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Sökning: WFRF:(Blanck Hans 1950)

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1.
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2.
  • Andersson Trojer, Markus, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Imidazole and Triazole Coordination Chemistry for Antifouling Coatings
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Chemistry. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2090-9063 .- 2090-9071. ; 2013
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fouling of marine organisms on the hulls of ships is a severe problem for the shipping industry. Many antifouling agents are based on five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, in particular imidazoles and triazoles. Moreover, imidazole and triazoles are strong ligands for Cu2+ and Cu+, which are both potent antifouling agents. In this review, we summarize a decade of work within our groups concerning imidazole and triazole coordination chemistry for antifouling applications with a particular focus on the very potent antifouling agent medetomidine. The entry starts by providing a detailed theoretical description of the azole-metal coordination chemistry. Some attention will be given to ways to functionalize polymers with azole ligands. Then, the effect of metal coordination in azole-containing polymers with respect to material properties will be discussed. Our work concerning the controlled release of antifouling agents, in particular medetomidine, using azole coordination chemistry will be reviewed. Finally, an outlook will be given describing the potential for tailoring the azole ligand chemistry in polymers with respect to Cu2+ adsorption and Cu2+ Cu+ reduction for antifouling coatings without added biocides.
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3.
  • Andersson Trojer, Markus, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Polymer Core-Polymer Shell Particle Formation Enabled by Ultralow Interfacial Tension Via Internal Phase Separation: Morphology Prediction Using the Van Oss Formalism
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Colloid and Interface Science Communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 2215-0382. ; 25, s. 36-40
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The internal phase separation technique is a versatile method for liquid core-polymer shell formation, yet limited to very hydrophobic core materials and actives. The use of polymeric cores instead circumvents this restriction due to the absent mixing entropy for binary polymer mixtures which allows the polymeric core (and the active) to approach the polarity of the shell. Polystyrene core-shell and janus particles were formulated using polymethylmethacrylate, poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), poly(epsilon-caprolactone) or cellulose triacetate as shell-forming polymers. The morphology and the partitioning was experimentally determined by selectively staining the core and the shell with beta-carotene and methylene blue respectively. In addition, the van Oss formalism was introduced to theoretically predict the thermodynamic equilibrium morphology. As elucidated using the theoretical predictions as well as experimental optical tensiometry, it was found that the driving force for core-shell morphology is, in contrast to liquid core-polymer shell particles, a low core-shell interfacial tension.
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4.
  • Andersson Trojer, Markus, et al. (författare)
  • Use of anchoring amphiphilic diblock copolymers for encapsulation of hydrophilic actives in polymeric microcapsules : methodology and encapsulation efficiency
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Colloid and Polymer Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0303-402X .- 1435-1536. ; 297:2, s. 307-313
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aqueous core-shell particles based on polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) or polycaprolactone have been formulated using a facile double emulsion-based solvent evaporation method. The size distribution is narrow, and the morphology control is remarkable given the simple characteristics of the encapsulation method. The inner droplets are stabilized by oil-soluble poly(ethylene oxide)-based block copolymers which are anchored in the polymeric shell by using hydrophobic blocks of the same type as that of the shell-forming polymer. This facilitates the efficient encapsulation of dyes and hydrophilic biocides. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
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5.
  • Andersson Trojer, Markus, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Use of microcapsules as controlled release devices for coatings
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-8686. ; 222, s. 18-43
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Biofouling of surfaces is a considerable problem in many industrial sectors and for the public community in general. The problem is usually approached by the use of functional coatings and most of such antifouling coatings rely on the effect of biocides. However, a substantial drawback is the poor control over the release of the biocide as well as its degradation in the paint. Encapsulation of the biocides in microcapsules is a promising approach that may overcome some of the problems associated with the more traditional ways of incorporating the antifouling agent into the formulation. In this review, we summarize more than a decade of microcapsule research from our lab as well as from other groups working on this topic. Focus will be on two coacervation-based encapsulation techniques; the internal phase separation method and the double emulsion method, which together enable the encapsulation of a broad spectrum of biocides with different physicochemical properties. The release of the biocide from core-shell particles and from encapsulated biocides in coatings is treated in detail. The release behaviour is interpreted in terms of the physicochemical properties of the core-shell particle and the coating matrix. In addition, special attention is given to the experimental release methodology and the implementation of proper diffusion models to describe the release. At the end of the review examples of antifouling properties of some coatings against common biofoulers are presented.
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6.
  • Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marine biofilms
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X. ; 87:1-2, s. 292-299
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents a novel assay that allows a quick and robust assessment of the effects of biocides on the initial settling and establishment of marine photoautotrophic biofilms including the multitude of indigenous fouling organisms. Briefly, biofilms are established in the field, sampled, comminuted and re-settled on clean surfaces, after 72 h chlorophyll a is measured as an integrating endpoint to reflect both settling and growth. Eight antifoulants were used to evaluate the assay. Efficacy ranking, based on EC98 values from most to least efficacious compound is: copper pyrithione > TPBP > DCOIT > tolylfluanid > zinc pyrithione > medetomidine > copper (Cu2+), while ecotoxicological ranking (based on EC10 values) is irgarol, copper pyrithione > zinc pyrithione > TPBP > tolylfluanid > DCOIT > copper (Cu2+)>medetomidine. The algaecide irgarol did not cause full inhibition. Instead the inhibition leveled out at 95% effect at 30 nmol l−1, a concentration that was clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.
