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| 2. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984
(författare)
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Age Differences in Experience and Regulation of Affect
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of the thesis is to investigate differences in how younger and older adults view and control affect. Study I and Study II investigate how participants view their happiness and what factors influence their perception of happiness. In Study I we found weak negative association between age and happiness. In addition, we found a negative association between age and both positive and negative affect. Younger adults anticipated higher levels of happiness in older age compared to their current happiness, while older adults rated their past happiness as higher than their current happiness. The results indicate that people are likely to believe that happiness changes over the lifespan. In Study II an experiment was conducted to elaborate on the finding that younger adults have a more positive view of the future compared with older adults. The analyses show that a difference in wording influenced ratings of happiness differently for older and younger adults. The results suggest that older adults prefer low arousal happiness to high, which is preferred in younger ages. In Study III we investigated the occurrence of regret, as well as regret regulation in the context of everyday life decision-making. Using a web-based diary method, daily life decisions were sampled over eight days. Younger adults reported more experienced and anticipated regret than older adults. Although regret regulation strategies were used by all age groups, older adults more often used strategies to reduce the intensity of experienced as well as anticipated regret. The results suggest that lower levels of regret in older adults, can be accounted for, at least in part, by regret prevention and other regulation strategies. In Study IV we investigated the influence of charitable giving in two experiments. We found support for an age-related positivity bias in monetary donations. This is true for the motivation to make a future donation, as well as affective thinking about a previous donation. We concluded that older adults draw more positive affect from both the planning and outcome of monetary donations and hence benefit more from engaging in monetary charity than their younger counterparts. Together, these studies show that there are systematic differences in how younger and older adults perceive and regulate affect due to various uses of motivation and active emotion regulation strategies. Older adults seem to compensate for an age related decline in deliberate processes, which makes it possible to maintain well-being at old age.
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| 3. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Aging-Related Changes in Decision-Making chapter in The Aging Consumer: Perspectives From Psychology and Economics (Marketing and Consumer Psychology Series)
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Aging Consumer: Perspectives From Psychology and Economics (Marketing and Consumer Psychology Series). - : Routledge. - 9781283044882
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aging is associated with declines in deliberative processing and associated decision-making quality. However, people over 65 years make many of our nation's most important decisions (think about the Supreme Court, governments, and corporations around the world), perhaps indicating that deliberative decline does not fully explain adult age differences in decision-making. Instead, both deliberative/analytical and affective/experiential ways of thinking may influence decision quality. Known as a dual-process approach, these two modes of thinking can be fruitfully extended to our understanding of adult age differences in judgment and decision-making. We review research demonstrating the existence of three processes that compensate for age-related declines in deliberative ability: selective use of deliberative capacity, accumulated experience, and changes in emotional processing. In many instances, these compensatory processes may protect and sometimes improve decision-making quality in older age. Further, we show that taking a life span view of decision-making is beneficial and that those with better vs. worse decision skills may experience different life span trajectories. Lastly, we briefly introduce methods that might improve older adult decision-making in situations where they might be vulnerable.
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| 4. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Greater Emotional Gain from Giving in Older Adults: Age-Related Positivity Bias in Charitable Giving
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Older adults have been shown to avoid negative and prefer positive information to a higher extent than younger adults. This positivity bias influences their information processing as well as decision-making. We investigate age-related positivity bias in charitable giving in two studies. In Study 1 we examine motivational factors in monetary donations, while Study 2 focuses on the emotional effect of actual monetary donations. In Study 1, participants (n = 353, age range 20-74 years) were asked to rate their affect toward a person in need and then state how much money they would be willing to donate to help this person. In Study 2, participants (n = 108, age range 19-89) were asked to rate their affect toward a donation made a few days prior. Regression analysis was used to investigate whether or not the positivity bias influences the relationship between affect and donations. In Study 1, we found that older adults felt more sympathy and compassion and were less motivated by negative affect when compared to younger adults, who were motivated by both negative and positive affect. In Study 2, we found that the level of positive emotional reactions from monetary donations was higher in older participants compared to younger participants. We find support for an age-related positivity bias in charitable giving. This is true for motivation to make a future donation, as well as affective thinking about a previous donation. We conclude that older adults draw more positive affect from both the planning and outcome of monetary donations and hence benefit more from engaging in monetary charity than their younger counterparts.
