| 1. |
- Biswas, Amit, et al.
(författare)
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Change of pyrolysis characteristics and structure of woody biomass due to steam explosion pretreatment
- 2011
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 92:10, s. 1849-1854
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Steam explosion (SE) pretreatment has been implemented for the production of wood pellet. This paper investigated changes in biomass structure due to implication of steam explosion process by its pyrolysis behavior/ characteristics. Salix wood chip was treated by SE at different pretreatment conditions, and then pyrolysis characteristic was examined by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at heating rate of 10 K/min. Both pyrolysis characteristics and structure of biomass were altered due to SE pretreatment. Hemicellulose decomposition region shifted to low temperature range due to the depolymerization caused by SE pretreatment. The peak intensities of cellulose decreased at mild pretreatment condition while they increased at severe conditions. Lignin reactivity also increased due to SE pretreatment. However, severe pretreatment condition resulted in reduction of lignin reactivity due to condensation and re-polymerization reaction. In summary, higher pretreatment temperature provided more active biomass compared with milder pretreatment conditions. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Biswas, Amit
(författare)
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Effect of chemical and physical properties on combustion of biomass particle
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biomass combustion is an interesting alternative to fossil fuel. Modeling and simulation is used for design optimization of biomass boilers and furnace. It is difficult to develop a sufficiently accurate and computationally efficient model because the combustion system is highly complicated multi-scale, multi-phase and multi-physics problem. The study of biomass combustion in different scales allows engineers to understand the combustion process and tochoose necessary simplification to develop a computationally efficient model.The chemical and physical properties of fuels are altered during different fuel preparation methods (i.e. pretreatment and pelletization), and as a result the fuel conversion is also affected. The aim of this thesis is to understand thermal conversion of those chemically or physically altered fuels. Both experimental and modeling techniques were chosen to addressthe aim. Experiments were performed in thermogravimetric analysers, isothermal macro thermogravimeters (iTG), and a pot furnace to account fuel conversion in micro-, meso- and macro scale. In addition, three different types of mathematical model were developed. They are (i) a simplified particle pyrolysis model, (ii) two detailed numerical models that simulate particle pyrolysis and char oxidation and (iii) finally a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of combustion of biomass particles in a bed. The results indicate that both the intrinsic and the apparent conversion of the fuel wasinfluenced by the process conditions of fuel preparation methods. Intrinsic pyrolysis reactivitywas reduced due to mild pretreatment; however, it was increased with further increase in pretreatment severity. In contrary, severity of pelletization tends to reduce the apparent reactivity of pellets combustion. It was also investigated that how each physical and chemical parameter should be modelledfor a untreated biomass (i.e. wood logs) and a densified biomass (i.e. pellets) through parametric studies with a detailed particle simulation. The result shows that a model for wood logs should exclude convective heat transfer by volatiles if the fibers align to longitude direction while it is important part in the models for pellets. Devolatilization of wood logs was expressed as endothermic reactions while the model results showed best agreement withexperimental data of wood pellets when the heat of reaction was assumed to be zero, possibly due to the secondary reactions. Then, it was demonstrated that a constitutive equation, i.e. analytical solution of the shrinking core model, is sufficient to express devolatilization rate of thermally-thick particles at the temperature of 1173 K. While studying apparent oxidation of wood pellet char , it was found that change in intrinsic char oxidation reactivity due to different pyrolysis conditions does not influences the model prediction at high temperature. In addition, at high temperature, the reaction front became thin and reaction rate was hardly affected by temperature.It was also found by the simulation of pellet bed combustion that the apparent density of the particle significantly affected the flame velocity.
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| 4. |
- Biswas, Amit, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of pelletizing conditions on combustion behaviour of single wood pellet
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 119:15, s. 79-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents how pelletizing die temperature and moisture content affect combustion behaviour of single wood pellet. Pine wood particles with two different moisture contents (i.e. 1 wt.% and 12 wt.%) were pelletized in a laboratory-scale single pelletizer (single die pellets) at die temperature of 20, 100, 150 and 200 °C. The pellets were combusted in a laboratory scale furnace at 800 °C. Time required for single pellet combustion generally increased with both increase of pelletizing temperature and moisture content of biomass. In addition, combustion behaviour of single die pellets was significantly different than those produced in a pilot scale pelletizing plant (semi-industrial scale pellet). That difference was due to variation in physical properties of pellets (e.g. density, and morphology).