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7.
  • Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • Combined effects of antifoulants – synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects?
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: the 15th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, 25-29 July 2010, Newcastle.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Antifoulants are often used in combinations in paints. A survey of the scientific literatures shows that the effects of such antifoulant combinations are often predictable with a reasonable accuracy by the classical mixture toxicity concepts of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). However, some studies also reported mixture effects that were substantially higher (synergistic) or lower (antagonistic) than predicted by either CA or IA. We therefore systematically explored the frequency and quantitative importance of such interactions within a group of 6 antifoulants using settling and growth of marine periphytic communities as the endpoint. All 15 possible 2-compound combinations that can be composed from the pool of six antifoulants were experimentally tested in three different ratios per mixture and their observed toxicity was compared to the predictions by CA and IA. The results show that the toxicities of the mixtures in most cases are at least roughly in agreement with the predictions, but that in several cases antagonistic effects occurred, which were related to the mixture-ratio and concentrations applied. No cases of synergism were observed for any of the investigated combinations. Implications for paint production as well as for the environment will be discussed. This study is part of the Marine Paint research programme funded by MISTRA, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research.
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8.
  • Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of three antifouling agents on algal communities and algal reproduction: Mixture toxicity studies with TBT, Irgarol, and Sea-Nine
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 50:3, s. 335-345
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The toxicity of three antifoulants (Sea-Nine, Irgarol, and TBT) was determined individually and in mixtures in two tests with microalgae. Effects on periphyton community photosynthesis and reproduction of the unicellular green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus were investigated. The tested antifoulants were highly toxic in both tests. Observed mixture toxicities were compared with predictions derived from two concepts: Independent Action (IA), assumed to be more relevant for the tested mixtures that were composed of dissimilarly acting substances, and Concentration Addition (CA), regarded as a reasonable worst-case approach in predictive mixture hazard assessment. Despite the corresponding mechanistic basis, IA failed to provide accurate predictions of the observed mixture toxicities. Results show the same pattern in both assays. Mixture effects at high concentrations were slightly overestimated and effects at low concentrations were slightly underestimated. Maximum observed deviations between observed and IA-predicted concentrations amount to a factor of 4. The suggested worst-case approach using CA was protective only in effect regions above 20%. Nevertheless, the application of any concept that accounts for possible mixture effects is more realistic than the present chemical-by-chemical assessment
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9.
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10.
  • Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • Marine Paint Optimisation: settling assays with marine periphyton communities and sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: The 14th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, July 27-31, 2008, Kobe, Japan.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In the Marine Paint Optimisation project the major groups of fouling organisms will be studied. From each group of organisms one model organism was selected and used in settling assays to assess the efficacy of a number of individual antifoulants. A tentative list of existing and promising compounds include medetomidine, tolylfluanide, copper pyrithione, Sea-Nine, Irgarol, copper, Borocide, and Econea. Based on the produced data we will predict the joint effects of almost all possible combinations in terms of efficacy. The optimisation will be based both on high efficacy and low environmental risk. We will present and summarise the results from two settling assays with marine biofilms (microfouling) and the zoospores of the macroalga sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca). The microfoulers are important parts of the fouling community with a high number of different species and individuals which form the basis for all subsequent settlers. In this periphyton assay a multispecies microbial biofilm established in the field on Plexi glas (PMMA) are used to prepare an inoculum using a scrape, shake and sieve technique. Using this approach we include a large set of the potential species in the microbial fouling community. Ulva lactuca belongs to the most common family of fouling macroalgae. Thalli of Ulva lactuca were sampled in the field in September 2007, cultivated in the laboratory until further testing of the zoospores. Both assays are semistatic and run over three days and include both settling and growth. Efficacy data for a number of antifouling agents will be presented. This study is part of the Marine Paint research programme funded by MISTRA.
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11.
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12.
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13.
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14.
  • Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • Predictability of the mixture toxicity of 12 similarly acting congeneric inhibitors of photosystem II in marine periphyton and epipsammon communities
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X. ; 68:4, s. 351-367
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Testing of single chemicals with single species is common ecotoxicological practice in contrast to contaminated environments where highly diverse biological communities are exposed to highly diverse mixtures of chemical compounds. We, therefore, investigated whether mixture toxicity approaches that have been used successfully for single species, might also be applied on a community level of biological complexity. Twelve inhibitors of photosystem II, selected by QSAR and chemometrical approaches as the structurally most similar from a congeneric group of phenylurea herbicides, were tested singly and as mixtures on two types of marine microalgal communities, periphyton and epipsammon. Inhibition of photosynthesis was measured in short-term tests using incorporation of radiolabelled carbon (14C) to estimate photosynthetic rates. Two basic concepts, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), were used to predict the toxicities of the mixtures. Congeneric and similar-acting substances such as the phenylureas are expected to comply with CA rather than IA. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether these concepts can be used to predict mixture toxicity also to periphyton and epipsammon photosynthesis, i.e. at the level of natural communities. We found that deviations between observed and predicted mixture toxicity were relatively small but that CA predictions were the more accurate ones. The predictions proved to be robust, when based on single substance information even from different seasons, years, and sites. We conclude that the concept of CA for predicting mixture toxicity applies also at the community level of algal testing; at least when a physiological short-term effect indicator is used that matches the mechanism of action of the substances
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15.
