| 1. |
- Arnarsson, Arsaell, et al.
(författare)
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Cyberbullying and traditional bullying among Nordic adolescents and their impact on life satisfaction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - London : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 48:5, s. 502-510
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © Author(s) 2019. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cybervictimization in the six Nordic countries and to assess its overlap with traditional bullying. A further aim was to examine potential associations between life satisfaction, on the one hand, and traditional bullying and cyberbullying on the other. Methods: Analyses were based on data from the 2013⁄2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. It included 32,210 boys and girls, aged 11, 13, and 15, living in the six Nordic countries. Results: The prevalence of cyberbullying by both pictures and by messages was around 2% in all the Nordic countries except Greenland. There it was considerably higher. The prevalence of being bullied in a traditional manner varied widely by country. For boys, this type of bullying was most frequent in the youngest age group and then decreased steadily in the older age groups. Girls were on average more likely to be cyberbullied. Cyberbullying was more common among 13- and 15-year-olds than 11-year-olds. Higher family affluence was unrelated to the risk of cyberbullying. However, it was related to traditional bullying and combined forms of bullying. Compared with intact families, cybervictimization was commoner among single-parent families and stepfamilies. Adjusting for age, gender, family affluence, and family structure, those subjected to cyberbullying had lower life satisfaction than those who were not bullied. Conclusions: We found relatively little overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, indicating that the two may be separate phenomena stemming from different mechanisms, at least in the Nordic context.
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| 2. |
- Augustine, Lilly, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Disability in the Relationship Between Mental Health and Bullying: A Focused, Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies
- 2022
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Ingår i: Child Psychiatry & Human Development. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0009-398X .- 1573-3327.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Having both a disability and being bullied increases the risk of later mental health issues. Children with disabilities are at greater risk of being bullied and therefore at greater risk of adverse mental health outcomes. We conducted a limited systematic review of longitudinal studies focusing on the role of disability in relation to bullying and mental health problems. Twelve studies with an initial measure of mental health or disorder, measured no later than 10 years of age, were found. Ten of these twelve studies suggested that having a disability before victimisation increased the impact of mental health problems measured after bullying experiences. The conclusion is that children with a disability, such as behavioural problems, have an increased risk of later mental health problems through bullying victimization. Children with two risk factors had significantly worse mental health outcomes. These additional mental health problems may be alleviated through reduced bullying victimisation.
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| 3. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Adults' responses to bullying: the victimized youth's perspectives
- 2021
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Ingår i: Research Papers in Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0267-1522 .- 1470-1146. ; 36:3, s. 257-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children are generally encouraged to tell adults about bullying. Although telling can be effective in ending bullying, adults do not necessarily respond in a way that is helpful. Previous research has rarely included victims' own thoughts and feelings regarding what adult actions and reactions are experienced as positive and helpful, and which are experienced as negative and unhelpful in managing bullying situations. This paper reports on interviews with bullied youth, with the overall aims of describing adults' responses to bullying from the victimized youth's perspectives and discussing how the youth experienced these responses. The analysis comprised grounded theory, emphasizing the victimized youth's points of view. When adults became aware of bullying, they responded in three ways; verbal, physical or avoiding/ignoring. Responses that included increasing adult presence were typically experienced as helpful, as were responses whereby the youth felt adults listened without blaming the victim for the bullying or, listened without excusing the behaviour of the youth that bullied. No response was depicted by the participants as unambiguously helpful although when adults avoided or ignored the bullying it was never helpful.
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| 4. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in prevalence of bullying victimization between native and immigrant children in the Nordic countries: A parent-reported serial cross-sectional study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Child Care Health and Development. - : Wiley. - 0305-1862 .- 1365-2214. ; 41:4, s. 593-599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Bullying among children is a problem with severe consequences for the victim. The present study examined parent-reported bullying victimization among children in the Nordic countries at two points in time, 1996 and 2011, and studied differences in prevalence of bullying victimization between immigrant and native children. Methods Data came from the parent-reported NordChild, carried out in the Nordic countries in 1996 and 2011. NordChild is a serial cross-sectional comparative study. A total of 7107 children aged 7–13 were included in the analyses. Results The prevalence of bullying victimization in the total Nordic countries was lower in 2011 (19.2%) than 1996 (21.7%). Difference in prevalence of bullying victimization was found both between native and immigrant children, and between countries. The largest difference in prevalence of bullying victimization was measured in Sweden 2011, where 8.6% of the native children were bullied, to be compared with the 27.8% of the immigrant children. Immigrant children had higher odds to be bullied than native children in Norway, Sweden and in the total Nordic countries at both measurements, also when adjusted for potentially confounding factors. Conclusions The higher prevalence of bullying victimization among immigrant children should be taken into consideration in the design and development of preventive work against bullying.
