmental levels since the 1980s. This has raised human health concerns and restricted marketing of Baltic herring and salmon within the European Union. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify and control current PCDD/F emission sources. Analysis presented here explains why PCDD/Fs levels in fish have stopped declining or even increased in recent decades. We show that contributions of “thermal” sources (e.g., waste incineration) of PCDD/Fs to Baltic fish have declined since the 1990s, but not contributions of sources associated with the manufacture and use of chlorophenols (particularly tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, TCP and PCP, respectively). Moreover, the discrepancy between declines in levels of dioxins in abiotic compartments (e.g. sediments and air), and stable or increasing levels in biota can be explained by the persistently high bioavailability of PCDD/Fs associated with TCP and PCP type sources.
23.	Assefa, Anteneh, et al. (författare) Sources of dioxins in Baltic Sea herring: A modelling study for identification of dioxin sources and quantification of their temporal and spatial impacts 2018 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This study presents a step-by-step statistical analysis for tracing dioxins sources that have contributed to levels in Baltic herring during the last decades. The study is based on the concentrations of the 17 toxic (2,3,7,8-substituted) dioxin congeners in herring and sediment from the Baltic Sea, and it evaluates how the impacts of the sources may have changed during the studied periods, i.e. 1990–2009 in the Bothnian Bay, 1979–2009 in the Bothnian Sea and 1988–2009 in the Baltic Proper. The modelling technique used (PMF) extracted three dioxin patterns in herring that could be used to obtain source patterns after applying transformation factors. The transformed patterns were compared to real dioxin source patterns available through previous measurement and modelling studies. The identified sources included tetrachlorophenol (TCP), pentachlorophenol/atmospheric background (PCP/AB) and emissions from thermal activities.The results indicate that the thermal source type has been the major contributor of dioxins to Baltic herring during the pre-and post-2000 periods (72% and 59%, respectively). Its impact appears, however, to have declined by 19% in the Bothnian Bay, by 67% in the Bothnian Sea, and by 48% in the Baltic Proper (TEQ-basis). On the other hand, the relative importance of TCP and PCP/AB appear to have increased over time, from 1.4% and 1.5% to 19% and 6.6% in the Bothnian Bay, from 3.3% and 7.2% to 12% and 10% in the Bothnian Sea, and from 8.9% and <1% to 33% and 13% in the Baltic Proper. Comparisons using absolute values (pg TEQ g-1 lipid weight) indicate an increase of the TCP source by five times in the Bothnian Bay from the pre-2000 to the post-2000 period, a slight increase in the Bothnian Sea, and more than a doubling of the levels in the Baltic Proper. The agreement between the trends in the three sub-basins is a good indication for an increased impact of the TCP source during recent years (post-2000). Corresponding analysis for the PCP/AB source type, indicate slightly decreased TEQ levels from the PCP/AB source type in the Bothnian Sea (by ~50%), more than twice as high in the Bothnian Bay, and more than triplicated in the Baltic Proper. While the declining trends of the thermal source type encourages continuing management efforts for air emissions, the apparent increase of TCP and PCP/AB call for more attention to such sources in the Baltic Sea. As the use of technical products containing TCP and PCP have been banned/restricted since the 1970s and 1980s, more focus on contaminated sites may be required in the mitigation actions of such sources.
24.	Assefa, Anteneh, et al. (författare) Sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to Baltic Sea herring 2019 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 218, s. 493-500 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in herring (Clupea harengus) remain high in several parts of the Baltic Sea, despite declines in PCDD/F emissions since the 1980s. The reasons behind this are not well understood. This study applied a statistical modeling approach where sources of PCDD/Fs that contaminate Baltic biota were quantitatively assessed by analyzing existing datasets. PCDD/F patterns were extracted from a herring dataset using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The extracted biota patterns were transformed into sediment patterns using fish-to-sediment transformation factors, and the resulting patterns were compared with known source PCDD/F patterns. The model distinguished three model patterns, which explained 85% of the data. These patterns were matched to tetra-chlorophenol (TCP), penta-chlorophenol/atmospheric background (PCP/AB), and thermal source patterns, respectively. The thermal source was the largest contributor to toxic equivalents (TEQ) in herring, but the level decreased from 42 ± 9.0 pg TEQ g−1 lipid weight (lw) before year 2000 (pre-2000) to 15 ± 2.4 pg TEQ g−1 lw post-2000, i.e., a decline of around one-third in the original TEQ concentration. The contribution of TCP more than doubled, from 2.1 ± 0.62 pg TEQ g−1 lw to 5.6 ± 1.1 pg TEQ g−1 lw, and the relative contribution of PCP/AB also increased. These increasing trends suggest that, as primary air emissions of PCDD/Fs are managed and levels decline, the impact of TCP and PCP/AB sources on Baltic Sea biota will become more important over time and that PCDD/F-contaminated sites in coastal areas and marine environments require more attention.