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| 5. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Happiness and arousal: framing happiness as arousing results in lower happiness ratings for older adults
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078 .- 1664-1078. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Older adults have been shown to describe their happiness as lower in arousal when compared to younger adults. In addition, older adults prefer low arousal positive emotions over high arousal positive emotions in their daily lives. We experimentally investigated whether or not changing a few words in the description of happiness could influence a person's rating of their happiness. We randomly assigned 193 participants, aged 22-92 years, to one of three conditions (high arousal, low arousal, or control). In line with previous findings, we found that older participants rated their happiness lower when framed as high in arousal (i.e., ecstatic, to be bursting with positive emotions) and rated their happiness higher when framed as low in arousal (i.e., satisfied, to have a life filled with positive emotions). Younger adults remained uninfluenced by the manipulation. Our study demonstrates that arousal is essential to understanding ratings of happiness, and gives support to the notion that there are age differences in the preference for arousal.
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| 6. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Helping Out or Helping Yourself? Volunteering and Life Satisfaction Across the Retirement Transition : Supplemental Material
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychology and Aging. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0882-7974 .- 1939-1498. ; 36:1, s. 119-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 American Psychological Association. It has been suggested that volunteering leads to increases in well-being, particularly in older and retiring adults, and that volunteering could be used as a public health intervention to increase well-being. However, the causal relationship has been questioned. We investigated the association between voluntary work and life satisfaction in a bivariate dual-change score model, using 4 years of longitudinal data from 1,123 participants from the Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study. Both the frequency of volunteering and the level of life satisfaction increased across the retirement transition. However, baseline life satisfaction and volunteering were only marginally associated. Further, the coupling parameters suggest that higher levels of volunteering were followed by decreases in life satisfaction and that higher levels of life satisfaction were followed by increases in volunteering. These findings suggest that increasing levels of volunteering might not be a fruitful strategy for improving life satisfaction for all older adults-if people engage too much in voluntary work, it might even be detrimental for their life satisfaction. More research is needed to better understand when and for whom increased levels of volunteering might have positive effects on life satisfaction.
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| 7. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984
(författare)
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Math Anxiety at the University: What Forms of Teaching and Learning Statistics in Higher Education Can Help Students With Math Anxiety?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Education. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2504-284X. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Math anxiety is a feeling of tension, worry, and/or fear in situations involving math-related activities. The relationship between Math anxiety and math cognition has been frequently studied, and the negative associations between the two have been observed at multiple levels of mathematical processing ranging from simple counting to complex math problems. These negative associations are evident across various developmental stages. The aim of this study is to identify teaching and learning methods in higher education that students high in math anxiety use and benefit from. Through an anonymous online survey, psychology students enrolled in a statistics course rated their Math anxiety, Subjective numeracy, and Objective numeracy; in addition, they rated their success in the statistics course and their general preference for different forms of learning (e.g., face to face learning, online course material, as well as the use of the online video material presented on University of Gothenburg's learning management system [GUL]). The results gave no support to the notion that students high in Math anxiety used online teaching tools more than other students. However, students high in Math anxiety said they used their classmates as help to pass the course to a greater extent compared to those lower in Math anxiety. © Copyright © 2019 Bjälkebring.
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| 8. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments.
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective numeracy, the ability to understand and use mathematical concepts, has been related to superior decisions and life outcomes. Unknown is whether it relates to greater satisfaction in life. We investigated numeracy's relations with income satisfaction and overall life satisfaction in a diverse sample of 5,525 American adults. First, more numerate individuals had higher incomes; for every one point higher on the eight-item numeracy test, individuals reported $4,062 more in annual income, controlling for education and verbal intelligence. Combined, numeracy, education, and verbal intelligence explained 25% of the variance in income while Big-5 personality traits explained less than 4%. Further, the higher incomes associated with greater numeracy were related to more positive life evaluations (income and life satisfaction). Second, extant research also has indicated that the highly numerate compare numbers more than the less numerate. Consistent with numeracy-related income comparisons, numeracy moderated the relation between income and life evaluations, meaning that the same income was valued differently by those better and worse at math. Specifically, among those with lower incomes, the highly numerate were less satisfied than the less numerate; this effect reversed among those with higher incomes as if the highly numerate were aware of and made comparisons to others' incomes. Further, no clear income satiation point was seen among those highest in numeracy, and satiation among the least numerate appeared to occur at a point below $50,000. Third, both education and verbal intelligence related to income evaluations in similar ways, and numeracy's relations held when controlling for these other relations. Although causal claims cannot be made from cross-sectional data, these novel results indicate that numeracy may be an important factor underlying life evaluations and especially for evaluations concerning numbers such as incomes. Finally, this study adds to our understanding of education and intelligence effects in life satisfaction and happiness.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of experienced and anticipated regret for daily decisions in younger and older adults in a Swedish one-week diary study
- 2013
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Ingår i: GeroPsych. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1662-9647 .- 1662-971X. ; 26:4, s. 233-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regret and regret regulation were studied using a weeklong web-based diary method. 108 participants aged 19 to 89 years reported regret for a decision made and a decision to be made. They also reported the extent to which they used strategies to prevent or regulate decision regret. Older adults reported both less experienced and anticipated regret compared to younger adults. The lower level of experienced regret in older adults was mediated by reappraisal of the decision. The lower level of anticipated regret was mediated by delaying the decision, and expecting regret in older adults. It is suggested that the lower level of regret observed in older adults is partly explained by regret prevention and regulation strategies.
