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1.	Abele, H., et al. (författare) Particle physics at the European Spallation Source 2023 Ingår i: Physics reports. - : Elsevier. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 1023, s. 1-84 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Presently under construction in Lund, Sweden, the European Spallation Source (ESS) will be the world’s brightest neutron source. As such, it has the potential for a particle physics program with a unique reach and which is complementary to that available at other facilities. This paper describes proposed particle physics activities for the ESS. These encompass the exploitation of both the neutrons and neutrinos produced at the ESS for high precision (sensitivity) measurements (searches).
2.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Non-standard interactions using the OPERA experiment 2008 Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - : Springer-Verlag / Società Italiana di Fisica. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 56:4, s. 529-536 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate the implications of non-standard interactions on neutrino oscillations in the OPERA experiment. In particular, we study the non-standard interaction parameter epsilon(mu tau) . We show that the OPERA experiment has a unique opportunity to reduce the allowed region for this parameter compared with other experiments such as the MINOS experiment, mostly due to the higher neutrino energies in the CNGS beam compared to the NuMI beam. We find that OPERA is mainly sensitive to a combination of standard and non-standard parameters and that a resulting anti-resonance effect could suppress the expected number of events. Furthermore, we show that running OPERA for five years each with neutrinos and anti-neutrinos would help in resolving the degeneracy between the standard parameters and epsilon(mu tau) . This scenario is significantly better than the scenario with a simple doubling of the statistics by running with neutrinos for ten years.
3.	Burgman, A., et al. (författare) The ESSnuSB Design Study: Overview and Future Prospects 2023 Ingår i: Universe. - : MDPI. - 2218-1997. ; 9:8 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract ESSnuSB is a design study for an experiment to measure the CP violation in the leptonic sector at the second neutrino oscillation maximum using a neutrino beam driven by the uniquely powerful ESS linear accelerator. The reduced impact of systematic errors on sensitivity at the second maximum allows for a very precise measurement of the CP violating parameter. This review describes the fundamental advantages of measurement at the second maximum, the necessary upgrades to the ESS linac in order to produce a neutrino beam, the near and far detector complexes, and the expected physics reach of the proposed ESSnuSB experiment, concluding with the near future developments aimed at the project realization.
4.	Robba, Chiara, et al. (författare) Oxygen targets and 6-month outcome after out of hospital cardiac arrest : a pre-planned sub-analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (TTM2) trial 2022 Ingår i: Critical Care. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1364-8535 .- 1466-609X. ; 26, s. 1-13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Optimal oxygen targets in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest are uncertain. The primary aim of this study was to describe the values of partial pressure of oxygen values (PaO2) and the episodes of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia occurring within the first 72 h of mechanical ventilation in out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate the association of PaO2 with patients’ outcome. Methods: Preplanned secondary analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after OHCA (TTM2) trial. Arterial blood gases values were collected from randomization every 4 h for the first 32 h, and then, every 8 h until day 3. Hypoxemia was defined as PaO2 < 60 mmHg and severe hyperoxemia as PaO2 > 300 mmHg. Mortality and poor neurological outcome (defined according to modified Rankin scale) were collected at 6 months. Results: 1418 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 64 ± 14 years, and 292 patients (20.6%) were female. 24.9% of patients had at least one episode of hypoxemia, and 7.6% of patients had at least one episode of severe hyperoxemia. Both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia were independently associated with 6-month mortality, but not with poor neurological outcome. The best cutoff point associated with 6-month mortality for hypoxemia was 69 mmHg (Risk Ratio, RR = 1.009, 95% CI 0.93–1.09), and for hyperoxemia was 195 mmHg (RR = 1.006, 95% CI 0.95–1.06). The time exposure, i.e., the area under the curve (PaO2-AUC), for hyperoxemia was significantly associated with mortality (p = 0.003). Conclusions: In OHCA patients, both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia are associated with 6-months mortality, with an effect mediated by the timing exposure to high values of oxygen. Precise titration of oxygen levels should be considered in this group of patients. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT02908308, Registered September 20, 2016.
5.	Agarwalla, S.K., et al. (författare) EUROnu-WP6 2010 Report 2012 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This is a summary of the work done by the Working Package 6 (Physics) of the EU project "EUROnu" during the second year of activity of the project.