25.	Bergman, Åke, et al. (författare) Analys av klorparaffiner i bröstmjölk och serum 2022 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Klorparaffiner (CP) utgör en stor grupp av polyklorerade alkaner av olika kolkedjelängder och olika kloreringsgrad; kortkedjiga (C10 – C13, SCCP), medellånga (C14 – C17, MCCP) och långa (≥C18, LCCP). CP produceras i mycket stora volymer för användning som additiv (bl.a. som mjukgörare och flamskyddsmedel) i produkter, material och varor. De är globala miljöföroreningar som förekommer i abiotisk miljö, djur och människor. Hypotesen för den studie som nu genomförts är att CP uppvisar olika ackumulationsgrad i blod (serum eller plasma) jämfört med bröstmjölk. Därför har parade prover från 25 kvinnor som donerat blod och bröstmjölk analyserats med avseenden på CP i dessa båda matriser och halterna har jämförts med halter av en PCB-markör, CB-153, samt med 4,4’-DDE. Analyserna visar signifikanta haltskillnader, på fettviktsbasis, av SCCP och MCCP i serum på 22 respektive 6.2 gånger högre koncentrationer än de som uppmätts i bröstmjölken. Data visade även förhöjda halter av såväl vSCCPs (mycket korta CP) som LCCPs i serum jämfört med bröstmjölk men skillnaden i dessa båda fall är inte signifikant säkerställd. Medianhalterna av SCCP, MCCP och LCCP i serum respektive bröstmjölk är: 790, 520 och 16 ng/g fett respektive 36, 63 och 6,0 ng/g fett. 4,4’-DDE och CB-153 är jämförbara i de båda matriserna och ligger på 17 respektive 12 ng/g fett. SCCP är klassificerad som en POP i Stockholmskonventionen men inte MCCP trots höga halter i serum. CP är, oavsett kolkedjelängd, persistenta.
26.	Bergman, Åke, et al. (författare) Insamling och kemisk analys av miljöföroreningar i svensk modersmjölk - Resultat från 2008-2010 : Rapport till Naturvårdsverket – 2010-11-24 2010 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Projekten, såsom det först formulerades, avsåg insamling av mjölkprover från mödrar boende i Stockholm, Göteborg, Lund respektive Umeå. Redan första året visade det sig svårt att få in prover från samtliga platser varför provinsamlingen 2008 -2010 koncentrerades till Göteborg och Stockholm. Prover från dessa städer har levererats till Naturhistoriska riksmuseet för dokumentering, preparering och lagring. Såväl individuella prover som poolade sådana har analyserats med avsikt att särskilt studera prover från Göteborg på individuell basis. Proverna för 2008 inkluderade 10 individuella prover och fyra homogenat och för prover från 2009/2010, 19 individuella prover samt två homogenat. De kemiska ämnen som analyserades tillhör följande klasser av miljöföroreningar: organiska klorpesticider, polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB) samt polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE). Antalet enskilda analyter har i första hand avgjorts av ämnenas förekomst i proverna, men de som rapporteras är ett drygt 20-tal ämnen (se nedan).Den i särklass viktigaste miljöföroreningen bland de som här studeras är 4,4’-DDE. Den förekommer i halter mellan 20 och 130 ng/g fett, 2008-2010 i Göteborg medan halten i homogenat från 2007 låg på ca. 185 ng/g fett. I Stockholmsmödrarnas mjölk från 2008 låg halten på 70-80 ng/g fett men 2009/2010 var halten uppe i ca. 150 ng/g fett. De senare värdena ligger i paritet med observerade halter 2003, 2004 och 2007. Variationen är sådan att det inte ter sig finnas någon trend i haltutvecklingen mellan åren. Inte heller någon geografisk trend tycks förekomma, men fördjupade analyser av dessa data krävs för att säkerställa de statistiska observationerna. Övriga klororganiska bekämpningsmedel, inkl. hexaklorbensen (HCB) förekommer i halter som är <10% av 4,4’-DDE. De dominerande PCB-kongenerna är CB-138, -153 och -180 men dessa förekommer i halter som är lägre än 50% av det som 4,4’-DDE förekommer i. Flertalet PCB-kongener förekommer i sub-10 ng/g fett-halter i modersmjölken oavsett ursprungsstad (Göteborg eller Stockholm).ΣPCB-halten ligger i nivå med koncentrationen av 4,4’-DDE. Koncentrationerna av polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) är låga. De enskilda PBDE-kongenerna har mestadels halter på under 1 ng/g fett. BDE-209 förekommer mycket sällan i kvantifierbar halt i modersmjölken. Av lägre bromerade difenyletrar dominerar fortfarande BDE-47.Utanför kontraktet tillförs här också data för halter och trender av polyfluorerade kemikalier i modersmjölk från Stockholm 1972 till 2008. De ämnen som analyserats i modersmjölken är perfluorooktansulfonat (PFOS), perfluorohexansulfonat (PFHS) samt perfluorooktansyra (PFOA). Resultaten redovisar entydigt ämnenas uppåtgående trend fram till omkring 2000 varefter koncentrationerna faller.