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| 5. |
- Biswas, Ashis, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating the role of competing ions on the arsenic mobilization processes in the aquifers of Bengal Basin by surface complexation modeling
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the relative roles of the different competing ions on the arsenic (As) mobilization in the sedimentary aquifers of Bengal basin by surface complexation modeling of the temporal varaibility of As in shallow (<50 m) groundwater. Two sets of piezometers (2×5 = 10), installed at the two sites with relatively contrasting dissolved As concentration in groundwater, were monitored bi-weekly for As and other hydrogeochemical parameters over a period of 20 months. The estimation of the standard deviation (SD) for As(III) reflects strong temporal variation (SD ≥10 μg/L) in all the piezometers of two sites over the monitoring period. Particularly, the variation is more prominent in the shallowest part of the aquifer, where the site specific cyclic trends are evident. While, As(V) shows significant temporal variation in the piezometers of high As site only and no specific trend is reflected in the variation.Two different surface complexation models (SCMs), developed for ferrihydrite and goethite have been explored to account for the observed temporal variation in As(III) and As(V) concentrations. The SCM for ferrihydrite has provided the better estimation for both As(III) and As(V) variations.Among the different competing ions, PO43- appears as the major competitor of As(III) and As(V) adsorption onto ferrihydrite and the competition ability decreases in the order PO43- >> Fe(II) > H4SiO4 = HCO3-. It is further revealed that a small decrease in pH significantly increases the concentration of As(III) and decreases the As(V) concentration and vice versa. The present study suggests that the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides alone cannot explain the observed high As concentration in groundwater of the sedimentary aquifers. Perhaps, the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides followed by competitive sorption reactions with the aquifer sediment is the processes conducive for As enrichment in the groundwater of Bengal basin.
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| 6. |
- Biswas, Ashis, et al.
(författare)
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Groundwater chemistry and redox processes : Depth dependent arsenic release mechanism
- 2011
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Ingår i: APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY. - : Elsevier BV. ; , s. 516-525
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patchy occurrences of elevated As are often encountered in groundwater from the shallow aquifers (<50 m) of the Bengal Delta Plain (BDP). A clear understanding of various biogeochemical processes, responsible for As mobilization, is very important to explain this patchy occurrence and thus to mitigate the problem. The present study deals with the periodical monitoring of groundwater quality of five nested piezometeric wells between December 2008 and July 2009 to investigate the temporal changes in groundwater chemistry vis-a-vis the prevalent redox processes in the aquifer. Geochemical modeling has been carried out to identify key phases present in groundwater. A correlation study among different aqueous redox parameters has also been performed to evaluate prevailing redox processes in the aquifer. The long term monitoring of hydrochemical parameters in the multilevel wells together with hydrogeochemical equilibrium modeling has shown more subtle differences in the geochemical environment of the aquifer, which control the occurrence of high dissolved As in BDP groundwater. The groundwater is generally of Ca-HCO3 type. The dissolved As concentration in groundwater exceeded both WHO and National drinking water standard (Bureau of Indian Standards; BIS, 10 mu g L-1) throughout the sampling period. The speciation of As and Fe indicate persistent reducing conditions within the aquifer [As(III): 87-97% of As-T and Fe(II): 76-96% of Fe-T]. The concentration of major aqueous solutes is relatively high in the shallow aquifer (wells A and B) and gradually decreases with increasing depth in most cases. The calculation of SI indicates that groundwater in the shallow aquifer is also relatively more saturated with carbonate minerals. This suggests that carbonate mineral dissolution is possibly influencing the groundwater chemistry and thereby controlling the mobilization of As in the monitored shallow aquifer. Hydrogeochemical investigation further suggests that Fe and/or Mn oxyhydroxide reduction is the principal process of As release in groundwater from deeper screened piezometric wells. The positive correlations of U and V with As. Fe and Mn indicate redox processes responsible for mobilization of As in the deeper screened piezometric wells are possibly microbially mediated. Thus, the study advocates that mobilization of As is depth dependent and concentrations of As in groundwater depends on single/combined release mechanisms.