6.	Agarwalla, Sanjib, et al. (författare) Neutrino Probes of the Nature of Light Dark Matter 2011 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; 9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Dark matter particles gravitationally trapped inside the Sun may annihilate into Standard Model particles, producing a flux of neutrinos. The prospects of detecting these neutrinos in future multi-kt neutrino detectors designed for other physics searches are explored here. We study the capabilities of a 34/100 kt liquid argon detector and a 100 kt magnetized iron calorimeter detector. These detectors are expected to determine the energy and the direction of the incoming neutrino with unprecedented precision allowing for tests of the dark matter nature at very low dark matter masses, in the range of 10–25 GeV. By suppressing the atmospheric background with angular cuts, these techniques would be sensitive to dark matter-nucleon spin-dependent cross sections at the fb level, reaching down to a few ab for the most favorable annihilation channels and detector technology.
7.	Aguilar, J., et al. (författare) Study of nonstandard interactions mediated by a scalar field at the ESSnuSB experiment 2024 Ingår i: Physical Review D. - : American Physical Society (APS). - 2470-0010 .- 2470-0029. ; 109:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, we study scalar mediator induced nonstandard interactions (SNSIs) in the context of the ESSnuSB experiment. In particular, we study the capability of ESSnuSB to put bounds on the SNSI parameters and also study the impact of SNSIs in the measurement of the leptonic ?⁢? phase ??⁢?. Existence of SNSIs modifies the neutrino mass matrix and this modification can be expressed in terms of three diagonal real parameters (??⁢?, ??⁢?, and ??⁢?) and three off-diagonal complex parameters (??⁢?, ??⁢?, and ??⁢?). Our study shows that the upper bounds on the parameters ??⁢? and ??⁢? depend upon how Δ⁢?231 is minimized in the theory. However, this is not the case when one tries to measure the impact of SNSIs on ??⁢?. Further, we show that the ?⁢? sensitivity of ESSnuSB can be completely lost for certain values of ??⁢? and ??⁢? for which the appearance channel probability becomes independent of ??⁢?.
8.	Akhmedov, Evgeny, et al. (författare) Stability and leptogenesis in the left-right symmetric seesaw mechanism 2007 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 4, s. 022-1-022-25 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We analyze the left-right symmetric type I+II seesaw mechanism, where an eight-fold degeneracy among the mass matrices of heavy right-handed neutrinos M-R is known to exist. Using the stability property of the solutions and their ability to lead to successful baryogenesis via leptogenesis as additional criteria, we discriminate among these eight solutions and partially lift their eight-fold degeneracy. In particular, we find that viable leptogenesis is generically possible for four out of the eight solutions.
9.	Antusch, Stefan, et al. (författare) New physics searches at near detectors of neutrino oscillation experiments 2010 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We systematically investigate the prospects of testing new physics with tau sensitive near detectors at neutrino oscillation facilities. For neutrino beams from pion decay, from the decay of radioactive ions, as well as from the decays of muons in a storage ring at a neutrino factory, we discuss which effective operators can lead to new physics effects. Furthermore, we discuss the present bounds on such operators set by other experimental data currently available. For operators with two leptons and two quarks we present the first complete analysis including all relevant operators simultaneously and performing a Markov Chain Monte Carlo fit to the data. We find that these effects can induce tau neutrino appearance probabilities as large as O(10(-4)), which are within reach of forthcoming experiments. We highlight to which kind of new physics a tau sensitive near detector would be most sensitive.
10.	Antusch, Stefan, et al. (författare) Non-unitary Leptonic Mixing and Leptogenesis 2010 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate the relation between non-unitarity of the leptonic mixing matrix and leptogenesis. We discuss how all parameters of the canonical type-I seesaw mechanism can, in principle, be reconstructed from the neutrino mass matrix and the deviation of the effective low-energy leptonic mixing matrix from unitary. When the mass M' of the lightest right-handed neutrino is much lighter than the masses of the others, we show that its decay asymmetries within flavour-dependent leptogenesis can be expressed in terms of two contributions, one depending on the unique dimension five (d = 5) operator generating neutrino masses and one depending on the dimension six (d = 6) operator associated with non-unitarity. In low-energy seesaw scenarios where small lepton number violation explains the smallness of neutrino masses, the lepton number conserving d = 6 operator contribution generically dominates over the d = 5 operator contribution which results in a strong enhancement of the flavour-dependent decay asymmetries without any resonance effects. To calculate the produced final baryon asymmetry, the flavour equilibration effects directly related to non-unitarity have to be taken into account. In a simple realization of this non-unitarity driven leptogenesis, the lower bound on M' is found to be about 10(8) GeV at the onset of the strong washout regime, more than one order of magnitude below the bound in "standard" thermal leptogenesis.