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| 5. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Do bullied children have poor relationships with their parents and teachers? A cross-sectional study of Swedish children
- 2017
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Ingår i: Children and Youth Services Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0190-7409. ; 73, s. 347-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parents and teachers play an important role in helping victims of bullying to prevent, cope with and end bullying. Despite that, victims' relationships with adults have often been overlooked in previous research. The aim of this study was to investigate bullied and not bullied children's perception of the quality of their relationship with teachers and parents and to examine if there were any differences in the perception associated with bullying frequency or type of victimization. Data came from the Swedish Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey from 2013/14, which included 7867 students aged 11,13 and 15. A multi-level multinomial logistic regression model was created to estimate association between the type of bullying victimization and the quality of relationships with parents and teachers. The result showed that bullied children had poorer relationships with parents and teachers than nonvictims. Victims had higher odds of finding it difficult to talk to parents about things bothering them, of feeling that the family was not listening to what they had to say, and of having low confidence in their teacher. Frequent cyber victims had the highest AdjOR (2.09-337) compared with non victims to have poor quality relationships with teachers and parents. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984
(författare)
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If they only knew. Bullying victimization among children and youth in the Nordic countries
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bullying is a social and public health problem recognized across the globe. The aim with this thesis is to describe and understand bullying victimization of children and youth in a social-ecological perspective with the focus on prevalence, mental health, social relations and disclosing bullying victimization. This thesis includes four studies based on three different data sources: the parent-reported Nordic Study of Children’s Health and Wellbeing (NordChild, Studies I-II), interviews with Swedish youth (Study III) and the child-reported Swedish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (HBSC, Study IV). As well as descriptive statistics, the data from NordChild was analysed with logistic regression (Studies I, II) and the HBCS data was analysed in a multi-level logistic regression. The interview study was based on grounded theory, analysed by two-step coding. The results of this thesis showed that parent-reported bullying victimization had decreased from 1996 (21.7 percent) to 2011 (19.2 percent) in the combined Nordic countries, but immigrant children were bullied more often than native children. Between 29.2–44.3 percent of the bullied children had mental health problems, varying between age and gender. A protective factor that gave higher odds of bullied children being mentally healthy was having several close friends. Not all parents knew whether their child was being bullied, and children with unclear status regarding whether they were being bullied had higher levels of mental health problems than non-victims. When bullied children disclosed victimization it was not simply a matter of telling or not telling, it was a circular process in transition between hidden and open victimization. Victims withheld disclosure of victimization for reasons associated with personal identity and/or reasons originating in distrust of adults. Bullied children, especially frequent victims, had higher odds of having poor relations with their parents and teachers than non-victims. The social-ecological perspective is used to understand the interplay between individual factors and the social context where the bullying exists. The results from the four studies is understood at different system levels; in the interaction with and between peers, family and school, and in interplay with norms and attitudes about victimization and bullying in the broader society.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the prevalence of peer bullying victimization : Review of studies from Sweden during 1993–2017
- 2020
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Ingår i: Children and youth services review. - : Elsevier. - 0190-7409 .- 1873-7765. ; 119
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research into the prevalence of bullying is important to enable the correct allocation of resources to prevent and end bullying. One problem when gathering knowledge in how prevalent bullying is, is the considerable variation in percentage points in research studies. The aim of this study was to analyze how the estimated prevalence in Swedish national population-based studies of peer bullying victimization is related to how it is defined and measured.The analysis focused on national population-based studies in Sweden, in order to ensure that the sampling and cultural aspects of data collection were similar throughout the period. Data came from three sources: 1) a scoping review of peer bullying victimization in Sweden, 2) reports from Swedish government agencies and non-government organizations that were not included in the scoping review, and 3) data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Sweden 1993–2017 study.The results showed that although the estimated levels of bullying victimization depend on the measurement method, they all followed a similar pattern over time with a higher prevalence of bullying in recent years. The study raised conceptual inconsistencies between bullying, peer aggression, and peer victimization, which are further discussed in relation to prevalence and measurement.