27.	Bergman, Åke, et al. (författare) Uppdaterande och nya tidstrendsanalyser av halogenerade persistentaämnen i svensk bröstmjölk: PCDDs, PCDFs och DL-PCBs : Rapport till Naturvårdsverket – 2013-03-30 2013 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Polyklorerade dibenso-p-dioxiner (PCDDs), dibensofuraner (PCDFs) och dioxinliknandepolylorerade bifenyler (DL-PCBs) har analyserats i mjölk från Stockholmsmödrar under tiden1972 till 2011. Halterna redovisas som toxiska ekvivalenter och resultaten visar på enkontinuerlig årlig nedgång med 6-7%. Halterna är nu ungefär 1/10 av halterna 1972.
28.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) 9. Contaminants and Health of Aquatic Wildlife 2012. - 1 Ingår i: Ecology and Animal Health. - Uppsala : Baltic University Press. - 9789186189129 ; , s. 73-85 Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
29.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Adjustments for confounders in pooled samples 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
30.	Bignert, Anders, 1953- (författare) Biological aspects and statistical methods to improve assessments in environmental monitoring 2003 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
31.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments concerning the national Swedish contaminant monitoring programme in marine biota, 2015 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
32.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2015 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The environmental toxicants examined in this report can be classified into five groups – heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, brominated flame retardants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds. Each of these contaminants have been examined from various sites for up to six different fish species, in blue mussels, and in guillemot eggs, for varying lengths of time. The following summary examines overall trends, spatial and temporal, for the five groups.Condition and Fat ContentCondition and fat content in different species tended to follow the same pattern at the same sites, with a few exceptions. Most of the fish species generally displayed a decreasing trend in both condition and fat content at most sites examined. Exceptions to this were increases in condition factor seen in cod liver at Fladen, perch muscle at Kvädöfjärden, and for herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring. Also, an increase in fat content was seen during the most recent ten years for herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring. There were also some sites where no log linear trends were seen.Heavy MetalsDue to a change in methods for metal analysis (not mercury) in 2004, values between 2003 and 2007 should be interpreted with care. From 2009 metals are analyzed at ACES, Stockholm University.Generally, higher mercury concentrations are found in the Bothnian Bay, but also from one station in the Northern parts of Baltic Proper, compared to other parts of the Swedish coastline. The time series show varying concentrations over the study period. The longer time series in guillemot egg and spring-caught herring from the southern Bothnian Sea and southern Baltic Proper show significant decreases of mercury. On the other hand, increasing concentrations are seen in e.g., cod muscle, but the concentrations are fairly low compared to measured concentrations in perch from fresh water and coastal sites. In most cases, the mercury concentrations are above the EQSbiota of 20 ng/g wet weight.Lead is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length), supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. The highest concentrations are seen in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. Elevated lead concentrations between 2003 and 2007 (e.g. Harufjärden) should be viewed with caution (see above regarding change in analysis methods). Lead concentrations are below the suggested target level at all stations.Cadmium concentrations show varying non-linear trends over the monitored period. It is worth noting that despite several measures taken to reduce discharges of cadmium, generally the most recent concentrations are similar to concentrations measured 30 yearsago in the longer time