11.	Antusch, Stefan, et al. (författare) Probing non-unitary mixing and CP-violation at a Neutrino Factory 2009 Ingår i: Physical Review D. - 1550-7998 .- 1550-2368. ; 80:3, s. 033002- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A low-energy nonunitary leptonic mixing matrix is a generic feature of many extensions of the standard model. In such a case, the task of future precision neutrino oscillation experiments is more ambitious than measuring the three mixing angles and the leptonic (Dirac) CP phase, i.e., the accessible parameters of a unitary leptonic mixing matrix. A nonunitary mixing matrix has 13 parameters that affect neutrino oscillations, out of which four are CP violating. In the scheme of minimal unitarity violation we analyze the potential of a neutrino factory for determining or constraining the parameters of the nonunitary leptonic mixing matrix, thereby testing the origin of CP violation in the lepton sector.
12.	Baussan, E., et al. (författare) A very intense neutrino super beam experiment for leptonic CP violation discovery based on the European spallation source linac 2014 Ingår i: Nuclear Physics B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0550-3213 .- 1873-1562. ; 885, s. 127-149 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Very intense neutrino beams and large neutrino detectors will be needed in order to enable the discovery of CP violation in the leptonic sector. We propose to use the proton linac of the European Spoliation Source currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, to deliver, in parallel with the spoliation neutron production, a very intense, cost effective and high performance neutrino beam. The baseline program for the European Spoliation Source linac is that it will be fully operational at 5 MW average power by 2022, producing 2 GeV 2.86 ms long proton pulses at a rate of 14 Hz. Our proposal is to upgrade the linac to 10 MW average power and 28 Hz, producing 14 pulses/s for neutron production and 14 pulses/s for neutrino production. Furthermore, because of the high current required in the pulsed neutrino horn, the length of the pulses used for neutrino production needs to be compressed to a few mu s with the aid of an accumulator ring. A long baseline experiment using this Super Beam and a megaton underground Water Cherenkov detector located in existing mines 300-600 km from Lund will make it possible to discover leptonic CP violation at 5 sigma significance level in up to 50% of the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase range. This experiment could also determine the neutrino mass hierarchy at a significance level of more than 3 sigma if this issue will not already have been settled by other experiments by then. The mass hierarchy performance could be increased by combining the neutrino beam results with those obtained from atmospheric neutrinos detected by the same large volume detector. This detector will also be used to measure the proton lifetime, detect cosmological neutrinos and neutrinos from supernova explosions. Results on the sensitivity to leptonic CP violation and the neutrino mass hierarchy are presented.
13.	Biggio, Carla, et al. (författare) General bounds on non-standard neutrino interactions 2009 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We derive model-independent bounds on production and detection nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI). We find that the constraints for NSI parameters are around O (10(-2)) to O (10(-1)). Furthermore, we review and update the constraints on matter NSI. We conclude that the bounds on production and detection NSI are generally one order of magnitude stronger than their matter counterparts.
14.	Biggio, Carla, et al. (författare) Loop bounds on non-standard neutrino interactions 2009 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We reconsider the bounds on non-standard neutrino interactions with matter which can be derived by constraining the four-charged-lepton operators induced at the loop level. We find that these bounds are model dependent. Naturalness arguments can lead to much stronger constraints than those presented in previous studies, while no completely model-independent bounds can be derived. We will illustrate how large loop-contributions to four-charged-lepton operators are induced within a particular model that realizes gauge invariant non-standard interactions and discuss conditions to avoid these bounds. These considerations mainly affect the O(10(-4)) constraint on the non-standard coupling strength epsilon e(mu), which is lost. The only model-independent constraints that can be derived are O(10(-1)). However, significant cancellations are required in order to saturate this bound.