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| 11. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of Experienced and Anticipated Regret in Daily Decision Making
- 2016
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 16:3, s. 381-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decisions were sampled from 108 participants during 8 days using a web-based diary method. Each day participants rated experienced regret for a decision made, as well as forecasted regret for a decision to be made. Participants also indicated to what extent they used different strategies to prevent or regulate regret. Participants regretted 30% of decisions and forecasted regret in 70% of future decisions, indicating both that regret is relatively prevalent in daily decisions but also that experienced regret was less frequent than forecasted regret. In addition, a number of decision-specific regulation and prevention strategies were successfully used by the participants to minimize regret and negative emotions in daily decision making. Overall, these results suggest that regulation and prevention of regret are important strategies in many of our daily decisions. Regulation of Experienced and Anticipated Regret in Daily Decision Making. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283425347_Regulation_of_Experienced_and_Anticipated_Regret_in_Daily_Decision_Making [accessed Dec 3, 2015].
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| 12. |
- Bjälkebring, Pär, 1984
(författare)
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Vem Blir En Lycklig 80-åring?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Svensk Geriatrik. - 2001-2047. ; :4, s. 28-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Medelåldern i västvärlden har de senaste hundra åren ökat konstant. Detta har skapat en situation där det idag lever fler personer över 65 år än tidigare. Andelen av befolkningen över 65 år är också större än någonsin. Eftersom att människor fortsätter att utvecklas hela livet så är det föga förvånande att skillnader mellan yngre och äldre kan öka. Till exempel så förändras vår syn på känslor över åren då vi mognar känslomässigt så länge vi lever. Det är inget konstigt att förvänta sig att en femtonåring kommer att hantera en situation annorlunda än en 65 åring, inte heller att en 95-åring reagerar annorlunda än en 65-åring.
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| 13. |
- Chesney, Dana, et al.
(författare)
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How to estimate how well people estimate: Evaluating measures of individual differences in the approximate number system
- 2015
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 77:8, s. 2781-2802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At a glance, one can tell that there are more indi- vidual fruits in a pile of 100 apples than in a pile of 20 water- melons, even though the watermelons take up more space. People’s ability to distinguish between such nonsymbolic nu- merical magnitudes without counting is derived from the ap- proximate number system (ANS). Individual differences in this ability (ANS acuity) are emerging as an important predic- tor in research areas ranging from children’s understanding of arithmetic to adults’ use of numbers in judgment and decision making. However, ANS acuity must be assessed through proxy tasks that might not show consistent relationships with this ability. Furthermore, practical limitations often confine researchers to using abbreviated measures of this ability, whose reliability is questionable. Here, we developed and tested several novel ANS acuity measures: a nonsymbolic discrimination task designed to account for participants’ lapses in attention; three estimation tasks, including one task in which participants estimated the number of dots in a briefly presented set, one in which they estimated the ratio between two sets of dots, and one in which they indicated the correct position of a set of dots on a “number-line” anchored by two sets of dots, as well as a similar number-line task using sym- bolic numbers. The results indicated that the discrimination task designed to account for lapses in participants’ attention holds promise as a reliable measure of ANS acuity, considered in terms of both internal and test–retest reliability. We urge researchers to use acuity measures whose reliability has been demonstrated.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Hellsing, Marie, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Field Study of the Effects of Listening to Self-selected Music on Emotions, Stress, and Cortisol Levels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Music and Medicine. - 1943-8621 .- 1943-863X. ; 8:4, s. 187-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music listening may evoke meaningful emotions in listeners and may enhance certain health benefits. At the same time, it is important to consider individual differences, such as musical taste, when examining musical emotions and in considering their possible health effects. In a field experiment, 21 women listened to their own preferred music on mp3-players daily for 30 minutes during a two week time period in their own homes. One week they listened to their own chosen relaxing music and the other their own chosen energizing music. Self-reported stress, emotions and health were measured by a questionnaire each day and salivary cortisol was measured with 6 samples two consecutive days every week. The experiment group was compared to a control group (N = 20) who were instructed to relax for 30 minutes everyday for three weeks, and with a baseline week when they relaxed without music for one week (before the music intervention weeks). The results showed that when participants in the experiment group listened to their own chosen music they reported to have experienced significantly higher intensity positive emotions and less stress than when they relaxed without music. There was also a significant decrease in cortisol from the baseline week to the second music intervention week. The control group’s reported stress levels, perceived emotions and cortisol levels remain stable during all three weeks of the study. Together these results suggest that listening to preferred music may be a more effective way of reducing feelings of stress and cortisol levels and increasing positive emotions than relaxing without music.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Henning, G., et al.