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| 7. |
- Biswas, Ashis, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrogeochemical contrast between brown and grey sand aquifers in shallow depth of Bengal Basin : consequences for sustainable drinking water supply
- 2012
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 431, s. 402-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Delineation of safe aquifer(s) that can be targeted by cheap drilling technology for tubewell (TW) installation becomes highly imperative to ensure access to safe and sustainable drinking water sources for the arsenic (As) affected population in Bengal Basin. This study investigates the potentiality of brown sand aquifers (BSA) as a safe drinking water source by characterizing its hydrogeochemical contrast to grey sand aquifers (GSA) within shallow depth (<70 m) over an area of 100 km(2) in Chakdaha Block of Nadia district, West Bengal, India. The results indicate that despite close similarity in major ion composition, the redox condition is markedly different in groundwater of the two studied aquifers. The redox condition in the BSA is delineated to be Mn oxy-hydroxide reducing, not sufficiently lowered for As mobilization into groundwater. In contrast, the enrichments of NH4+, PO43-, Fe and As along with lower Eh in groundwater of GSA reflect reductive dis-solution of Fe oxy-hydroxide coupled to microbially mediated oxidation of organic matter as the prevailing redox process causing As mobilization into groundwater of this aquifer type. In some portions of GSA the redox status even has reached to the stage of SO42- reduction, which to some extent might sequester dissolved As from groundwater by co-precipitation with authigenic pyrite. Despite having low concentration of As in groundwater of the BSA the concentration of Mn often exceeds the drinking water guidelines, which warrants rigorous assessment of attendant health risk for Mn prior to considering mass scale exploitation of the BSA for possible sustainable drinking water supply.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Biswas, Amit Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Steam pretreatment of Salix to upgrade biomass fuel for wood pellet production
- 2011
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 92:9, s. 1711-1717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Steam explosion (SE) pretreatment is served to separate the main components of woody biomass. In general there is a noticeable gap in literature in terms of application of steam explosion process to upgrade biomass fuel for wood pellet production. In order to study the influence of steam explosion pretreatment on biomass fuel, Salix wood chips was used as raw material. Four different SE experiments were performed by varying two key process factors; time and temperature. Elementary quality and ash properties of the pretreated residue were investigated. Moreover, physical and thermochemical properties of the pellet, produced from the residue, were also investigated. Reduction in ash content especially in alkali metals was observed in steam treated residue. Pretreatment of biomass also enhanced carbon content and reduced oxygen amount in the fuel which enhanced the heating value of the fuel. Moreover, pretreatment enhanced pellet density, impact resistance, and abrasive resistance of pellet. However, small degradation in ash fusion characteristics and char reactivity was also observed as the severity of the process increased.
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| 12. |
- Biswas, Amit Kumar, 1984-
(författare)
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Thermochemical behavior of pretreated biomass
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mankind has to provide a sustainable alternative to its energy related problems. Bioenergy is considered as one of the potential renewable energy resources and as a result bioenergy market is also expected to grow dramatically in future. However, logistic issues are of serious concern while considering biomass as an alternative to fossil fuel. It can be improved by introducing pretreated wood pellet. The main objective of this thesis is to address thermochemical behaviour of steam exploded pretreated biomass. Additionally, process aspects of torrefaction were also considered in this thesis. Steam explosion (SE) was performed in a laboratory scale reactor using Salix wood chips. Afterwards, fuel and thermochemical aspects of SE residue were investigated. It was found that Steam explosion pretreatment improved both fuel and pellet quality. Pyrolysis of SE residue reveals that alerted biomass composition significantly affects its pyrolysis behaviour. Contribution from depolymerized components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass was observed explicitly during pyrolysis. When devolatilization experiment was performed on pellet produced from SE residue, effect of those altered components was observed. In summary, pretreated biomass fuel characteristics is significantly different in comparison with untreated biomass. On the other hand, Process efficiency of torrefaction was found to be governed by the choice of appropriate operating conditions and the type of biomass.
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| 13. |
- Biswas, Ashis, et al.