15.	Blaksley, Carl, et al. (författare) Heavy neutrinos and lepton number violation in ℓp colliders 2011 Ingår i: Nuclear Physics B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0550-3213 .- 1873-1562. ; 852:2, s. 353-365 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We discuss the prospects of studying lepton number violating processes in order to identify Majorana neutrinos from low scale seesaw mechanisms at lepton-proton colliders. In particular, we consider the scenarios of colliding electrons with LHC energy protons and, motivated by the efforts towards the construction of a muon collider, the prospects of muon-proton collisions. We find that present constraints on the mixing of the Majorana neutrinos still allow for a detectable signal at these kind of facilities given the smallness of the Standard Model background. We discuss possible cuts in order to further increase the signal over background ratio and the prospects of reconstructing the neutrino mass from the kinematics of the final state particles.
16.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) A combined study of source, detector and matter non-standard neutrino interactions at DUNE 2016 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2016:8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We simultaneously investigate source, detector and matter non-standard neutrino interactions at the proposed DUNE experiment. Our analysis is performed using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo exploring the full parameter space. We find that the sensitivity of DUNE to the standard oscillation parameters is worsened due to the presence of non-standard neutrino interactions. In particular, there are degenerate solutions in the leptonic mixing angle θ23 and the Dirac CP-violating phase δ. We also compute the expected sensitivities at DUNE to the non-standard interaction parameters. We find that the sensitivities to the matter non-standard interaction parameters are substantially stronger than the current bounds (up to a factor of about 15). Furthermore, we discuss correlations between the source/detector and matter non-standard interaction parameters and find a degenerate solution in θ23. Finally, we explore the effect of statistics on our results.
17.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) A halo-independent lower bound on the dark matter capture rate in the Sun from a direct detection signal 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1475-7516. ; :05 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We show that a positive signal in a dark matter (DM) direct detection experiment can be used to place a lower bound on the DM capture rate in the Sun, independent of the DM halo. For a given particle physics model and DM mass we obtain a lower bound on the capture rate independent of the local DM density, velocity distribution, galactic escape velocity, as well as the scattering cross section. We illustrate this lower bound on the capture rate by assuming that upcoming direct detection experiments will soon obtain a significant signal. When comparing the lower bound on the capture rate with limits on the high-energy neutrino flux from the Sun from neutrino telescopes, we can place upper limits on the branching fraction of DM annihilation channels leading to neutrinos. With current data from IceCube and Super-Kamiokande non-trivial limits can be obtained for spin-dependent interactions and direct annihilations into neutrinos. In some cases also annihilations into tau tau or bb start getting constrained. For spin-independent interactions current constraints are weak, but they may become interesting for data from future neutrino telescopes.
18.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Aidnogenesis via Leptogenesis and Dark Sphalerons 2011 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We discuss aidnogenesis,(1) i.e. the generation of a dark matter asymmetry, via new sphaleron processes associated to an extra non-abelian gauge symmetry common to both the visible and the dark sectors. Such a theory can naturally produce an abundance of asymmetric dark matter which is of the same size as the lepton and baryon asymmetries, as suggested by the similar sizes of the observed baryonic and dark matter energy content, and provide a definite prediction for the mass of the dark matter particle. We discuss in detail a minimal realization in which the Standard Model is only extended by dark matter fermions which form "dark baryons" through an SU(3) interaction, and a (broken) horizontal symmetry that induces the new sphalerons. The dark matter mass is predicted to be similar to 6GeV, close to the region favored by DAMA and CoGeNT. Furthermore, a remnant of the horizontal symmetry should be broken at a lower scale and can also explain the Tevatron dimuon anomaly.
19.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Approximative two-flavor framework for neutrino oscillations with nonstandard interactions 2008 Ingår i: Physical Review D. - : The American Physical Society. - 1550-7998. ; 78:9, s. 093002-1-093002-9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, we develop approximative two-flavor neutrino oscillation formulas including subleading nonstandard interaction effects. Especially, the limit when the small mass-squared difference approaches zero is investigated. The approximate formulas are also tested against numerical simulations in order to determine their accuracy and they will probably be most useful in the GeV energy region, which is the energy region where most upcoming neutrino oscillation experiments will be operating. Naturally, it is important to have analytical formulas in order to interpret the physics behind the degeneracies between standard and nonstandard parameters.