series. Cadmium concentrations in herring and perch are all below the suggested target level of 160 μg/kg wet weight.The reported nickel concentrations show no consistent decreasing trends. Some series begin with two elevated values that exert a strong leverage effect on the regression line and may give a false impression of decreasing trends. Chromium generally shows decreasing concentrations, possibly explained by a shift in analytical method. The essential trace metals, copper and zinc, show no consistent trends during the monitored period.Generally higher concentrations of arsenic and silver are found along the west coast compared to other parts of the Sweadish coast line. However for silver a few stations in the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay show comparable concentrations to the west coast stations.Chlorinated CompoundsGenerally, a decreasing concentrations were observed for all compounds (DDT’s, PCB’s, HCH’s, HCB) in all species examined, with a few exceptions, such as no change in TCDD-equivalents being seen in herring muscle (except at Änskärsklubb where very high concentrations at the beginning of the sampling period were seen and also at the west coast station Fladen). The longer time-series in guillemot also show a marked decrease in TCDD-equivalents from the start in the late 1960s until about 1985 from where no change occurred for many years, however, during the most recent ten years a decrease in the concentration is seen. Concentrations of DDE and CB-118 are for some species and sites still above their respective target levels.The chlorinated compounds generally show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Sea and/or Baltic Proper when compared to the Bothnian Bay and the Swedish west coast.Brominated Flame RetardantsElevated levels of HBCDD are seen in sites from the Baltic Proper, while the investigated PBDEs show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Bay. In addition, lower concentrations of all investigated PBDEs and HBCDD are seen on the Swedish west coast compared to the east coast. Temporally, significant increases in BDE-47, -99 and -100 have been seen in guillemot eggs since the late 1960s until the early 1990s, where concentrations then began to show decreases. Also, the concentration of HBCDD in guillemot eggs shows a decrease during the most recent ten years. For fish and blue mussels, BDE-47, -99, and -153 decreased at some sites and showed no trend at other sites. The concentration of HBCDD in fish and blue mussels showed inconsistent trends. The concentration of HBCDD is below the EQSbiota of 167 μg/kg wet weight for all fish species from all areas, while the concentration of BDE-47 alone is above the EQSbiota for sumPBDE of 0.0085 ng/g wet weight.PAHsOnly blue mussels have been examined for spatial differences in PAH concentrations. Concentration of ΣPAH was found to be higher from Kvädöfjärden in the Baltic Proper compared to stations at the West coast, but individual PAHs showed varying spatial patterns. Over time, acenaphthalene was rarely found above the detection limit. Significant decreasing trends were observed for ΣPAH, chrysene, fluoranthene and pyrene at Fjällbacka; for naphthalene at Kvädöfjärden; and for pyrene at Fladen.All time series where concentrations of various PAHs were compared with the target value based on OSPAR Ecological Assessment Criteria, or EC Environmental Quality Standards were below the target value.PFASsPFHxS and PFOS show a similar spatial pattern, but PFOS concentrations were approximately 25 times higher than PFHxS levels. The distribution of PFOS is quite homogenous along the Swedish coast but with somewhat higher concentrations in the Baltic Proper. PFOS concentrations in guillemot eggs are about 100-200 times higher than in herring liver. An overall increasing concentration of PFOS in guillemot eggs has been observed throughout the whole time period, however, during the most recent ten years, a change of direction is detected. The longer herring time series from Harufjärden, Landsort, and Utlängan show increasing concentrations for PFOS and most carboxylates. For FOSA, on the other hand, decreasing concentrations are seen during the most recent ten years.Organotin compoundsThe majority of the analysed tinorganic compounds showed concentrations below LOQ. However TBT and DPhT showed concentrations above LOQ at all stations with highest reported concentrations in fish from Örefjärden in the northern part of Bothnian Sea.