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16.
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17.
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18.
  • Backhaus, Thomas, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Hazard and Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures under REACH - State of the Art, Gaps and Options for Improvement. Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate , Report PM/3 2010
  • 2010
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • As demonstrated by several examples, humans and all other organisms in the environment are exposed to multi-component chemical mixtures. Empirical evidence on the toxicity and ecotoxicity of such chemical cocktails shows one common pattern, independent on the specific chemical composition of a particular mixture, the exposed organism or biological endpoint under observation: the joint toxicity of a chemical mixture is always higher than the individual toxic effect of even the most potent compound present. In particular, even low, individually non-toxic concentrations might result in a significant toxicity, if they co-occur as a chemical mixture. Given the actual exposure situation it has hence to be concluded that ecological or human-health standards for individual chemicals are only a first step. In addition, the toxicity of chemical mixtures has to be adequately considered in the regulatory risk assessment of chemicals. However, despite these facts and despite its professed aim to “ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment” (article 1), REACH does not provide a mandate for considering the toxicity of so-called “coincidental” mixtures of industrial chemicals – multicomponent cocktails that are found in the environment or the human body as a result from the concurrent use of different chemicals in a given area. That the inclusion of such a mandate for mixture risk assessments provides a feasible option, at least for a certain regulatory groups of chemicals, is demonstrated by the forthcoming new legislation on plant protection products (PPP) (Common Position (EC) No 25/2008 adopted by the EP on 13 January 2009), which requests that PPP’s “shall not have any harmful effects on human health, including vulnerable groups, or animal health, taking into account known cumulative and synergistic effects”. However, comprehensive assessments of the (eco)toxicological impact from the plethora of all the chemicals that humans and the environment are exposed to would require more far-reaching regulatory efforts. There is the need to cut across the existing pieces of chemicals legislation, and not limited the assessment by substance- and product- oriented regulations such as REACH and PPP. Process- and media-oriented forms of legislation, such as for instance the Integrated Pollution and Prevention Control Directive (IPPC) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD) need to be included. Approaches that directly address cumulative exposure scenarios, as put forward for example in the WFD, might provide particularly valuable options for improved protection of humans and the environment from risks from mixtures of chemicals. Several approaches for the assessment of mixture (eco)toxicities have been described in the scientific literature, each with its own specific pros and cons. For prospective assessments in regulatory contexts (e.g. within REACH), the classic toxicological concepts of Concentration Addition and Independent Action seem to be the most promising methods. Especially Concentrations Addition has proven to provide generally good approximations of expectable mixture toxicities for a wide range of mixtures, exposed organisms and biological endpoints. In particular, synergistic (considerably more than concentration-additive) mixture toxicities seem to be rare. Concentration Addition also allows to predict the expected mixture toxicity (EC50 values) using the toxicological and ecotoxicological data that may be available by the registration of a compound under REACH. Two options for the risk assessment of “coincidental mixtures” within the context of REACH are discussed on this basis: (a) a default mixture assessment factor (MAF) and (b) scenario specific cumulative risk assessments. The actual implementation of these options are currently hampered 8 by substantial knowledge gaps, which, however, seem to be mainly empirical in nature. Especially knowledge on “typical” exposure scenarios involving REACH-chemicals is missing. Nevertheless, from a perspective beyond REACH, the trans-sectorial nature of mixtures of toxic compounds that coincidentally co-occur in an environmental compartment, the organisms living there, food and the human body poses a substantial challenge for the current system of chemical risk assessment and management.
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19.
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20.
  • Backhaus, Thomas, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • On the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks. - Heidelberg : Springer. - 3540746633
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The study of pharmaceuticals in the environment as an area of research has only just taken off in recent years. Since the first edition was printed, many research articles on this subject have been published. It is exceedingly difficult for the individual, in particular those not acquainted with the field to establish trends and developments. Even specialists will appreciate this book, as it provides the reader with a well-founded up dated and enlarged overview that addresses the latest findings on the new topics in research. Following the resounding success of the first two editions, this new edition has been brought up to date and greatly extended. It includes the status of research, paying particular attention to sources and contamination of the environment, substance flows, effects, risk assessment and risk management. In line with the newest developments worldwide there are again contributions from well known and new international authors. This volume also caters for the new requirements confronting European and American researchers since publication of the second edition.
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21.
  • Backhaus, Thomas, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Optimisation of biocides in marine paints
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Final conference of Marine Paint 14-15th of May 2012, Göteborg.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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22.