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| 10. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Mental health problems and social resource factors among bullied children in the Nordic Countries: A population based cross-sectional study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0009-398X .- 1573-3327. ; 46:2, s. 281-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study estimated internalising and externalising mental health problems among bullied-, unclear if bullied- and not bullied children aged 4–16 in the Nordic countries, and identified resource factors to bullied children’s mental health. Data comes from the cross-sectional NordChild survey 2011 and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, including 6,214 children in the analyses. Mental health problems were most prevalent among children parent-reported as bullied (29.2–44.3 %), followed by children with unclear status if bullied (13.0–25.6 %) and not bullied children (5.3–7.9 %). Externalising problems were more prevalent in all groups except among bullied girls aged 7–16, where internalising problems were more prevalent. Ten potential resource factors to bullied children’s mental health were analyzed, finding that (1) children with at least three close friends had higher odds to be mentally healthy than children with fewer close friends and (2) bullied boys had higher odds to be mentally healthy if they regularly practiced sport.
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| 11. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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The association between self-reported psychosomatic complaints and bullying victimisation and disability among adolescents in Finland and Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 51:8, s. 1136-1143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To analyse the associations between bullying victimisation, disability, and self-reported psychosomatic complaints in adolescents, and to investigate the role of support from parents and teachers in such associations. Methods: The study was based on Finnish and Swedish data from two waves (2013/2014 and 2017/2018) of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (n=16,057). Descriptive statistics were produced for four groups of adolescents: (a) bullied with disabilities; (b) not bullied with disabilities; (c) bullied without disabilities; and (d) not bullied without disabilities (reference group). Two multilevel multinomial logistic regression models were performed for the Finnish and Swedish samples separately. The first model analysed associations between psychosomatic complaints and bullying victimisation, controlling for a range of confounders. The second model analysed associations between psychosomatic complaints and social support from parents and teachers. Results: Across both countries, bullied adolescents with disabilities were more likely to self-report psychosomatic complaints than the reference group, even after adjusting for other potential confounders. Teacher support was identified as a potential protective factor as the odds ratio for psychosomatic complaints decreased when including teacher support as a factor in the model. The association with parent support showed mixed findings in Finland and Sweden. Conclusions: Disability in combination with bullying victimisation generated the highest levels of self-reported psychosomatic complaints compared to adolescents that were not bullied nor had disabilities. High teacher support may be a protective factor against psychosomatic complaints for bullied and/or disabled adolescents.
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| 12. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984
(författare)
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The challenging process of disclosing bullying victimization: A grounded theory study from the victim's point of view
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Psychology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1359-1053 .- 1461-7277. ; 23:8, s. 1110-1118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- School children are usually encouraged to tell an adult whether they are being bullied. Despite this encouragement, a significant percentage of bullied students do not disclose victimization. Previous research has often failed to include this group of hidden victims, thereby limiting the available knowledge about victimization disclosure. This study aimed to investigate the process of disclosing bullying victimization from the victim’s point of view. Interviews with Swedish youth who had been or currently were victims of bullying in school were carried out and analyzed with grounded theory methods using two-step coding.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Bjereld, Ylva, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Why don't all victims tell teachers about being bullied? A mixed methods study on how direct and indirect bullying and student-teacher relationship quality are linked with bullying disclosure
- 2024
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Ingår i: Teaching and Teacher Education. - 0742-051X. ; 148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study aimed to explore bullying disclosures to teachers from the victims’ point of view, with a special focus on the influence of direct and indirect bullying and student-teacher relationship quality. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design was adopted. First, 190 students with bullying experience completed a questionnaire. Second, 20 students were interviewed. One of several of the findings revealed that students were more inclined to tell a teacher about victimization when bullying was indirect. Bullying and how teachers managed it had an impact on the quality of the student-teacher relationship, but not solely dependent on whether the bullying ended.
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| 15. |
- Brolin Låftman, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual jokes at school and students' life satisfaction: findings from the 2017/18 Swedish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Research Notes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1756-0500. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective In a previous study we demonstrated that the occurrence of sexual jokes in the class was associated with higher levels of psychological health complaints. Building on and extending these findings, the aim of the current study was to examine if exposure to sexual jokes at the student and at the class level was inversely associated with students' life satisfaction. Data were derived from the 2017/18 Swedish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, with students aged 11, 13 and 15 years (n = 3710 distributed across 209 classes). Exposure to sexual jokes at the student level was captured by one item. Exposure to sexual jokes at the class level was calculated by aggregating this measure. The Cantril ladder was used to operationalise life satisfaction. Two-level logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Students who were exposed to sexual jokes at school were less likely to report high life satisfaction (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.27-0.53). An inverse association was found between the class proportion of students who were exposed to sexual jokes and students' likelihood of reporting high life satisfaction, whilst adjusting for exposure to sexual jokes at the student level (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.9994). The findings highlight the importance of promoting a school climate without sexual harassment.