(författare)
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Role of competing ions in the mobilization of arsenic in groundwater of Bengal Basin : Insight from surface complexation modeling
- 2014
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Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 55, s. 30-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assesses the role of competing ions in the mobilization of arsenic (As) by surface complexation modeling of the temporal variability of As in groundwater. The potential use of two different surface complexation models (SCMs), developed for ferrihydrite and goethite, has been explored to account for the temporal variation of As(III) and As(V) concentration, monitored in shallow groundwater of Bengal Basin over a period of 20 months. The SCM for ferrihydrite appears as the better predictor of the observed variation in both As(III) and As(V) concentrations in the study sites. It is estimated that among the competing ions, PO43- is the major competitor of As(III) and As(V) adsorption onto Fe oxyhydroxide, and the competition ability decreases in the order PO43- >> Fe(II) > H4SiO4 = HCO- (3.) It is further revealed that a small change in pH can also have a significant effect on the mobility of As(III) and As(V) in the aquifers. A decrease in pH increases the concentration of As(III), whereas it decreases the As(V) concentration and vice versa. The present study suggests that the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide alone cannot explain the observed high As concentration in groundwater of the Bengal Basin. This study supports the view that the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide followed by competitive sorption reactions with the aquifer sediment is the processes responsible for As enrichment in groundwater.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Biswas, Ashis, et al.
(författare)
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Shallow hydrostratigraphy in an arsenic affected region of Bengal Basin : Implication for targeting safe aquifers for drinking water supply
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 485, s. 12-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To delineate arsenic (As) safe aquifer(s) within shallow depth, the present study has investigated the shallow hydrostratigraphic framework over an area of 100 km(2) at Chakdaha Block of Nadia District, West Bengal. Drilling of 29 boreholes and subsequent hydrostratigraphic modeling has identified three types of aquifer within 50 m below ground level (bgl). Aquifer-1 represents a thick paleochannel sequence, deposited parallel to the River Hooghly and Ichamati. Aquifer-2 is formed locally within the overbank deposits in the central floodplain area and its vertical extension is strictly limited to 25 m bgl. Aquifer-3 is distributed underneath the overbank deposits and represents an interfluvial aquifer of the area. Aquifer-3 is of Pleistocene age (similar to 70 ka), while aquifer-1 and 2 represent the Holocene deposits (age <951 ka), indicating that there was a major hiatus in the sediment deposition after depositing the aquifer-3. Over the area, aquifer-3 is markedly separated from the overlying Holocene deposits by successive upward sequences of brown and olive to pale blue impervious clay layers. The groundwater quality is very much similar in aquifer-1 and 2, where the concentration of As and Fe very commonly exceeds 10 mu g/L and 5 mg/L, respectively. Based on similar sediment color, these two aquifers have jointly been designated as the gray sand aquifer (GSA), which constitutes 40% (1.84 x 10(9) m(3)) of the total drilled volume (4.65 x 10(9) m(3)). In aquifer-3, the concentration of As and Fe is very low, mostly <2 mu g/L and 1 mg/L, respectively. This aquifer has been designated as the brown sand aquifer (BSA) according to color of the aquifer materials and represents 10% (4.8 x 10(8) m(3)) of the total drilled volume. This study further documents that though the concentration of As is very low at BSA, the concentration of Mn often exceeds the drinking water guidelines.
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| 16. |
- Biswas, Amit, et al.
(författare)
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Simplification of devolatilization models for thermally-thick particles : differences between wood logs and pellets
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 274, s. 181-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many phenomena affects devolatilization of relatively large wood particles, e.g. wood pellets and logs, including mass and heat transfer, chemical reactions and physical transformation such as shrinkage. Many studies investigated the importance of these phenomena through detailed mathematical models at particle scale, but the models need to be simplified at a certain degree to be implemented into large-scale simulation for gasifiers and boilers. This paper first presents how each physical and chemical parameter should be modelled for wood logs (low density and anisotropic) and wood pellets (high density and isotropic) through parametric studies with a detailed particle simulation. They required different sub-models for effective thermal conductivity and heat of reactions due to the difference in isotropy of particles between pellets and logs. Then, we demonstrated that a constitutive equation, i.e. analytical solution of the shrinking core model, is sufficient to express devolatilization rate of thermally-thick particles at the temperature of 1173 K with proper sub-models of physical and chemical parameters. The constitutive equation agreed better with experimental data of wood log than wood pellets, mainly because of the error caused during the consideration of the effect of convective cooling of char layer on thermal conductivity. Both detailed and simplified particle models were validated with the experimental data in an isothermal macro thermogravimeter allowing devolatilization of large particles