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23.
  • Backhaus, Thomas, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • SINGLE-SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURE TOXICITY OF FIVE PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS TO MARINE PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268. ; 30:9, s. 2030-2040
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The single-substance and mixture toxicity of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products (fluoxetine, propranolol, triclosan, zinc-pyrithione, and clotrimazole) to marine microalgal communities (periphyton) was investigated. All compounds proved to be toxic, with median effective concentration values (EC50s) between 1,800 nmol/L (triclosan) and 7.2 nmol/L (Zn-pyrithione). With an EC50 of 356 nmol/L, the toxicity of the mixture falls into this span, indicating the absence of strong synergisms or antagonisms. In fact, a comparison with mixture toxicity predictions by the classical mixture concepts of concentration addition and independent action showed a good predictability in the upper effect range. However, the mixture provoked stimulating effects (hormesis) in the lower effect range, hampering the application of either concept. An independent repetition of the mixture experiment resulted in a principally similar concentration-response curve, again with clear hormesis effects in the lower range of test concentrations. However, the curve was shifted toward higher effect concentrations (EC50 1,070 nmol/L), which likely is due to changes in the initial species composition. Clear mixture effects were observed even when all five components were present only at their individual no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs). These results show that, even with respect to mixtures of chemically and functionally dissimilar compounds, such as the five pharmaceuticals and personal care products investigated, environmental quality standards must take possible mixture effects from low-effect concentrations of individual compounds into consideration. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2030-2040. (C) 2011 SETAC
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24.
  • Backhaus, Thomas, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Toxicity of a mixture of dissimilarly acting substances to natural algal communities: predictive power and limitations of independent action and concentration addition.
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Environmental science & technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 38:23, s. 6363-70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Predictive studies of chemical mixtures are typically based on experiments with single species. To study the applicability of the concepts of independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) on a multispecies level, the carbon fixation of natural algal communities under toxicant exposure was studied. The presented study focused on a mixture of six dissimilarly acting substances. Conceptual reasoning as well as empirical evidence from single-species tests suggest that IA is more appropriate for this type of mixture. Nonetheless, the potential of CA was also investigated, to assess whether this concept may be applicable as a reasonable worst case prediction of mixture toxicities also on a community level. IA predicted the experimental EC50 precisely. CA underestimated the EC50 by a factor of only 1.4, although the shape of the predicted concentration-response curve was clearly different from experimental data. Hence, it can be concluded that the applicability of the concepts is not restricted to the level of single species. However, some limitations of both concepts became apparent, when stimulating (hormesis-like) effects were observed fo rtwo of the mixture components. These effects were also seen in the experimental mixture toxicity data but cannot be adequately modeled by either concept.
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25.
  • Blanck, Hans, 1950, et al. (författare)
  • A retrospective analysis of contamination and periphyton PICT patterns for the antifoulant irgarol 1051, around a small marina on the Swedish west coast
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 58:2, s. 230-237
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Irgarol is a triazine photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor that has been used in Sweden as an antifouling ingredient since the 1990´s. Early microcosm studies indicated that periphyton was sensitive to irgarol at concentrations regularly found in harbours and marinas. However, field studies of irgarol effects on the Swedish west coast in 1994, using the Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) approach, failed to detect any effects of the toxicant in the field. A PICT study involves sampling of replicate communities in a gradient of contamination, and a comparison of their community tolerance levels, with an increase being an indication that sensitive species have been eliminated and replaced by more tolerant ones. Typically, short-term assays are used to quantify the community tolerance levels. Later PICT studies in the same area over a 10 year period demonstrate that irgarol tolerance levels have increased, although the contamination pattern has been stable. Our results support the hypothesis that that the PICT potential was low initially, due to a small differential sensitivity between the community members, and that a persistent selection pressure was required to favour and enrich irgarol tolerant species or genotypes.
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26.
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27.
  • Blanck, Hans, 1950 (författare)
  • Ecotoxicology of antifouling biocides
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Final conference of Marine Paint 14-15th of May 2012, Göteborg.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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28.
  • Blanck, Hans, 1950 (författare)
  • Efficacy and Risk Optimisation of Biocide Combinations for Fouling Protection
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: International Meeting on New Perspectives in Anti-Fouling Research, November 2009, Gothenburg Sweden.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Biocides in marine coatings are likely to remain a major strategy for fouling protection for the coming decades, and so will the concern for subsequent pollution of marine environments, with negative effects on marine life. We suggest that the use of multi-component combinations may minimise the adverse effects, while maintaining high and versatile efficacy. Based on the efficacy profiles of antifoulants likely to pass the requirements of the European Biocidal Products Directive, we set out to produce efficacy- and risk-optimised combinations with minimum overdosing and lowered risk for tolerance development. The approach involves (1) development of experimental settling tests of major fouling organisms to determine full concentration-efficacy relationships (CER) for a series of antifouling compounds, (2) predictions of the efficacies of all possible combinations of antifoulants using standard models for mixture toxicity predictions, (3) ranking of all combinations according to their expected risk to the marine environment (4) experimental validation of selected predictions (5) formulation of key combinations using microcapsule technology, and (6) assessment of product performance. This is followed by more extensive field tests, extended collaboration with biocide and paint manufacturers, leading to amendment of the data base and recalculation to improve recipes further. Efficient use of smart and validated combinations has a clear potential to combat marine biofouling with a minimum of environmental effects.