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| 16. |
- Craig, Wendy, et al.
(författare)
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Social Media Use and Cyber-Bullying: A Cross-National Analysis of Young People in 42 Countries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Adolescent Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 1054-139X .- 1879-1972. ; 66:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Social media use (SMU) has become an intrinsic part of adolescent life. Negative consequences of SMU for adolescent health could include exposures to online forms of aggression. We explored age, gender, and cross-national differences in adolescents' engagement in SMU, then relationships between SMU and victimization and the perpetration of cyber-bullying. Methods: We used data on young people aged 11–15 years (weighted n = 180,919 in 42 countries) who participated in the 2017–2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study to describe engagement in the three types of SMU (intense, problematic, and talking with strangers online) by age and gender and then in the perpetration and victimization of cyber-bullying. Relationships between SMU and cyber-bullying outcomes were estimated using Poisson regression (weighted n = 166,647 from 42 countries). Results: Variations in SMU and cyber-bullying follow developmental and gender-based patterns across countries. In pooled analyses, engagement in SMU related to cyber-bullying victimization (adjusted relative risks = 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–1.19] to 1.48 [95% CI: 1.42–1.55]) and perpetration (adjusted relative risk = 1.31 [95% CI: 1.26–1.36] to 1.84 [95% CI: 1.74–1.95]). These associations were stronger for cyber-perpetration versus cyber-victimization and for girls versus boys. Problematic SMU was most strongly and consistently associated with cyber-bullying, both for victimization and perpetration. Stratified analyses showed that SMU related to cyber-victimization in 19%–45% of countries and to cyber-perpetration in 38%–86% of countries. Conclusions: Accessibility to social media and its pervasive use has led to new opportunities for online aggression. The time adolescents spend on social media, engage in problematic use, and talk to strangers online each relate to cyber-bullying and merit public health intervention. Problematic use of social media poses the strongest and most consistent risk.
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| 17. |
- Daneback, Kristian, et al.
(författare)
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Bullied Online but Not Telling Anyone : What Are the Reasons for Not Disclosing Cybervictimization?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Studia Paedagogica. - Brno, Czech Republic : Masaryk University. - 1803-7437 .- 2336-4521. ; 23:4, s. 119-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although telling an adult can be effective at ending bullying, not all bullied children tell someone about theirvictimization. The aim of the current study was to examine: 1) if being bullied online and not telling anyonewas associated with the perceived intensity and harm experienced from being bullied, 2) the reasons for nottelling anyone, and 3) if these reasons were related to the level of harm experienced from being bullied.The data used in this study consisted of responses from 451 Czech adolescents aged 12–18 who had beencyberbullied. The results showed that more boys (47%) than girls (19%) did not tell anyone about beingbullied online. There was an association between experienced harm and cybervictimization disclosure;42% of adolescents with little experience of harm did not tell anyone about it, which was more often than thecase for those adolescents with a medium level of harm (19%), and those with intense harm (19%). The reasonsfor not telling differed among groups, where intensely harmed adolescents more often reported that they did nottrust anyone and were afraid of making the situation worse and respondents with medium harm reportedto a greater extent not having anyone who could help them. The most common answer for adolescents witha low experience of harm was that they did not tell anyone because they thought they would manage on theirown (54%).
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Gunnarsdottir, Hrafnhildur, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between parents' subjective time pressure and mental health problems among children in the Nordic countries : a population based study
- 2015
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The home, the family and the parents represent a context of everyday life that is important for child health and development, with parent-child relationships highlighted as crucial for children's mental health. Time pressure is an emerging feature of modern societies and previous studies indicates that parents with children living at home experience time pressure to a greater extent than people with no children living at home. Previous studies of children's mental health in relation to parents' time pressure are lacking. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between parents' subjective time pressure and mental health problems among children in the Nordic countries as well as potential disparities between boys and girls in different age groups.METHODS: 4592 children, aged 4-16 from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, participating in the 2011 version of the NordChild study, were included. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to measure children's mental health and associations to parents' time pressure were assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: Among children of parents experiencing time pressure, 18.6% had mental health problems compared to 10.1% among children of parents experiencing time pressure not or sometimes. The odds of mental health problems were higher among both boys (OR 1.80 95% CI 1.32-2.46) and girls (OR 1.95 95% CI 1.42-2.66) if their parents experienced time pressure when adjusted for financial stress. The highest prevalence of mental health problems in the case of parental time pressure was found among girls 13-16 years old (23.6%) and the lowest prevalence was found among boys 13-16 years old (10.7%).CONCLUSIONS: In this study an association between parents' subjective time pressure and increased mental health problems among children was found. Given that time pressure is a growing feature of modern societies, the results might contribute to an explanation as to mental health problems are common among children in the Nordic countries in spite of otherwise favourable conditions. Additional research on the linkage between parents' experienced time pressure and children's and adolescents' mental health problems is needed to confirm the novel findings of this study.