(författare)
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Autonomy and loneliness - longitudinal within- and between-person associations among Swedish older adults
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aging & Mental Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1360-7863 .- 1364-6915. ; 26:12, s. 2416-2423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives Loneliness is an important risk factor for mental and physical health over the life span. Little is known about psychosocial predictors and consequences of loneliness apart from social network characteristics. One important factor that may both prevent from, but also be affected by loneliness, is perceived autonomy. Method In the present study, we investigated the longitudinal association of loneliness and autonomy over four years among participants of the Swedish Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study (n = 5718, age 60-66 at baseline). We used a latent curve model with structured residuals, which distinguishes within- and between-person associations and includes cross-lagged parameters. Results Higher levels of autonomy at baseline were associated with lower levels of loneliness, and increases in autonomy were associated with decreases in loneliness. When individuals felt more autonomous than usual, they also reported less loneliness. However, the cross-lagged paths were not significant, which means that autonomy did not predict loneliness over time on the within-person level, and loneliness did not predict autonomy over time. Conclusion Our findings show that higher autonomy was related to lower loneliness on different analytical levels, but the direction of effects is unclear. More research is needed to understand the development of this association over the life span.
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| 22. |
- Henning, Georg, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in within- and between-person associations between basic psychological need satisfaction and well-being after retirement
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier. - 0092-6566 .- 1095-7251. ; 79, s. 151-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness is associated with higher well-being. However, little is known about change or stability in this association over the life span. We therefore investigated changes in the association between well-being and basic psychological need satisfaction in the retirement transition. Data was drawn from four waves of the Health, Aging, and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study (N = 5,074, M (age) = 63.16; 53.61% female). Multi-level models were conducted and the analyses revealed evidence for continuity as well as systematic changes in within- and between-person associations across the retirement transition. Our findings demonstrate the benefits of applying a longitudinal design and a life span perspective on basic psychological need satisfaction.
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| 23. |
- Henning, G., et al.
(författare)
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Retirement and Sexual Satisfaction
- 2023
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Ingår i: Gerontologist. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0016-9013. ; 63:2, s. 274-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Objectives Although interest in sexuality in older age has increased over the last decades, few studies have focused on longitudinal change in sexual satisfaction around retirement age. In the present study, we studied change in sexual satisfaction across retirement in a sample of Swedish older adults with a partner. Research Design and Methods Our analyses were based on n = 759 participants (359 male, 400 female) from the longitudinal Health, Aging, and Retirement Transitions in Sweden study. For this study, we used 5 waves spanning over a period of 4 years. Results On average, sexual satisfaction did not change significantly before retirement, but decreased after retirement. Interestingly, women showed higher sexual satisfaction than men, as well as a more positive development of both pre- and postretirement sexual satisfaction. Individuals with higher relationship satisfaction had a higher sexual satisfaction until retirement, but their sexual satisfaction also decreased faster after retirement, whereas those with lower relationship satisfaction showed a stable but lower sexual satisfaction. Discussion and Implications Sexual satisfaction can change in the retirement transition in several important ways and further studies on the impact of retirement and other late-life stage transitions are warranted.
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| 24. |
- Henning, Georg, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Towards an active and happy retirement? Changes in leisure activity and depressive symptoms during the retirement transition.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Aging & Mental Health. - : Routledge. - 1360-7863 .- 1364-6915. ; 25:4, s. 621-631
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Retirement is a major life transition in the second half of life, and it can be associated with changes in leisure activity engagement. Although theories of retirement adjustment have emphasized the need to find meaningful activities in retirement, little is known about the nature of changes in leisure activity during the retirement transition and their association with mental health.Methods: Based on four annual waves of the 'Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden' study, we investigated the longitudinal association of leisure activity engagement and depressive symptoms using bivariate dual change score models. We distinguished intellectual, social, and physical activity engagement.Results: We found increases in all three domains of activity engagement after retirement. Although level and change of activity and depressive symptoms were negatively associated, the coupling parameters were not significant, thus the direction of effects remains unclear.Conclusion: The results highlight the need to consider the role of lifestyle changes for retirement adjustment and mental health.
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| 25. |
- Johansson, Boo, et al.