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29.
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30.
  • Blanck, Hans, 1950, et al. (författare)
  • Multiple effect thresholds and pollution-induced community tolerance in marine periphyton communities exposed to the antifouling agent DCOIT (Sea-Nine 211).
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: SETAC Europe 15th Annual Meeting, 22-26 May 2005, Lille , France.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sea-Nine 211 is an antifouling agent with the active ingredient 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one (DCOIT). Compounds in the Kathon class of biocides contain a reactive sulfur atom suggested to target disulfide bridges of proteins. This causes formation of RS∙ radicals that attack new proteins and form new RS∙ radicals in a cascade reaction. This has the potential to affect and inhibit a variety of enzymatic cellular reactions. We hypothesise that this process, although not sufficiently studied, might also explain the extreme toxicity and rapid degradation of DCOIT in the presence of biota. An unusual response pattern among microalgae was revealed when periphyton communities were established in flow-through marine microcosm under DCOIT exposure for three weeks; biomass-related variables (chlorophyll a and primary production) showed effects alternating with recovery in the concentration gradient. These events coincided with at least three toxicant-induced successions (TIS) that appeared to be clearly separated from each other (approximately by a factor 100 on the concentration scale). The first TIS occurred at very low concentrations of DCOIT (0.007 nM) and was accompanied by a small increase in community tolerance. At slightly higher concentrations this PICT signal disappeared and PICT was only observed again at 1 to 5 nM, now accompanied by a second much stronger replacement of species. A third major shift in species composition occurred at 10 to100 nM where PICT continued to increase. Between the shifts in algal species, biomass tended to increase until further loss of dominant species was observed. We suggest that the observed multiple effect thresholds are due to differences in sensitivity either between biochemical target processes or between target species within the periphyton community.
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31.
  • Blanck, Hans, 1950, et al. (författare)
  • New strategy for design of optimised combinations of antifoulants: mixture efficacy predictions, risk weighting and microcapsule technology
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: 14th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, July 2008, Kobe Japan.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Organisms differ in their sensitivity to toxicants, and each biocide will have its own efficacy profile. Whenever an antifoulant is used to affect organisms beyond its high-efficacy profile, an excess of biocides will be emitted to the environment. We propose an unprejudiced and rational design of efficacy-optimised combinations with minimum environmental risk. To control release of several antifoulants independently we use microcapsules bound to a polymer coating. The approach is based on three initial steps: Mixture toxicity concepts are used to predict efficacy of >100 000 combinations of 2-8 antifoulants. Predictions are based on full concentration-efficacy relationships with regard to prevention of settling of fouling model organisms (e.g. periphyton, sea lettuce, barnacles, sea squirt, blue mussel). Based on the predictions we will identify a set of > 100 000 combinations that are efficacious to all model organisms, and define their mixture concentrations and mixture ratios. Risk ratios (e.g. PEC/ PNEC) for the individual antifoulants are then used as weighing factors to rank the combinations according to their estimated relative risk to the environment. This results in a set of promising antifoulant combinations defined by their constituents, mixture ratios and total concentrations in water. The release rate from each of the individual mixture components will be regulated by microcapsule numbers, chemical and physical properties, to deliver the expected combination at the surface of the ship hull. The flexibility of the paint formulation ・with one antifoulant only in each capsule ・suggests that the coating can easily be reformulated to adjust to more demanding conditions. This study is a part of the Marine Paint Research Programme funded by MISTRA, the Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, Sweden.
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32.
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33.
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34.
  • Brosché, Sara, 1978, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of two realistic pharmaceutical mixtures on natural freshwater periphyton communities
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Europe annual meeting, 20-24 May 2006, Porto, Portugal.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • During the last decade pharmaceuticals have been established as an important class of environmental pollutants. Main route of entry into the environment is from their regular use, which makes effluents from sewage treatment plants important sources of pollution. According to data from standard ecotoxicological tests, pharmaceuticals rarely pose an immediate risk at environmentally realistic concentrations. In reality though, pharmaceuticals act as mixtures on whole biological communities. Whether, and to what extent ecological effects can be expected under these circumstances is unknown. Hence we investigated the effects of two mixtures consisting of 15-20 pharmaceuticals on natural freshwater periphyton communities. The mixture compositions were based on effluent data from two sewage treatments plants, Ryaverket (Göteborg, Sweden) and Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne (Lyon, France). Effects on periphytic bacteria were measured as changes in metabolic diversity (Ecolog®). For the algal part of the communities, changes in pigment pattern and species composition were measured. Clear community-level effects were observed for the two mixtures
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35.