20.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Asymmetric capture of Dirac dark matter by the Sun 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1475-7516. ; 2015:8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Current problems with the solar model may be alleviated if a significant amount of dark matter from the galactic halo is captured in the Sun. We discuss the capture process in the case where the dark matter is a Dirac fermion and the background halo consists of equal amounts of dark matter and anti-dark matter. By considering the case where dark matter and anti-dark matter have different cross sections on solar nuclei as well as the case where the capture process is considered to be a Poisson process, we find that a significant asymmetry between the captured dark particles and anti-particles is possible even for an annihilation cross section in the range expected for thermal relic dark matter. Since the captured number of particles are competitive with asymmetric dark matter models in a large range of parameter space, one may expect solar physics to be altered by the capture of Dirac dark matter. It is thus possible that solutions to the solar composition problem may be searched for in these type of models.
21.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Asymmetric Dark Matter and Dark Radiation 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; 7:022 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Asymmetric Dark Matter (ADM) models invoke a particle-antiparticle asymmetry, similar to the one observed in the Baryon sector, to account for the Dark Matter (DM) abundance. Both asymmetries are usually generated by the same mechanism and generally related, thus predicting DM masses around 5 GeV in order to obtain the correct density. The main challenge for successful models is to ensure efficient annihilation of the thermally produced symmetric component of such a light DM candidate without violating constraints from collider or direct searches. A common way to overcome this involves a light mediator, into which DM can efficiently annihilate and which subsequently decays into Standard Model particles. Here we explore the scenario where the light mediator decays instead into lighter degrees of freedom in the dark sector that act as radiation in the early Universe. While this assumption makes indirect DM searches challenging, it leads to signals of extra radiation at BBN and CMB. Under certain conditions, precise measurements of the number of relativistic species, such as those expected from the Planck satellite, can provide information on the structure of the dark sector. We also discuss the constraints of the interactions between DM and Dark Radiation from their imprint in the matter power spectrum.
22.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Bounds on lepton non-unitarity and heavy neutrino mixing 2023 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2023:8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present an updated and improved global fit analysis of current flavour and electroweak precision observables to derive bounds on unitarity deviations of the leptonic mixing matrix and on the mixing of heavy neutrinos with the active flavours. This new analysis is motivated by new and updated experimental results on key observables such as V-ud, the invisible decay width of the Z boson and the W boson mass. It also improves upon previous studies by considering the full correlations among the different observables and explicitly calibrating the test statistic, which may present significant deviations from a & chi;(2) distribution. The results are provided for three different Type-I seesaw scenarios: the minimal scenario with only two additional right-handed neutrinos, the next to minimal one with three extra neutrinos, and the most general one with an arbitrary number of heavy neutrinos that we parametrise via a generic deviation from a unitary leptonic mixing matrix. Additionally, we also analyze the case of generic deviations from unitarity of the leptonic mixing matrix, not necessarily induced by the presence of additional neutrinos. This last case relaxes some correlations among the parameters and is able to provide a better fit to the data. Nevertheless, inducing only leptonic unitarity deviations avoiding both the correlations implied by the right-handed neutrino extension as well as more strongly constrained operators is challenging and would imply significantly more complex UV completions.
23.	Blennow, Mattias (författare) Damping signatures in future neutrino oscillation experiments 2006 Ingår i: Nuclear physics B, Proceedings supplements. - : Elsevier BV. - 0920-5632 .- 1873-3832. ; 155, s. 195-196 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters and in the search for theta(13), it becomes important to study small effects which may alter the precision measurements or mimic a theta(13) signal. Here, I give an introduction to a common framework in which many of the possible small effects - such as neutrino wave packet decoherence, neutrino quantum decoherence, and neutrino decay - can be studied. This framework is based on the introduction of damping factors on the probability level of the neutrino oscillation formulas.