(författare)
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Psychology of Longevity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. - Singapore : Springer. - 9789812870803 ; , s. 1-12
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Longevity denotes especially long-lived members of a population. It is separated from life expectancy which focuses on the likely mean age of death within a population. There is no overarching theory of aging and longevity or a specific psychological theory targeting longevity as the main outcome. Survival into advanced ages is determined by multiple influences of genes interacting with environmental conditions over the entire life span. Already from embryonic life, individual experiences and behavior influence health, functioning, and the likelihood for longevity. To capture all these dimensions in a single theory seems impossible. Biological theories focus on evolutionary aspects and underlying mechanisms for life and typically define longevity as the potential life span under ideal conditions. Foci in social theories are contextual influences related to survival, especially the socioeconomic environment that humankind has designed in the format of roles, institutions, and principles for age stratification over the life course. From a psychological perspective, longevity can be considered in relation to cognitive abilities, personality, and various aspects of well-being. The interactions of these psychological domains are expressed in our adaptation to everyday environmental demands and in later life to age-related biological changes, which in turn produce differential conditions for survival. In this respect, the psychology of longevity represents a nondeterministic approach in the crossroad of biological and social influences with a focus on biological constraints and socioeconomic prerequisites for cognition, personality, and affective components. There are several theoretical accounts proposed in biobehavioral and social sciences of relevance also for our understanding of the psychology of longevity. However, these theories and models do not typically focus on longevity as the main outcome. The manifestation of a survival advantage becomes visible when an individual lives longer than the average person, from the same birth cohort. Thus, longevity needs to be related to the actual life expectancy in a certain population. A substantial gap between the average life span and a long-lived person directs our attention to factors that may contribute to the observed differences. To conduct such a search, we have to compare mortality rates within an older population and examine whether we can identify shared psychological characteristics and behaviors among those who live the longest. Early ideas about longevity were typically based on the assumption that genetic influences and age-related biological changes produced unavoidable neurobiological changes and thereby changes in behavior. Later research gradually acknowledged that psychological characteristics and behavior are formed and expressed differently in various environmental contexts. Life-course influences, coping strategies relative to environmental demands, and more general lifestyles are therefore currently considered for their relevance to longevity. In this less deterministic view of longevity, psychological factors may have a more significant role. A general psychological stress model of aging provides a broad theoretical framework for the psychology of longevity. Coping strategies in the broadest sense can here be seen as the psychological mechanisms we employ to fit our own perceived resources to demands and challenges in the external environment and changes due to our own age-related bodily change. Unlike a stochastic theory that views aging and death as a result of stressors that cause wear and tear on cells and disrupt function, a stress model emphasizes that both external and internal psychological stressors can cross the mind-body barrier with effects on overall health, survival, and longevity. In the first section, we review empirical studies that illustrate the significance of cognitive “”functioning, personality, various aspects of self-perceived health and well-being in aging, as well as social connectedness. The focus is restricted to the potential role of these psychological factors as predictors of differences in survival rates in aging. At the end of the chapter, we synthesize these findings and suggest an overall theoretical account and model for the role of psychological factors in producing variance in survival and especially psychological predictors of longevity.
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| 26. |
- Kivi, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Up and About: Older Adults’ Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Swedish Longitudinal Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1079-5014 .- 1758-5368. ; 76:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To investigate early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic related to (a) levels of worry, risk perception, and social distancing; (b) longitudinal effects on well-being; and (c) effects of worry, risk perception, and social distancing on well-being. Methods We analyzed annual changes in four aspects of well-being over 5 years (2015–2020): life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, self-rated health, and loneliness in a subsample (n = 1,071, aged 65–71) from a larger survey of Swedish older adults. The 2020 wave, collected March 26–April 2, included measures of worry, risk perception, and social distancing in response to COVID-19. Results (a) In relation to COVID-19: 44.9% worried about health, 69.5% about societal consequences, 25.1% about financial consequences; 86.4% perceived a high societal risk, 42.3% a high risk of infection, and 71.2% reported high levels of social distancing. (b) Well-being remained stable (life satisfaction and loneliness) or even increased (self-rated health and financial satisfaction) in 2020 compared to previous years. (c) More worry about health and financial consequences was related to lower scores in all four well-being measures. Higher societal worry and more social distancing were related to higher well-being. Discussion In the early stage of the pandemic, Swedish older adults on average rated their well-being as high as, or even higher than, previous years. However, those who worried more reported lower well-being. Our findings speak to the resilience, but also heterogeneity, among older adults during the pandemic. Further research, on a broad range of health factors and long-term psychological consequences, is needed.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Lindwall, Magnus, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Psychological health in the retirement transition: Rationale and first findings in the HEalth, Ageing and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Lindwall, Berg, Bjälkebring, Buratti, Hansson, Hassing, Henning, Kivi, König, Thorvaldsson and Johansson. From an aging research and life-course perspective, the transition to retirement marks a significant life-event and provides a unique opportunity to study psychological health and coping during a period of substantial change in everyday life. The aim of the present paper is to: (a) outline the rationale of the HEalth, Ageing and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study, (b) describe the study sample, and (c) to present some initial results from the two first waves regarding the association between retirement status and psychological health. The HEARTS study is designed to annually study psychological health in the years before and following retirement, and to examine change and stability patterns related to the retirement event. Among a representative Swedish population-based sample of 14,990 individuals aged 60-66 years, 5,913 completed the baseline questionnaire in 2015. The majority of the participants (69%) completed a web-based survey, and the rest (31%) completed a paper version. The baseline HEARTS sample represents the general population well in terms of gender and age, but is more highly educated. Cross-sectional findings from the first wave showed that retired individuals demonstrated better psychological health compared to those who were still working. Longitudinal results from the first and second waves showed that individuals who retired between waves showed more positive changes in psychological health compared with those still working or previously retired.