  • Brosché, Sara, 1978, et al. (författare)
  • Joint Action of five antibiotics on limnic plankton communities
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Europe annual meeting ,7-11 May 2006 The Haag, The Netherlands.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • During the last decade pharmaceuticals have emerged as an important class of environmental pollutants. Antibiotics constitute a prominent part of this group, as they are used extensively both in human and veterinary medicine. Hence they have been detected in waste water effluents and surface waters in many countries, e.g. Sweden, Germany and Italy. The environmental concentrations typically do not provoke effects in standard acute toxicity tests. The standard tests give no consideration to the fact that the antibiotics exist in the environment as chemical mixtures acting on whole biological communities. Here we report on the individual toxicities and combination effects of the five commonly used antibiotics streptomycin, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, chlorotetracycline and rifampicin, to limnic plankton communities. Toxicity was measured using 3H-Leucine incorporation as an endpoint. Furthermore we analysed the applicability of the classical mixture toxicity concepts Concentration Addition and Independent Action on this community level of biological complexity.
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36.
  • Dahlbäck, Björn, et al. (författare)
  • The Challenge to Find New Sustainable Antifouling Approaches for Shipping
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Coastal Marine Science. - 1349-3000. ; 34:1, s. 212-215
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Fouling of ships and its counter measure – antifouling – is receiving justified attention as a serious marine environmental problem. If the ship is fouled its fuel consumption will increase radically. If a ship is fouled its emissions to air will increase, its manoeuvrability will be affected and it will contribute to the spreading of aliens. The present antifouling strategies seem to be non-sustainable, either environmentally or technically/commercially. The large amounts of biocides used in antifouling paints constitute a marine pollution problem. Research for more sustainable solutions, biocidal as well as non-biocidal, is ongoing. Optimisation of new antifoulant combinations combined with microcapsule technology will offer the possibility to decrease the exposure of the marine environment to antifouling biocides.
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37.
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38.
  • Dahllöf, Ingela, 1963, et al. (författare)
  • Long-term effects of tri-n-butyltin on the function of a marine sediment system
  • 1999
  • Ingår i: Marine Ecology Progress Series. ; 188, s. 1-11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The effect of tri-n-butyl-tin (TBT) was studied in a 5 mo experiment using intact coastal sediment communities in a boxcosm system. TBT-spiked sediment was added in a geometrical series between 0.0065 and 300 mu mol TBT m(-2) to a sediment that already had a background TBT concentration. Fluxes of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, silicate and oxygen were used as effect indicators for the entire sediment system, integrating the function of all fauna and micro-organisms present. Changes in flux patterns were analysed in order to evaluate the effect of TBT on the whole sediment system using a non-parametric analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), based on Bray-Curtis similarity indices. Effects were seen at the lowest additions of 6.5 nmol TBT m(-2) as changes in flux pattern compared to the control sediments. The separate nutrient fluxes were also evaluated, showing an early response in a reduced ammonium flux and a stimulated nitrate flux for most of the TBT additions. The initial response indicated immediate effects on the microbial part of the sediment community. The fluxes changed with time in all sediment boxes, but the changes were different in sediments with added TBT compared to the control sediment. These changes showed that the heterotrophic capability to degrade organic matter and autotrophic nitrification was reduced during the 5 mo of the experiment. In the 3 highest additions, the abundance of macrofauna was reduced at the very beginning of the experiment, whereas fauna in the intermediate additions seemed to become stressed with time as indicated by an increased oxygen consumption. This study shows that minute additions of fresh TBT to an already contaminated sediment have effects on the function of the sediment system at nominal concentrations of nmol of TBT added per square metre. These additions were well below the current detection limits for TBT in sediments.
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39.
  • Dahllöf, Ingela, 1963, et al. (författare)
  • The Effect of TBT on the Structure of a Marine Sediment Community - a Boxcosm Study
  • 2001
  • Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 42:8, s. 689-695
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The effect of tri-n-butyl tin (TBT) on an intact marine sediment community after five months exposure was investigated. Changes in the structure of macro- and meiofauna communities were determined, as well as the functional diversity of the microbial community using BIOLOG microplates for Gram negative bacteria. Development of tolerance in the microbial community was investigated using Pollution Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) experiments with fluxes of nutrients as effect indicators. TBT affected the structure and recruitment of the macro- and meiofauna at nominal additions of 30137 mol TBT/m2 sediment. Number of species, diversity, biomass and community similarity was reduced at these concentrations compared to control. Species that molt seemed to be the most tolerant since they were predominant in boxes that had received the highest TBT addition and echinoderms were the most sensitive species. Renewed addition of TBT in PICT experiments with sediment from each boxcosm showed that TBT had an effect on individual nutrient fluxes from all sediments. Analyses of the flux patterns revealed a memory of previous TBT exposure, either due to induced tolerance or other community conditioning.
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40.
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41.