33.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2016 2016 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
34.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2017 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
35.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2017 : Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i marin biota, 2017 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The report summarises the monitoring activities within the National Swedish Contaminant Programme in marine biota. Time series of analysed contaminants (heavy metals, organochlorines, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in biota are presented together with summaries of the results from the statistical analyses. The data represent the bioavailable portion of the investigated contaminants i.e. the portion that has effectively passed through biological membranes and may cause toxic effects. The report does not in general give background or explanations to significant changes found in the time series. Thus, increasing concentrations highlight the need for intensified studies. - There was no general trend in heavy metal concentrations except for lead that is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length), supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. - Generally, decreasing concentrations were observed for organochlorines (DDT’s, PCB’s, HCH’s, HCB), also including TCDD-equivalents over the whole study period, but not during the last decades. The chlorinated compounds generally show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Sea and/or Baltic Proper when compared to the Bothnian Bay and the Swedish west coast. - Increasing trends of brominated flame retardants in guillemot eggs from late 1960s until early 1990s for polybrominated diphenyl ethers such as BDE-47, -99 and -100 and until mid-2000s for HBCDD, but with decreasing concentrations during the more recent time period. The PBDEs and HBCDD show higher concentrations in the Baltic Sea compared to the Swedish west coast. - A consistently increasing concentration of PFOS in guillemot eggs has been observed throughout the whole time period, however, during the most recent ten years a change of direction is seen.
36.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2017 (2016 years data) 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
37.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2017 (2016 years data) 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The report summarises the monitoring activities within the National Swedish Contaminant Programme in marine biota.Time series of analysed contaminants (heavy metals, organochlorines, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in biota are presented together with summaries of the results from the statistical analyses. The data represent the bioavailable portion of the investigated contaminants i.e. the portion that has effectively passed through biological membranes and may cause toxic effects. The report does not in general give background or explanations to significant changes found in the time series. Thus, increasing concentrations highlight the need for intensified studies.- There was no general trend in heavy metal concentrations except for lead that is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length), supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline.- Generally, decreasing concentrations were observed for organochlorines (DDT’s, PCB’s, HCH’s, HCB), also including TCDD-equivalents over the whole study period, but not during the last decades. The chlorinated compounds generally show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Sea and/or Baltic Proper when compared to the Bothnian Bay and the Swedish west coast.- Increasing trends of brominated flame retardants in guillemot eggs from late 1960s until early 1990s for polybrominated diphenyl ethers such as BDE-47, -99 and -100 and until mid-2000s for HBCDD, but with decreasing concentrations during the more recent time period. The PBDEs and HBCDD show higher concentrations in the Baltic Sea compared to the Swedish west coast.- A consistently increasing concentration of PFOS in guillemot eggs has been observed throughout the whole time period, however, during the most recent ten years a change of direction is seen.
38.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Comments Concerning the National Swedish Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2017 (2016 years data) 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
39.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Consequences of using pooled versus individual samples for designing environmental monitoring sampling strategies 2014 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 94, s. 177-182 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Choosing an appropriate sampling strategy for chemical analysis within environmental monitoring includes the important decision of whether to sample and store individual or pooled samples. This choice impacts on future analyses from Environmental Specimen Bank samples. A number of advantages exist to support using either individual or pooled samples for temporal trend studies. However, it is important to know the total and analytical variance to be able to design the best sampling strategy. Statistical power in temporal or spatial studies is determined by the random/unexplained sample variation. The relationship between chemical analytical error and other sources of variation, as well as the cost for collection, preparation of samples and chemical analysis, will determine the number of individuals in each pool, and the number of pools that should be analysed to achieve high cost efficiency and good statistical power. Various scenarios of different numbers of individual samples, different numbers of pooled samples containing various numbers of individual specimens, the relationships between chemical analytical error and other sources of sample variance, have been compared by simulating random sampling from computer generated populations using realistic measures of variation from ongoing monitoring activities. These results offer guidance in the design of a cost-efficient, statistically sound sampling strategy.