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| 29. |
- Markowitz, D. M., et al.
(författare)
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Dehumanization During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Communities often unite during a crisis, though some cope by ascribing blame or stigmas to those who might be linked to distressing life events. In a preregistered two-wave survey, we evaluated the dehumanization of Asians and Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our first wave (March 26-April 2, 2020; N = 917) revealed dehumanization was prevalent, between 6.1% and 39% of our sample depending on measurement. Compared to non-dehumanizers, people who dehumanized also perceived the virus as less risky to human health and caused less severe consequences for infected people. They were more likely to be ideologically Conservative and believe in conspiracy theories about the virus. We largely replicated the results 1 month later in our second wave (May 6-May 13, 2020; N = 723). Together, many Americans dehumanize Asians and Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic with related perceptions that the virus is less problematic. Implications and applications for dehumanization theory are discussed.
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| 30. |
- Nordin, Andreas, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring Counterintuitiveness in Supernatural Agent Dream Imagery
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present article tests counterintuitiveness theory and methodology in relation to religious dream imagery using data on religious dream content. The endeavor adopts a "fractionated" or "piecemeal" approach where supernatural agent (SA) cognition is held to be a pivotal building block of purportedly religious dreaming. Such supernaturalistic conceptualizations manifest in a cognitive environment of dream simulation processes, threat detection, and violation of basic conceptual categorization characterized by counterintuitiveness. By addressing SA cognitions as constituents of allegedly religious dream imagery, additional theorizing and supporting data are presented in a growing body of research in the cognitive science of religion (e.g., Barrett et al., 2009; Hornbeck and Barrett, 2013; Barrett, 2017) and on religious dreaming (McNamara and Bulkeley, 2015; McNamara, 2016). The aim of the article is partly to map and align contemporary theorizing regarding counterintuitiveness and CI schemes with empirical qualification of the prosaic hypothesis about the predominance of supernaturalism in allegedly religious dreaming. This is done by (1) exploring the crucial topic of the pervasiveness of cognitive counterintuitiveness; (2) testing Barrett's counterintuitiveness coding and quantifying scheme (CI scheme) for counterintuitiveness in the context of religious dreaming by assessing intercoder reliability; and (3) exploring the prevalence and base rate frequency of counterintuitiveness in dream reports. This undertaking aims to contribute to the methodology and understanding of religious dream cognition, as well as to establish the cross-cultural base rates of counterintuitiveness in dreams for future research.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Nordin, Andreas, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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The Counterintuitiveness of Supernatural Dreams and Religiosity
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognition and Culture. - : Brill. - 1567-7095 .- 1568-5373. ; 21:3-4, s. 309-330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One challenge for cognitive, evolutionary and anthropological studies of religion is to offer descriptions and explanatory models of the morphology and functions of supernatural dreaming, and of the religiosity, use of experience, and cultural transmission that are associated with these representations. The anthropological and religious studies literature demonstrates that dreaming, dream experience and narrative are connected with religious ideas and practices in traditional societies. Scholars have even proposed that dreaming is a primary source of religious beliefs and practice (here labelled DPSR theory). Using Barrett’s coding system, we measured a high frequency of minimally counterintuitive dream content among Hindu Nepalese, and we aim to quantify (1) the relation between counterintuitive imagery and reported likelihood to communicate dreams in general and to religious experts, (2) the relation between counterintuitive imagery and reported religiosity, and (3) the proclivity to communicate SA dreams among those who are more or less religious. These aims will then be related to the broader topic of (4) possible explanatory value of DPSR theory, or versions thereof, by framing the issue at the level of cultural transmission, religiosity and credibility of religious dream representations in relation to MCI theory. The article mainly draws upon data from ethnographic research among Hindu Nepalese.