  • Eriksson, Martin, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • A phylogenetic approach to detect selection on the target site of the antifouling compound irgarol in tolerant periphyton communities
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Environmental Microbiology. - : Wiley. - 1462-2912 .- 1462-2920. ; 11:8, s. 2065-2077
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Using DNA sequence data for phylogenetic assessment of toxicant targets is a new and promising approach to study toxicant-induced selection in communities. Irgarol 1051 is a photosystem (PS) II inhibitor used in antifouling paint. It inhibits photosynthesis through binding to the D1 protein in PS II, which is encoded by the psbA gene found in genomes of chloroplasts, cyanobacteria and cyanophages. psbA mutations that alter the target protein can confer tolerance to PS II inhibitors. We have previously shown that irgarol induces community tolerance in natural marine periphyton communities and suggested a novel tolerance mechanism, involving the amino acid sequence of a turnover-regulating domain of D1, as contributive to this tolerance. Here we use a large number of psbA sequences of known identity to assess the taxonomic affinities of psbA sequences from these differentially tolerant communities, by performing phylogenetic analysis. We show that periphyton communities have high psbA diversity and that this diversity is adversely affected by irgarol. Moreover, we suggest that within tolerant periphyton the novel tolerance mechanism is present among diatoms only, whereas some groups of irgarol-tolerant cyanobacteria seem to have other tolerance mechanisms. However, it proved difficult to identify periphyton psbA haplotypes to the species or genus level, which indicates that the genomic pool of the attached, periphytic life forms is poorly studied and inadequately represented in international sequence databases.
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42.
  • Eriksson, Martin, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Community-Level Analysis of psbA Gene Sequences and Irgarol Tolerance in Marine Periphyton
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 75:4, s. 897-906
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study analyzes psbA gene sequences, predicted D1 protein sequences, species relative abundance, and pollution-induced community tolerance in marine periphyton communities exposed to the antifouling compound Irgarol 1051. The mechanism of action of Irgarol is the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport at photosystem II by binding to the D1 protein. The metagenome of the communities was used to produce clone libraries containing fragments of the psbA gene encoding the D1 protein. Community tolerance was quantified with a short-term test for the inhibition of photosynthesis. The communities were established in a continuous flow of natural seawater through microcosms with or without added Irgarol. The selection pressure from Irgarol resulted in an altered species composition and an inducted community tolerance to Irgarol. Moreover, there was a very high diversity in the psbA gene sequences in the periphyton, and the composition of psbA and D1 fragments within the communities was dramatically altered by increased Irgarol exposure. Even though tolerance to this type of compound in land plants often depends on a single amino acid substitution (Ser(264)-> Gly) in the D1 protein, this was not the case for marine periphyton species. Instead, the tolerance mechanism likely involves increased degradation of D1. When we compared sequences from low and high Irgarol exposure, differences in nonconserved amino acids were found only in the so-called PEST region of D1, which is involved in regulating its degradation. Our results suggest that environmental contamination with Irgarol has led to selection for high-turnover D1 proteins in marine periphyton communities at the west coast of Sweden.
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43.
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44.
  • Eriksson, Martin, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Long-term effects of lowered pH on marine periphyton communities
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: SETAC (Society of environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) Europe, 21st Annual Meeting.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The phenomenon of Ocean Acidification has been identified as a potential threat to several marine organisms and might lead to adverse disturbances of marine ecosystems. Although the knowledge about effects of rising acidity in the oceans is increasing for some species, the knowledge of these effects on the community level of biological complexity is very scarce. Still, community-level effect indicators are needed in order to predict direct and indirect effects of Ocean Acidification on marine ecosystems. In a community the organisms live in their realized niche with important ecological interactions (e.g. competition, grazing and predation) present. This gives community approaches in ecotoxicological tests high ecological relevance. Since lowered pH might eliminate species or strains that are sensitive to such stress, and select for the ones that are more competitive under this condition, a community approach have the potential to detect any pH-induced change in community structure or function. We have used marine periphyton communities in a long-term study of effects of increased partial pressure of CO2 in the water and the accompanied lowering of pH. Periphyton was allowed to colonize and grow on glass substrata for 3.5 weeks in flow-through microcosms. The pH in the microcosms was either that of the incoming natural surface water or was manipulated by bubbling of CO2 down to approximately 7.7. We used Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) to detect effects on photosynthetic electron transport and estimate induced community tolerance to low pH. In addition, we used confocal microscopy to trace effects on biofilm architecture and biofilm thickness. We have also estimated microbial diversity and composition of trace elements in periphyton using PCR-TGGE and X-ray fluorescence respectively. First results indicate that long-term effects of lowered pH change the capacity of communities to tolerate further changes in pH, making them more sensitive to pH-stress. However, no long-term effects on photosynthetic electron transport or trace element composition was detected.
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45.