40.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Consequences of using pooled versus individual samples for designingenvironmental monitoring sampling strategies 2014 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; :94, s. 177-182 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
41.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Fiskar lever i en kemisk cocktail 2013 Ingår i: Formas Fokuserar: Havsbruk som håller i längden. - : Forskningsrådet Formas, T1:2013. - 9789154060740 ; , s. 131-142 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
42.	Bignert, Anders (författare) Geografisk variation i koncentrationer av dioxiner och PCB i strömming från Bottniska viken och norra egentliga Östersjön 2005 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Under år 2004 insamlades och analyserades strömming från ett 30- tal lokaler, framför allt ifrån Bottenhavet men också från Bottenhavet och norra egentliga Östersjön.Huvudsyftet var att studera tillståndet med hänsyn till rådande gränsvärde (4 pg TCDD- ekvivaltenter/g färskvikt) samt att utröna huruvida det förekommer geografiska skillnader inom studieområdet
43.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Jämförande analyser av organiska miljögifter i fisk 2004 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
44.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Metaller i abborre från Lagnö och Askö 2007-2010 2013 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Naturhistoriska riksmuseet har på uppdrag av Enheten för Miljöanalys vidLänsstyrelsen i Stockholms län analyserat tungmetaller hos abborre i tvårelativt ostörda och opåverkade skärgårdsområden; Lagnö och Askö.Metallerna som analyserats är arsenik, kadmium, krom, koppar, nickel, bly,zink, tenn, silver och kvicksilver.Analyserna har gjorts på fisk insamlade vid Lagnö och Askö under åren2007-2010 inom det regionala miljöövervakningsprogrammet ”Integreradkustfiskövervakning, kustlevande fiskbestånd vid Askö-Fifång och Lagnö”.Provfisket vid Askö drivs i samverkan med Länsstyrelsen i Södermanlandslän. Uppmätta halter har jämförts med halter i abborre från de två närmastenationella referenslokalerna; Holmöarna i Västerbotten och Kvädöfjärden isödra Östergötland.Vi har valt att studera abborre, eftersom den är relativt stationär jämfört medmånga andra fiskarter. Halterna av metaller i abborre är därför relativtspecifika för dessa områden. Abborre används även inom det nationellaprogrammet för miljögiftsövervakning.Provtagningen och analys har utförts enligt rutinerna för det nationellamiljöövervakningsprogrammet och undersökningstypen ”Metaller ochorganiska miljögifter i fisk”. Analyserna utfördes på poolade prover sombestod av 15 abborrar per lokal och år. Alla metaller har analyserats i leverfrån abborre, utom kvicksilver, som analyserades i muskelvävnad.Resultaten från denna undersökning visar att observationsperioden var förkort för att kunna upptäcka statistiskt signifikanta trender i minskande ellerökande halter av undersökta metaller. Ytterligare analyser av metaller iabborre från Lagnö och Askö avses därför göra om några år.Vad vår undersökning visar är att halterna vid Lagnö och Askö ligger påsamma nivå som i abborrarna från de två nationella referenslokalerna.Resultaten visar vidare, för de metaller som har framtagnagränsvärden/bedömningsgrunder, att uppmätta halter ligger långt underdessa bedömningsgrunder/gränsvärden. Detta är positivt.Undantaget är kvicksilver. Vid såväl Lagnö som Askö ligger halterna övergränsvärdet för god kemisk status för kvicksilver. Halterna ligger dock långtunder tillåten halt för saluföring av abborre som livsmedel, men fluktueraräven vid både Lagnö och Askö samtidigt över och under tillåtna halten avkvicksilver i livsmedel för barn.När det gäller de nationella referenslokalerna ligger kvicksilverhalten ävenför dessa högre än gränsvärdet för god kemisk status samtidigt som halternaligger under tillåten halt för saluföring av abborre som livsmedel.10Att halterna av kvicksilver i abborre vid Lagnö och Askö är låga är positivtur hälsoeffektsperspektiv. En rekommendation som bör beaktas, och dåoavsett om fisken innehåller höga kvicksilverhalter, är att kvinnor somplanerar att skaffa barn snart, som är gravida eller som ammar inte bör ätafisk mer än 2-3 gånger per år. Denna rekommendation gäller även förspädbarn. Detta intag av fisk anser man är utan risk för ett foster/spädbarn.
