| 1. |
- Bihagen, Erik, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Class Origin and Elite Position of Men in Business Firms in Sweden, 1993-2007 : The Importance of Education, Cognitive Ability, and Personality
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 29:5, s. 939-954
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using Swedish registry data, we study the impact of class origin on becoming part of the business elite between 1993 and 2007 for men aged 35–44 years. The elite is defined as the top 1 per cent of wage earners within large firms. We find a clear working class disadvantage and, with time, a polarization between those of working class origin and others. Decomposition analyses indicate that differences in educational attainment levels cause a large part of the gap, but less so over time. Differences in personality traits measured at around the age of 18 years also help explain the class origin differentials, and more so over time. The decomposition analyses indicate that the net effect of cognitive abilities is small. The results suggest a change in the value of education and personality in the labour market over time, but as men of working class origins have disadvantages in both domains, the relative disadvantage of coming from the working class was rather stable during the period 1993–2007.
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| 2. |
- Bihagen, Erik, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Dead-End Jobs
- 2014
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 9789400707535 ; , s. 1461-1464
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bihagen, Erik, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Later and less? New evidence on occupational maturity for Swedish women and men
- 2024
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Ingår i: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. - : Elsevier. - 0276-5624 .- 1878-5654. ; 89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common assumption in the social stratification literature is that the lion’s share of people reaches occupational maturity quite early in working life, i.e., they end up in an occupation/class position and stay there. The conventional view is that career maturity is reached around the age of 35. By using Swedish longitudinal occupational biographies across six birth cohorts from 1925 to 1984, this study challenges this view. Our findings reveal substantial career transitions throughout working life, an increase across cohorts, and a wide variation in the age of the last class transition. This suggests that careers are not in general static positions from a certain age, but fluctuate over time. There are signs of a general slowing down of career transitions across working lives, but this comes later in life and to a smaller extent than expected. These findings suggest that research often based on cross sectional data, e.g. studies on intergenerational mobility and class differences in health, need to incorporate career mobility data. More research is needed to illuminate if the results of Sweden, in terms of a low and decreasing level of occupational maturity can be replicated in other countries.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bihagen, Erik, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Social stratifiering och social klass
- 2012
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Ingår i: Den orättvisa hälsan. - : Liber. - 9789147099757 ; , s. 28-45
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
- Bihagen, Erik, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The direct and indirect effects of social background on occupational positions in Sweden : new evidence on old questions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Education, occupation and social origin<em></em>. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 978 1 78536 044 2 - 978 1 78536 045 9 ; , s. 182-198
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter looks at Sweden, long extolled as an egalitarian society with low economic inequalities and high levels of equality of opportunity (e.g., Björklund and Jäntti 2011). Our research questions follow those of the broader project. First, we ask whether direct class background effects are found in Sweden. The second question concerns whether the effects of social background have changed over time. Third, we ask whether direct class background effects are weaker among persons with a tertiary education. Fourth, we are interested in whether class-of-origin effects are stronger or weaker at labour market entry, when employers have less information on potential workers and vice versa, than at later career stages. Finally, we analyse whether direct social origin effects vary by gender. In section 12.2, we discuss the Swedish context and its relevant institutions and characteristics. Then in section 12.3 we review the previous studies pertaining to our research questions. Thereafter, in section 12.4, we present our data. In section 12.5 we present our findings, while section 12.6 provides a discussion.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bihagen, Erik, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The gender gap in the business elite: stability and change in characteristics of Swedish top wage earners in large private companies, 1993-2007
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 57:2, s. 119-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using unique Swedish register data on all employees in large private companies, we study trends in the gender composition of top wage employees from 1993 to 2007. The analyses reveal that the likelihood of women holding top wage positions has more than doubled since the early 1990s, but men are still markedly over-represented in this group of employees. We focus on educational choices, considering level and field of study as well as university attended. One important conclusion is that, although education is important in reaching a top wage position, field of education and university attended only marginally explain the gender gap. However, relative to other women, having a career signalling degree (i.e. economics, law or engineering) from a more prestigious university helps women. Dividing the sample into different cohorts indicates that the gender gap is partly a cohort effect, i.e. it is smaller among those born in the 1960s compared to cohorts born in the 1940s and 1950s. It should be noted that there is still a gender gap among employees born in the 1960s and that the gap widens after age 30. Future studies should focus more deeply on this family-related ‘period of divergence’.