24.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Damping signatures in future neutrino oscillation experiments 2005 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : IOP Publishing. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2005:06, s. 049- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We discuss the phenomenology of damping signatures in the neutrino oscillation probabilities, where either the oscillating terms or the probabilities can be damped. This approach is a possibility for tests of damping effects in future neutrino oscillation experiments, where we mainly focus on reactor and long-baseline experiments. We extensively motivate different damping signatures due to small corrections by neutrino decoherence, neutrino decay, oscillations into sterile neutrinos, or other mechanisms, and classify these signatures according to their energy ( spectral) dependencies. We demonstrate, at the example of short baseline reactor experiments, that damping can severely alter the interpretation of results, e. g., it could fake a value of sin(2)(2 theta(13)) smaller than the one provided by Nature. In addition, we demonstrate how a neutrino factory could constrain different damping models with emphasis on how these different models could be distinguished, i.e., how easily the actual type of effect could be identified. We find that the damping models cluster in different categories, which can be much better distinguished from each other than models within the same cluster.
25.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Day-night effect in solar neutrino oscillations with three flavors 2004 Ingår i: Physical Review D. Particles and fields. - : The American Physical Society. - 0556-2821 .- 1089-4918. ; 69:7, s. 073006-1-073006-9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate the effects of a nonzero leptonic mixing angle theta(13) on the solar neutrino day-night asymmetry. Using a constant matter density profile for the Earth and well-motivated approximations, we derive analytical expressions for the nu(e) survival probabilities for solar neutrinos arriving directly at the detector and for solar neutrinos which have passed through the Earth. Furthermore, we numerically study the effects of a nonzero theta(13) on the day-night asymmetry at detectors and find that they are small. Finally, we show that if the uncertainties in the parameters theta(12) and Deltam(2) as well as the uncertainty in the day-night asymmetry itself were much smaller than they are today, this effect could, in principle, be used to determine theta(13).
26.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Determination of the neutrino mass ordering by combining PINGU and Daya Bay II 2013 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2013:9, s. 089- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The relatively large measured value of θ 13 has opened various possibilities to determine the neutrino mass ordering, among them using PINGU, the low-energy extension of the IceCube neutrino telescope, to observe matter effects in atmospheric neutrinos, or a high statistics measurement of the neutrino energy spectrum at a reactor neutrino experiment with a baseline of around 60 km, such as the Daya Bay II project. In this work we point out a synergy between these two approaches based on the fact that when data are analysed with the wrong neutrino mass ordering the best fit occurs at different values of varDelta m 312 for PINGU and Daya Bay II. Hence, the wrong mass ordering can be excluded by a mismatch of the values inferred for varDelta m 312, thanks to the excellent accuracy for varDelta m 312 of both experiments. We perform numerical studies of PINGU and Daya Bay II sensitivities and show that the synergy effect may lead to a high significance determination of the mass ordering even in situations where the 3individual experiments obtain only poor sensitivity.
27.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Effective neutrino mixing and oscillations in dense matter 2005 Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 609:3-4, s. 330-338 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate the effective case of two-flavor neutrino oscillations in infinitely dense matter by using a perturbative approach. We begin by briefly summarizing the conditions for the three-flavor neutrino oscillation probabilities to take on the same form as the corresponding two-flavor probabilities. Then, we proceed with the infinitely dense matter calculations. Finally, we study the validity of the approximation of infinitely dense matter when the effective matter potential is large, but not infinite, this is done by using both analytic and numeric methods.
28.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Effects of non-standard interactions in the MINOS experiment 2008 Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 660:5, s. 522-528 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate the effects of non-standard interactions on the determination of the neutrino oscillation parameters Delta m(31)(2), theta(23), and theta(13) in the MINOS experiment. We show that adding non-standard interactions to the analysis lead to an extension of the allowed parameter space to larger values of Delta m(31)(2) and smaller theta(23), and basically removes all predictability for theta(13). In addition, we discuss the sensitivities to the non-standard interaction parameters of the MINOS experiment alone. In particular, we examine the degeneracy between theta(13) and the non-standard interaction parameter epsilon(e tau). We find that this degeneracy is responsible for the removal of the theta(13) predictability and that the possible bound on vertical bar epsilon(e tau)vertical bar is competitive with direct bounds only if a more stringent external bound on theta(13) is applied.