  • Eriksson, Martin, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Long-term effects of the antibacterial agent triclosan on marine periphyton communities
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 34:9, s. 2067-2077
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Triclosan is a widely used antibacterial agent that has become a ubiquitous contaminant in freshwater, estuary, and marine environments. Concerns about potential adverse effects of triclosan have been described in several recent risk assessments. Its effects on freshwater microbial communities have been well studied, but studies addressing effects on marine microbial communities are scarce. In the present study, the authors describe short- and long-term effects of triclosan on marine periphyton (microbial biofilm) communities. Short-term effects on photosynthesis were estimated after 60min to 210min of exposure. Long-term effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, pigment content, community tolerance, and bacterial carbon utilization were studied after exposing periphyton for 17d in flow-through microcosms to 0.316nM to 10000nM triclosan. Results from the short-term studies show that triclosan is toxic to periphyton photosynthesis. Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 1080nM and 3000nM were estimated using (CO2)-C-14-incorporation and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorescence measurements, respectively. After long-term triclosan exposure in flow-through microcosms, photosynthesis estimated using PAM fluorometry was not inhibited by triclosan concentrations up to 1000nM but instead increased with increasing triclosan concentration. Similarly, at exposure concentrations of 31.6nM and higher, triclosan caused an increase in photosynthetic pigments. At 316nM triclosan, the pigment amounts were increased by a factor of 1.4 to 1.9 compared with the control level. Pollution-induced community tolerance was observed for algae and cyanobacteria at 100nM triclosan and higher. Despite the widespread use of triclosan as an antibacterial agent, the compound did not have any effects on bacterial carbon utilization after long-term exposure.
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46.
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47.
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48.
  • Eriksson, Martin, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Triclosan changes community composition and selects for specific bacterial taxa in marine periphyton biofilms in low nanomolar concentrations
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Ecotoxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0963-9292 .- 1573-3017. ; 29:7, s. 1083-1094
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The antibacterial agent Triclosan (TCS) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant due to its widespread use. Sensitivity to TCS varies substantially among eu- and pro-karyotic species and its risk for the marine environment remains to be better elucidated. In particular, the effects that TCS causes on marine microbial communities are largely unknown. In this study we therefore used 16S amplicon rDNA sequencing to investigate TCS effects on the bacterial composition in marine periphyton communities that developed under long-term exposure to different TCS concentrations. Exposure to TCS resulted in clear changes in bacterial composition already at concentrations of 1 to 3.16 nM. We conclude that TCS affects the structure of the bacterial part of periphyton communities at concentrations that actually occur in the marine environment. Sensitive taxa, whose abundance decreased significantly with increasing TCS concentrations, include the Rhodobiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae families of Alphaproteobacteria, and unidentified members of the Candidate division Parcubacteria. Tolerant taxa, whose abundance increased significantly with higher TCS concentrations, include the families Erythrobacteraceae (Alphaproteobacteria), Flavobacteriaceae (Bacteroidetes), Bdellovibrionaceae (Deltaproteobacteria), several families of Gammaproteobacteria, and members of the Candidate phylum Gracilibacteria. Our results demonstrate the variability of TCS sensitivity among bacteria, and that TCS can change marine bacterial composition at concentrations that have been detected in the marine environment.
  •  
49.
  • Gustafsson, Mikael, 1965, et al. (författare)
  • Benthic foraminiferal tolerance to tri-n-butyltin (TBT)
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. ; 40, s. 1072-1075
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tri-n-butyltin (TBT) has been used in the marine environment as a toxic agent in antifouling paints, but unfortunately it also has negative effects on non-target organisms in the environment. In this study, intact coastal sediment was exposed for seven months to three levels of TBT corresponding to nominal additions of 0.00, 0.02 and 2.00 nmol TBT per g dry sediment. This paper presents the first attempt to find out how living benthic foraminifera respond to TBT, Increased foraminiferal abundance in the 0.02 nmol mesocosm could be an effect of decreased predation (competition), since other representatives of meiofauna and macrofauna tended to be less tolerant to TBT, Increasing toxicity in the most contaminated mesocosm group (2.00 nmol) resulted in a less abundant foraminiferal population suggesting that TBT affects the foraminiferal community.
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50.
  • Hassellöv, Ida-Maja, 1974, et al. (författare)
  • Verification of a benthic boxcosm system with potential for extrapolating experimental results to the field
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0981. ; 353:2, s. 265-278
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A marine mesocosm system (boxcosm system) was developed for ecological and/or ecotoxicological studies of sediment community function and structure. The system consists of continuous flow-through incubations of intact sediment samples, each with a surface area of 0.25 m2. The experimental setup enables repeated non-destructive measurements of benthic fluxes, such as of nutrients, oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon, over the sediment–water interface. The benthic fluxes reflect the function of the sediment community, integrating over the chemical, biological and physical activities in the sediment. The suitability of the boxcosm system for controlled, highly ecologically relevant studies of intact sediment communities was evaluated in two experiments of six weeks and five months duration respectively, where the functional and structural development over time was compared to the development of the sampling site. The function of the sediment was measured as nutrient and oxygen fluxes, and the structural component consisted of microbial functional diversity and meio- and macrofauna composition. Differences between the boxcosm and the sampling site were detected especially in nitrate fluxes and meiofauna diversity and abundance, but all differences fell within seasonal and inter-annual variability at the sampling site. The cause of the differences could be referred to differences in oxygen availability, supply of organic matter particles, and recruitment of larvae. These factors can however be compensated for within the present setup. The study shows that the boxcosms are suitable tools for ecologically relevant studies generating comparable conditions to the natural environment.
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