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| 12. |
- Griffiths, Dave, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the Potential Power Elite in the UK and Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Societies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6696 .- 1469-8307. ; 16:5, s. 742-762
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a methodology for using survey data to understand the composition of elites, through analysing the pool of potential members. An occupational-based measure of ‘potential power elite’ (PPE) is created and compared with other measures of occupational advantage. It is argued that this measure can be utilised to explore if the processes causing certain social groups to be under-represented in elite positions are around selection or the population recruited from. We provide analysis of elite positions in the UK and Sweden, demonstrating differences in terms of the potential pool of elite members and the occupational histories of people of those employed in roles associated with elite recruitment. We argue that understanding the composition of the PPE provides a more nuanced analysis of the processes of meritocracy in accessing positions of power and social influence.
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| 13. |
- Hiyoshi, Ayako, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Stress resilience in adolescence and subsequent antidepressant and anxiolytic medication in middle aged men : Swedish cohort study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Pergamon-Elsevier. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 134, s. 43-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is unclear whether psychological resilience to stress in adolescence represents a persistent characteristic relevant to the subsequent risk for depression and anxiety in later adulthood. We aimed to test whether low psychological stress resilience assessed in adolescence is associated with an increased risk of receiving medication for depression and anxiety in middle age. We utilized Swedish register-based cohort study. Men born between 1952 and 1956 (n = 175,699), who underwent compulsory assessment for military conscription in late adolescence were followed to examine subsequent risk of pharmaceutically-treated depression and anxiety in middle age, from 2006 to 2009 corresponding to ages between 50 and 58 years, using Cox regression. The associations of stress resilience with prescription of antidepressant and anxiolytics medication through potential mediating factors cognitive and physical function and adult socioeconomic factors were calculated. Low stress resilience was associated with elevated risks for antidepressant (hazard ratio (HR):1.5 (95% CI 1.4 1.6)) and anxiolytics (HR:2.4 (CI 2.0 2.7)) medication. Adjustment for measures of childhood living circumstances attenuated the associations somewhat. Around a third of association with low stress resilience, and a half of that with moderate resilience, was mediated through cognitive and physical function in adolescence and adult socioeconomic factors. The magnitude of the inverse association of higher cognitive function with antidepressant medication was eliminated among those with low stress resilience. These results indicate that low stress resilience in adolescence is associated with an increased risk for antidepressant and anxiolytics medication over 30 years later, in part mediated through developmental factors in adolescence and socioeconomic circumstances in adulthood, and low stress resilience can diminish or eliminate the inverse association of higher cognitive function with antidepressant medication.
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| 14. |
- Härkönen, Juho, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational Attainment and Career Progression in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Societies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6696 .- 1469-8307. ; 13:3, s. 451-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze occupational attainment and career progression over the life course for Swedish men and women, born in 1925–1974. Careers progress (measured as improvements in occupational prestige) fast during the first 5–10 years in the labour market, and flatten out afterwards (approximately between 30–40 years of age). This is in line with the occupational status maturation hypothesis. Both class origin and educational attainment affect occupational attainment. The effects of educational attainment vary more over the career, but depend on the educational attainment level in question. Successive cohorts of women gain higher occupational prestige, and continue to gain in occupational prestige longer across their careers. We also find that cohorts that entered the labour market in times of economic downturns and restructuring (the oil crisis years and the early 1990s) had more difficulties in establishing their careers. Returns to education generally increase across cohorts, while class background differences decrease, as has been reported in earlier research.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Jonsson, Jan O., 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Poverty in Sweden 1991-2007. Change, dynamics, and intergenerational transmission of poverty during economic recession and growth
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Summary • Has poverty increased or decreased in Sweden during the last two decades? The answer to this question depends on the definition of poverty. In relative terms poverty has increased due to increasing income differences. • Between 5 and 11 per cent of the population ended up in absolute poverty between 1991 and 2007. The proportions were much higher for those living alone, for young adults, and for immigrants, particularly those newly arrived. • Half of the poor leave poverty already the year after entry. The group of poor therefore is composed to a large extent by those who are long-term poor. For those who have once been poor, the risk is high to return to poverty. • Poverty is strongly associated with economic recession and growth. When the macroeconomic conditions are favourable fewer become poor and the persistence in poverty decreases. • Long-term poverty, defined in absolute terms, has decreased but become more concentrated to those living alone and to immigrants. Among immigrants, persistence is higher than among those born in Sweden. • An individual’s incomes and risk of poverty are associated with the household incomes during childhood. Those who grow up poor have excess risks for ending up poor as adults. The probability of ending up as high-income earners is much higher for those who grew up under such advantaged conditions themselves as compared to others. • Intergenerational income mobility increased between 1995 and 2005, approximately, but whereas inequality of opportunity thus decreased the economic consequences of the income background grew.