29.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Exact series solution to the two flavor neutrino oscillation problem in matter 2004 Ingår i: Journal of Mathematical Physics. - : American Institute of Physics. - 0022-2488 .- 1089-7658. ; 45:11, s. 4053-4063 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, we present a real nonlinear differential equation for the two flavor neutrino oscillation problem in matter with an arbitrary density profile. We also present an exact series solution to this nonlinear differential equation. In addition, we investigate numerically the convergence of this solution for different matter density profiles such as constant and linear profiles as well as the Preliminary Reference Earth Model describing the Earth's matter density profile. Finally, we discuss other methods used for solving the neutrino flavor evolution problem.
30.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Exploring source and detector non-standard neutrino interactions at ESS nu SB 2015 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate source and detector non-standard neutrino interactions at the proposed ESS nu SB experiment. We analyze the effect of non-standard physics at the probability level, the event-rate level and by a full computation of the ESS nu SB setup. We find that the precision measurement of the leptonic mixing angle theta(23) at ESS nu SB is robust in the presence of non-standard interactions, whereas that of the leptonic CP-violating phase delta is worsened at most by a factor of two. We compute sensitivities to all the relevant source and decector non-standard interaction parameters and find that the sensitivities to the parameters epsilon(s)(mu e) and epsilon(d)(mu e) are comparable to the existing limits in a realistic scenario, while they improve by a factor of two in an optimistic scenario. Finally, we show that the absence of a near detector compromises the sensitivity of ESS nu SB to non-standard interactions.
31.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Freeze-in through portals 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; :1, s. 003- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The popular freeze-out paradigm for Dark Matter (DM) production, relies on DM-baryon couplings of the order of the weak interactions. However, different search strategies for DM have failed to provide a conclusive evidence of such (non-gravitational) interactions, while greatly reducing the parameter space of many representative models. This motivates the study of alternative mechanisms for DM genesis. In the freeze-in framework, the DM is slowly populated from the thermal bath while never reaching equilibrium. In this work, we analyse in detail the possibility of producing a frozen-in DM via a mediator particle which acts as a portal. We give analytical estimates of different freeze-in regimes and support them with full numerical analyses, taking into account the proper distribution functions of bath particles. Finally, we constrain the parameter space of generic models by requiring agreement with DM relic abundance observations.
32.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Gain fractions of future neutrino oscillation facilities over T2K and NOvA 2013 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :7, s. 159- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We evaluate the probability of future neutrino oscillation facilities to discover leptonic CP violation and/or measure the neutrino mass hierarchy. We study how this probability is affected by positive or negative hints for these observables to be found at T2K and NO nu A. We consider the following facilities: LBNE; T2HK; and the 10 GeV Neutrino Factory (NF10), and show how their discovery probabilities change with the running time of T2K and NO nu A conditioned to their results. We find that, if after 15 years T2K and NO nu A have not observed a 90% CL hint of CP violation, then LBNE and T2HK have less than a 10% chance of achieving a 5 sigma discovery, whereas NF10 still has a similar to 40% chance to do so. Conversely, if T2K and NO nu A have an early 90% CL hint in 5 years from now, T2HK has a rather large chance to achieve a 5 sigma CP violation discovery (75% or 55%, depending on whether the mass hierarchy is known or not). This is to be compared with the 90% (30%) probability that NF10 (LBNE) would have to observe the same signal at 5 sigma. A hierarchy measurement at 5 sigma is achievable at both LBNE and NF10 with more than 90% probability, irrespectively of the outcome of T2K and NO nu A. We also find that if LBNE or a similar very long baseline super-beam is the only next generation facility to be built, then it is very useful to continue running T2K and NO nu A (or at least T2K) beyond their original schedule in order to increase the CP violation discovery chances, given their complementarity.
33.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Global constraints on vector-like WIMP effective interactions 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1475-7516. ; 2016:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this work we combine information from relic abundance, direct detection, cosmic microwave background, positron fraction, gamma rays, and colliders to explore the existing constraints on couplings between Dark Matter and Standard Model constituents when no underlying model or correlation is assumed. For definiteness, we include independent vector-like effective interactions for each Standard Model fermion. Our results show that low Dark Matter masses below 20 GeV are disfavoured at the 3 σ level with respect to higher masses, due to the tension between the relic abundance requirement and upper constraints on the Dark Matter couplings. Furthermore, large couplings are typically only allowed in combinations which avoid effective couplings to the nuclei used in direct detection experiments.