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| 33. |
- Peters, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple Numeric Competencies: When a Number Is Not Just a Number
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 108-:5, s. 802-822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing body of evidence demonstrates the practical and theoretical importance of numeracy in evaluations and choices involving numeric information, an importance that goes beyond simple accuracy in performing mathematical computations. Numeric competency, however, may be multiply determined, but little research has examined potentially separable influences in evaluations and choice. In the present article, we describe 3 numeric competencies and begin to disentangle their effects. Participants (N = 111) completed a series of tasks in 4 1-hr sessions. We first examined relations between objective numeracy, subjective numeracy, and symbolic-number mapping abilities (thought to tap into internal representations of numeric magnitude and the mapping of symbolic numbers onto those representations) using a structural equation model. We then explored their dissociations in numeric and nonnumeric tasks. Higher vs. lower scores in objective numeracy were associated with explicit number operations, including number comparisons and calculations. Those with more vs. less exact mapping had better numeric memory (but not nonnumeric) and produced valuations that were closer to (but did not equal) a risky gamble's expected value, indicating a link with superior number intuitions. Finally, individuals lower vs. higher in subjective numeracy had more negative emotional reactions to numbers and were less motivated and/or confident in numeric tasks. It was less clear whether subjective numeracy might also relate to more general motivations and metacognitions involving nonnumeric information. We conclude that numeric competencies should be used in a more targeted fashion to understand their multiple mechanisms in people's evaluations, choices, and life outcomes.
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| 34. |
- Peters, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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The Experience and Regulation of Regret Across the Adult Life Span
- 2011
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Ingår i: Emotion Regulation and Well-Being , Part 2. - New York : Springer. - 9781441969521 ; , s. 165-180
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How do the experience, anticipation, and regulation of emotion influence decision making and how does it change with age? Regret is a decision-related emotion that arises when a chosen outcome is, or is believed to be, worse than a nonchosen alternative. The experience and anticipation of regret has been linked to important real-life decisions. However, previous research on regret has, to a large extent, relied on younger participants and to date little is known about how and if the experience and anticipation of regret changes over the adult lifespan. Moreover, very little research has thus far addressed the prevention and management of regret (regret regulation) in decision making and, especially, age differences in such regulation. This chapter reviews evidence suggesting that there are good reasons to expect that older and younger adults may differ in their experience, anticipation, and regulation of regret due to both motivational and cognitive changes with age.
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| 35. |
- Shoots-Reinhard, Brittany, et al.
(författare)
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Ability-related political polarization in the COVID-19 pandemic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Intelligence. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-2896 .- 1873-7935. ; 88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two large-scale longitudinal datasets (combined N = 5761), we investigated ability-related political polarization in responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. We observed more polarization with greater ability in emotional responses, risk perceptions, and product-purchase intentions across five waves of data collection with a diverse, convenience sample from February 2020 through July 2020 (Study 1, N = 1267). Specifically, more liberal participants had more negative emotional responses and greater risk perceptions of COVID-19 than conservative participants. Compared to conservatives, liberal participants also interpreted quantitative information as indicating higher COVID-19 risk and sought COVID-related news more from liberal than conservative news media. Of key importance, we also compared verbal and numeric cognitive abilities for their independent capacity to predict greater polarization. Although measures of numeric ability, such as objective numeracy, are often used to index ability-related polarization, ideological differences were more pronounced among those higher in verbal ability specifically. Similar results emerged in secondary analysis of risk perceptions in a nationally representative longitudinal dataset (Study 2, N = 4494; emotions and purchase intentions were not included in this dataset). We further confirmed verbal-ability-related polarization findings on non-COVID policy attitudes (i.e., weapons bans and Medicare-for-all) measured cross-sectionally. The present Study 2 documented ability-related polarization emerging over time for the first time (rather than simply measuring polarization in existing beliefs). Both studies demonstrated verbal ability measures as the most robust predictors of ability-related polarization. Together, these results suggest that polarization may be a function of the amount and/or application of verbal knowledge rather than selective application of quantitative reasoning skills.
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| 36. |
- Silverstein, M. C., et al.