45.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Metals and Organic Contaminants in Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) from central and southern Sweden 2008 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The present study has been carried out on mandate of and in cooperation with the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) according to Agreement 222 0744. By use of liver and muscle of starling as a matrix representing parts of the terrestrial environment, the study will focus on accumulation, profiles and concentrations of some pesticides used in semi-agricultural areas of Sweden as well as the accumulated levels of some metals and ground elements. Flame retardants are materials added or applied to a product to increase its fire resistance. This study focuses on accumulated levels of PBDEs and HBCD. Five phenolic substances were analysed in muscle of starling; 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol, triclosan, bisphenol A and pentachlorphenol (PCP). Finally we screened the great group of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs).
46.	Bignert, Anders (författare) Miljögifter i blåmussla längs svenska Östersjökusten 1999 2000 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Undersökningen är utförd på uppdrag från kustlänen inom Åtgärdsgrupp Syd, som är ett samverkansprogramför länsstyrelserna i södra Sverige. De aktuella länsstyrelserna är de i Stockholms, Södermanlands,Östergötlands, Kalmar, Blekinge, Skåne samt Gotlands län. Syftet med projektet är att ta framlämpliga referensområden längs den svenska östersjökusten. Dessa områden ska fungera som referenstill regionala miljöövervakningsprogram samt göra det möjligt att genomföra gemensamma utvärderingarlängsmed hela kusten.
47.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Monitoring of contaminants and their effects on the common Guillemot and the White-tailed sea eagle 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0021-8375 .- 1439-0361. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
48.	Bignert, Anders (författare) Some consequences using pooled samples versus individual samples and pooled samples with various relation between sampling error and uncertainty due to chemical analysis 2008 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Choosing an appropriate sampling strategy for environmental monitoring or storingsamples in Environmental Specimen Banks for future analyses includes the importantdecision of using individual or pooled samples. A number of advantages usingindividual samples for temporal trend studies can be identified e.g. that informationabout sample variance is important in it self and changes in variance is often the firstsign of a change in contaminant burden, freedom of choosing an appropriate centralmeasure (for right skewed distributions i.e. geometric mean values or medians)whereas pooled samples will represent arithmetic means. Furthermore, individualsampling enables adjustments for confounding factors (e.g. fat content, age, size) anddetection of extreme values. However, resources may be saved by using pooledsamples, if the sample variance is dominated by small-scale differences in time orspace or by genetic and/or physiological differences among individual biologicalsamples rather than of instrumental errors at the chemical analyses. The statisticalpower at temporal or spatial studies is determined by the random/unexplained samplevariation. The relation between the instrumental error and other sources of variation aswell as the relation between the cost for chemical analysis and collection andpreparation of samples will determine the number of individual samples in each pooland the number of pools that should be analysed to achieve high cost efficiency.Various scenarios of different number of individual samples, different number ofpooled samples containing various number of individual specimens, different relationbetween instrumental error and other sources of sample variance have been comparedby simulating random sampling from computer generated populations using realisticmeasures of variation from ongoing monitoring activities. The results may giveguidance to the selection of a cost efficient sampling strategy
49.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Spatial and seasonal variation of the dioxin and PCB content in herring from the northern Baltic Sea 2005 Ingår i: Organohalogen Compounds. ; 67, s. 1403-05 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
50.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare) Spatial variation in concentrations and patterns of the PCDD/F and dioxin-like-PCB content in herring from the northern Baltic Sea 2007 Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1464-0325 .- 1464-0333. ; 9:6, s. 550-556 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of the current study was to investigate spatial and seasonal variation of dioxin and dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB) content in herring sampled along the northern Baltic Sea coast and map out risk zones for dioxins and dl-PCBs. We further aimed to investigate relationships between congener distribution (pattern) and sampling location and season. The results showed that there were distinct geographical differences in concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans and dl-PCBs along the Swedish coast, from the Bothnian Bay to north Baltic Proper, with the highest levels detected in the southern Bothnian Sea. The majority of the locations showed concentrations above the prescribed maximum for dioxin residues (4 TEQ pg g–1 wet weight [w.w.]). If all the edible parts of the fish (muscle, subcutaneous fat and skin) are considered, the estimated concentrations exceeded the prescribed maximum level in the whole study area for herring collected during spring–summer. Concentrations in herring caught during spring–summer compared to concentrations in herring sampled in the autumn indicated seasonal variation. The pattern analysis showed a variation in relative congener concentration at the different sampling locations (spring–summer). Pattern differences were also noticed between seasons.

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