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| 17. |
- Biswas, Ashis, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial, vertical and temporal variation of arsenic in shallow aquifers of the Bengal Basin : Controlling geochemical processes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 387, s. 157-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A detailed understanding of the geochemical processes that regulate the spatial, temporal and vertical variation of dissolved arsenic (As) in shallow aquifers (<50 m) is a prerequisite for sustainable drinking water management in the Bengal Basin. The present study conducted at Chakdaha Block of the Nadia District, West Bengal, India, combined a high resolution hydrogeochemical monitoring study over 20 months from two sets of piezometers (2 x 5) to the sediment geochemistry at areas with high (average:146 mu g/L, n = 5) and relatively low (average: 53.3 mu g/L, n = 10) dissolved As concentrations in groundwater. The determination of the isotopic composition of delta H-2 and delta O-18 in groundwater of the two sites indicated the recharge of evaporative surface water to the aquifer. The concentrations of major aqueous solutes (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3- and Cl-) and electrical conductivity were considerably higher in wells at the high As site compared to the low As site. Additionally, at the high As site, the major ions, Fe, SO42-, electrical conductivity, delta H-2 and delta O-18 showed markedly greater enrichment in the shallowest part (<24 m) of the aquifer compared to the deeper part, reflecting vertical layering of groundwater composition within the aquifer. The oxidation of pyrites has been attributed to the high rate of mineral dissolution resulting in such greater enrichments in this part of the aquifer. In addition, the anthropogenic input with recharge water possibly increased the concentrations of Cl- in this part of the aquifer. The vertical layering of groundwater was absent in the aquifer at the low As site. The absence of such layering and relatively low major ion concentrations and electrical conductivity could be linked to the enhanced aquifer flushing and decreased water-ediment interactions influenced by local-scale groundwater abstraction. The seasonal variations of As concentrations in groundwater were observed only in the shallowest part of the aquifers (<30 m). Furthermore, the As concentrations in groundwater at the uppermost part of the shallow aquifers (<21 m) increased continuously over the monitoring period at both sites. This study supports the view that the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides coupled with competitive PO43- sorption reactions in the aquifer sediment enriches As in groundwater of the Bengal Basin. However, the additional Fe released by the weathering of silicate minerals, especially biotite, or the precipitation of Fe as secondary mineral phases such as siderite, vivianite and acid volatile sulfides may result in the decoupling of As and Fe enrichment in groundwater. The redox zonation within the aquifer possibly regulates the vertical distribution of As in the groundwater.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Kinyoki, DK, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-170X .- 1078-8956. ; 26:5, s. 750-759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Sbarra, AN, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 589:7842, s. 415-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Zhang, Lan, et al.
(författare)
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Characterisation of heat transfer and flame length in a semi-scale industrial furnace equipped with HiTAC burner
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of the Energy Institute. - 1743-9671 .- 1746-0220. ; 83:3, s. 133-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the effects of multiple burner nozzles on the combustion characteristics, such as flame volume, heat transfer and NOx emission in a high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) industrial furnace. Experiments were carried out in one semi-industrial furnace located in Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan (Stockholm, Sweden). Three different types of burners were tested, including both regenerative and recuperative types. Variable flame temperature and oxygen concentration were applied in experiments. Heat transfer characteristics of HiTAC are studied in this paper, and the influences of a variety of inertial fuel/air jets are investigated for both flame length and NOx emission. One improved correlation between chemical flame length and flame Froude number is established for HiTAC with manifold nozzles. NOx emission is also correlated to the flame Froude number. The HiTAC recirculation system effects on flame shape, NOx emission and heat transfer were also examined.
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| 31. |
- Zhang, Qinglin, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of steam plasma gasification for municipal solid waste
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 106, s. 546-554
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plasma gasification melting (PGM) is a promising gasification technology aiming at providing sustainable disposal for various wastes. In this work, an Euler-Euler multiphase model was developed to study the characteristics of air and steam gasification of municipal solid waste in a PGM reactor. The model is validated by measurement data from a demonstration PGM reactor. With this model, three groups of simulations were performed to study the influences of operating conditions. It is confirmed that injection of high temperature steam is important for increasing the cold gas efficiency and syngas lower-heating-value. The effect of steam injection is affected by steam feeding rate, air feeding rate and plasma power. Based on the simulated results, an optimal condition is suggested for air and steam gasification in the PGM reactor.
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