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| 17. |
- Jonsson, Jan O., 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Poverty trends during two recessions and two recoveries : Lessons from Sweden 1991—2013
- 2016
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Ingår i: IZA Journal of European Labor Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2193-9012. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study cross-sectional and long-term poverty in Sweden over a period spanning two recessions, and discuss changes in the policy context. We find large increases in absolute poverty and deprivation during the 1990’s recession but much smaller increases in 2008-2010. While increases in non-employment contributed to increasing poverty in the 1990’s, the temporary poverty increase 2008-2010 was entirely due to growing poverty among non-employed. Relative poverty has increased with little variation across business cycles. Outflow from poverty and long-term poverty respond quickly to macro-economic recovery, but around one percent of the working-aged are quite resistant to such improvements.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Mood, Carina, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic persistence across generations : cognitive and noncognitive processes
- 2012
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Ingår i: From parents to children. - New York : Russell Sage Foundation. - 9780871540454 ; , s. 53-84
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter analyses the role of cognitive ability, personality traits, and physical characteristics in transmission of socioeconomic status – measured as the intergenerational correlation between father’s and sons’ income and educational attainment, respectively. We find that the intergenerational educational correlation is mostly mediated by cognitive ability, while personality traits and physical characteristics are of little importance. The income correlation is mediated by cognitive ability too, but also by personality traits – and our analyses suggest that characteristics such as social maturity, emotional stability, and leadership capacity gain their importance directly in the labour market rather than through schooling. An interesting finding is that father’s income has a persistent and non-negligible effect on sons’ income despite very extensive controls for other parental characteristics (such as education, social class and occupation) and for other important mediators.
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| 20. |
- Olen, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic position and education in patients with coeliac disease
- 2012
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Ingår i: Digestive and Liver Disease. - : Elsevier. - 1590-8658 .- 1878-3562. ; 44:6, s. 471-476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aim: Socioeconomic position and education are strongly associated with several chronic diseases, but their relation to coeliac disease is unclear. We examined educational level and socioeconomic position in patients with coeliac disease.Methods: We identified 29,096 patients with coeliac disease through biopsy reports (defined as Marsh 3: villous atrophy) from all Swedish pathology departments (n=28). Age- and sex-matched controls were randomly sampled from the Swedish Total Population Register (n=145,090). Data on level of education and socioeconomic position were obtained from the Swedish Education Register and the Occupational Register. We calculated odds ratios for the risk of having coeliac disease based on socioeconomic position according to the European Socioeconomic Classification (9 levels) and education.Results: Compared to individuals with high socioeconomic position (level 1 of 9) coeliac disease was less common in the lowest socioeconomic stratum (routine occupations = level 9 of 9: adjusted odds ratio = 0.89; 95% confidence interval = 0.84-0.94) but not less common in individuals with moderately low socioeconomic position: (level 7/9: adjusted odds ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.91-1.02; and level 8/9: adjusted odds ratio = 0.99; 95% confidence interval = 0.93-1.05). Coeliac disease was not associated with educational level.Conclusions: In conclusion, diagnosed coeliac disease was slightly less common in individuals with low socioeconomic position but not associated with educational level. Coeliac disease may be unrecognised in individuals of low socioeconomic position. (C) 2012 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
- Westerman, Johan, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Work life complexity no longer on the rise : trends among 1930s–1980s birth cohorts in Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: European Societies. - 1461-6696 .- 1469-8307. ; 26:1, s. 1-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a conception that contemporary work lives become ever more complex. Pioneering research has indicated that work lives have indeed become more complex, yet at a modestly increasing pace. This paper uses Swedish registry data across an exceptionally long time period, including cohorts born from 1931 to 1983. The following conclusions are drawn using state-of-the-art methods of measuring sequence complexity. For early-careers, an increasing complexity trend is evident between the 1950s and 1960s birth cohorts, yet complexity fluctuates around a stable trend for the 1970s birth cohorts and onward. For mid-careers, which are considerably more stable on average, complexity has decreased among women born between the 1930s and the early-1950s. However, the opposite trend holds true for men, resulting in a gender convergence in work complexity. We observe a subsequent standstill of the mid-career complexity trend across both genders, followed by a modest decline for the last observed cohorts. Analyses point to educational expansion as an important driver of the initial increase of early-career complexity. Taken together, this study affirms an initial shift to more work life complexity in the twentieth century, yet we find no unidirectional trend toward more complexity over the last decades.
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