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| 20. |
- Kirketerp Krusell, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of childhood bullying on the daily lives of Nordic children and young adolescents
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 108:6, s. 1096-1102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Childhood bullying may negatively affect the mental health in children andadolescents, but few studies have explored this potential link. We aimed to investigate theassociation between childhood bullying and the impact of poor mental health on the dailylife in a population of Nordic children and adolescents aged 5–16 years.Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on data from the Nordic survey onChildren’s Health and Wellbeing (NordChild) from 2011. The study population included 4966 children from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Mental health wasmeasured by a parent-reported version of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Weconducted multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate the odds ratios of poor mentalhealth in bullied compared to non-bullied children and adolescents while adjusting for sex,age, body mass index and parental socioeconomic status.Results: Bullied children and adolescents were four times more likely than their nonbulliedpeers to have mental health problems with negative impact on their daily life athome, in their relations to friends, learning in school or leisure activities (adjusted oddsratio: 4.32; 95% CI: 3.54–5.26).Conclusion: This study found negative impact on the mental health in bullied children andadolescents, which affected several arenas of daily life.
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| 21. |
- Krusell, Magnus Kirketerp, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of childhood bullying on the daily lives of Nordic children and young adolescents
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 108:6, s. 1096-1102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Childhood bullying may negatively affect the mental health in children and adolescents, but few studies have explored this potential link. We aimed to investigate the association between childhood bullying and the impact of poor mental health on the daily life in a population of Nordic children and adolescents aged 5–16years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on data from the Nordic survey on Children's Health and Wellbeing (NordChild) from 2011. The study population included 4966 children from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Mental health was measured by a parent-reported version of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate the odds ratios of poor mental health in bullied compared to non-bullied children and adolescents while adjusting for sex, age, body mass index and parental socioeconomic status. Results: Bullied children and adolescents were four times more likely than their non-bullied peers to have mental health problems with negative impact on their daily life at home, in their relations to friends, learning in school or leisure activities (adjusted odds ratio: 4.32; 95% CI: 3.54–5.26). Conclusion: This study found negative impact on the mental health in bullied children and adolescents, which affected several arenas of daily life.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Thornberg, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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A multilevel study of peer victimization and its associations with teacher support and well-functioning class climate
- 2024
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Ingår i: Social Psychology of Education. - : Springer. - 1381-2890 .- 1573-1928. ; 27:1, s. 69-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the current study was to examine whether students' perceptions of teacher support at an individual-level, teacher support and well-functioning class climate at classroom-level, and teacher support and well-functioning class climate at school-level were associated with peer victimization. Data were obtained from a Student School Survey administered by the selected Swedish municipality. Multilevel analyses were based on 5,646 students in 277 classes and 27 schools. At the individual-level, girls and students who perceived greater teacher support than their classmates were victimized less often by their peers. In addition, students in schools with classes characterized by greater cooperation, cohesion, working atmosphere and respect toward their teachers tended to score lower on peer victimization. Within schools, students belonging to classes with a more well-functioning class climate than what was average in the school, and students belonging to classes that scored their teacher as more caring, fair and respectful compared to other classes in the school, were less likely to be targets of peer victimization.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Von Busch, Otto, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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A typology of fashion violence
- 2016
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Ingår i: Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty. - 2040-4417 .- 2040-4425. ; 7:1, s. 89-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the study of fashion there is a temptation to privilege the experience of seduction, glamour and empowerment of individuals, or the representation of cultural values through dress. But fashion also has a propensity for narcissism (self-satisfaction) and the potential for this self-satisfaction to be achieved through the harassment and degradation of others. In this article, fashion is examined as an everyday site for establishing social distinctions, where violence in the form of microaggressions and bullying is masked by the apparent superficially and innocuousness of clothing. The aim is to demonstrate how fashion is implicated in the three levels of everyday violence identified by Galtung (1990) in his typography of violence. The article takes examples from the cultural realm of fashion and a set of interviews with young people who experienced bullying because of their clothes. The examples are applied to Galtung's model to produce a typology of fashion violence.
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