(författare)
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The numeric understanding measures: Developing and validating adaptive and nonadaptive numeracy scales
- 2023
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Ingår i: Judgment and Decision Making. - 1930-2975. ; 18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numeracy-the ability to understand and use numeric information-is linked to good decision-making. Several problems exist with current numeracy measures, however. Depending on the participant sample, some existing measures are too easy or too hard; also, established measures often contain items well-known to participants. The current article aimed to develop new numeric understanding measures (NUMs) including a 1-item (1-NUM), 4-item (4-NUM), and 4-item adaptive measure (A-NUM). In a calibration study, 2 participant samples (n = 226 and 264 from Amazon's Mechanical Turk [MTurk]) each responded to half of 84 novel numeracy items. We calibrated items using 2-parameter logistic item response theory (IRT) models. Based on item parameters, we developed the 3 new numeracy measures. In a subsequent validation study, 600 MTurk participants completed the new numeracy measures, the adaptive Berlin Numeracy Test, and the Weller Rasch-Based Numeracy Test, in randomized order. To establish predictive and convergent validities, participants also completed judgment and decision tasks, Raven's progressive matrices, a vocabulary test, and demographics. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the 1-NUM, 4-NUM, and A-NUM load onto the same factor as existing measures. The NUM scales also showed similar association patterns to subjective numeracy and cognitive ability measures as established measures. Finally, they effectively predicted classic numeracy effects. In fact, based on power analyses, the A-NUM and 4-NUM appeared to confer more power to detect effects than existing measures. Thus, using IRT, we developed 3 brief numeracy measures, using novel items and without sacrificing construct scope. The measures can be downloaded as Qualtrics files (https://osf.io/pcegz/).
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| 37. |
- Stenling, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Basic psychological need satisfaction across the retirement transition : Changes and longitudinal associations with depressive symptoms
- 2021
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Ingår i: Motivation and Emotion. - : Springer. - 0146-7239 .- 1573-6644. ; 45, s. 75-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on self-determination theory, the present study examined how satisfaction of the basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) changes across the retirement transition and how need satisfaction was related to depressive symptoms across the retirement transition. Participants (N = 2655) were drawn from the HEalth, Ageing and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study. Latent growth curve modeling showed that autonomy need satisfaction increased across the retirement transition, whereas competence and relatedness remained relatively stable. Higher need satisfaction was related to less depressive symptoms at baseline, however, pre-retirement need satisfaction was not a statistically significant predictor of subsequent changes in depressive symptoms (or vice versa) across the retirement transition. At the within-person level, higher than usual need satisfaction at a specific time point was related to less than usual depressive symptoms. Need satisfaction may be an important factor to consider across the retirement transition and need satisfying activities prior, during, and after the transition may ease peoples' adjustment to retirement.
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| 38. |
- Tiede, Kevin E., et al.
(författare)
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Numeracy, numeric attention, and number use in judgment and choice
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. - : Wiley. - 0894-3257 .- 1099-0771. ; 35:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People higher (vs. lower) in objective numeracy—the ability to use probabilistic and mathematical concepts—use numeric information more when making decisions. Specifically, they are more sensitive to numeric levels than the less numerate and use more numeric versus nonnumeric information. Greater attention to numbers may explain this effect, but little is known about objective numeracy's relation to numeric attention and possible subsequent effects on choice. Therefore, we investigated whether numeracy is related to greater attention to numbers and greater use of numbers in consumer judgments and choices. Crucially, we tested whether numeric attention mediated number use in choices. In three experiments, we provided participants with information about different consumer products (e.g., dishwasher). Participants received either numbers-only or both numbers and verbal information. In Study 1 (N = 548), participants were asked to rate product attractiveness. In Studies 2a and 2b (N = 187 and 399), participants instead chose between product pairs. Attention was recorded using Mouselab. Greater objective numeracy was not related to sensitivity to numbers, but it was related to using numeric (instead of verbal) information more when making choices. The association of numeracy and attention was inconsistent across studies, although a meta-analysis combining the studies revealed a weak but significant relation between numeracy and frequency of attending to numbers. This attention variable mediated the association of numeracy and number use in the more powered Study 2b (but not 2a). Our research highlights the potential of considering attention when studying numeracy and provides insights for designing decision aids.
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| 39. |
- Tompkins, Mary Kate, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional Aspects of Risk Perceptions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychological Perspectives on Risk and Risk Analysis. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319924786 ; , s. 109-130
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Understanding the public’s perceptions of risk is of great importance to governments, businesses, and scientists worldwide because the public influences what policies are enacted. As a result, how people perceive (and misperceive) the risks of various hazards and activities has been of interest to academic and other researchers for many years. Researchers in the field of judgment and decision making have examined and understood risk perceptions in two primary ways: risk as feelings and risk as analysis (Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001; Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2002). Risk as analysis assumes people judge risk by assessing the desirability and likelihood of possible outcomes and integrating this information in a logical fashion. In contrast, risk as feelings suggests that people make risk judgments based at least in part on their feelings about possible hazards and activities. Risk as feelings calls attention to the vital role that affect and emotions play in the process of judging risk. Affect and emotions are beneficial in that they allow us to navigate efficiently through our risky and uncertain world. The primary aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of research that highlights the role of affect and emotions in risk perceptions. We focus on two related lines of work that have been fundamental to our understanding of risk as feelings: the affect heuristic and the appraisal- tendency framework.
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