34.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Halo-independent tests of dark matter direct detection signals : Local DM density, LHC, and thermal freeze-out 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; 2015:8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract From an assumed signal in a Dark Matter (DM) direct detection experiment a lower bound on the product of the DM-nucleon scattering cross section and the local DM density is derived, which is independent of the local DM velocity distribution. This can be combined with astrophysical determinations of the local DM density. Within a given particle physics model the bound also allows a robust comparison of a direct detection signal with limits from the LHC. Furthermore, the bound can be used to formulate a condition which has to be fulfilled if the particle responsible for the direct detection signal is a thermal relic, regardless of whether it constitutes all DM or only part of it. We illustrate the arguments by adopting a simplified DM model with a Z' mediator and assuming a signal in a future xenon direct detection experiment.
35.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) IceCube bounds on sterile neutrinos above 10 eV 2018 Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - : Springer. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 78:10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We study the capabilities of IceCube to search for sterile neutrinos with masses above 10 eV by analyzing its nu(mu) disappearance atmospheric neutrino sample. We find that IceCube is not only sensitive to the mixing of sterile neutrinos to muon neutrinos, but also to the more elusive mixing with tau neutrinos through matter effects. The currently released 1-year data shows a mild preference, between 0.75 and 3 sigma depending on the binning and flux adopted, for non-zero sterile mixing. This hint overlaps with the favored region for the sterile neutrino interpretation of the ANITA upward shower although the null results from CHORUS and NOMAD on nu(mu) to nu(tau) oscillations in vacuum exclude this interpretation, while through a different channel and using a different energy range. At the 99% C.L. an upper bound is obtained that improves over the present Super-Kamiokande and DeepCore constraints in some parts of the parameter space. We also investigate the physics reach of the roughly 8 years of data that is already on tape as well as a forecast of 20 years data to probe the present hint or improve upon current constraints.
36.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Identifying the Neutrino mass Ordering with INO and NOvA 2012 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 1208 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
37.	Blennow, Mattias (författare) Mass hierarchy sensitivity at future oscillation facilities 2015 Ingår i: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS PROCEEDINGS. - : Elsevier. - 2405-6014. ; , s. 171-173 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Within the neutrino community, there has been a recent discussion on the validity of the chi(2) approximation when evaluating the results of oscillation experiments sensitive to the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this proceeding, we discuss the resolution of this discussion by going back to the basic statistical definitions in the computation of experimental sensitivities.
38.	Blennow, Mattias (författare) Matter and damping effects in neutrino mixing and oscillations 2005 Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This thesis is devoted to the study of neutrino physics in general and the study of neutrino mixing and oscillations in particular. In the standard model of particle physics, neutrinos are massless, and as a result, they do not mix or oscillate. However, many experimental results now seem to give evidence for neutrino oscillations, and thus, the standard model has to be extended in order to incorporate neutrino masses and mixing among different neutrino flavors. When neutrinos propagate through matter, the neutrino mixing, and thus, also the neutrino oscillations, may be significantly altered. While the matter effects may be easily studied in a framework with only two neutrino flavors and constant matter density, we know that there exists (at least) three neutrino flavors and that the matter density of the Universe is far from constant. This thesis includes studies of three-flavor effects and a solution to the two-flavor neutrino oscillation problem in matter with an arbitrary density profile. Furthermore, there have historically been attempts to describe the neutrino flavor transitions by other effects than neutrino oscillations. Even if these effects now seem to be disfavored as the leading mechanism, they may still give small corrections to the neutrino oscillation formulas. These effects may lead to erroneous determination of the fundamental neutrino oscillation parameters and are also studied in this thesis in form of damping factors.
39.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980- (författare) MonteCUBES 2010 Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : AIP. - 0094-243X .- 1551-7616. ; 1222, s. 107-111 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We introduce the software package MonteCUBES, which is designed to easily and effectively perform Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations for analyzing neutrino oscillation experiments. We discuss the methods used in the software as well as why we believe that it is particularly useful for simulating new physics effects.
40.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Neutrino oscillation parameter sampling with MonteCUBES 2010 Ingår i: Computer Physics Communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-4655 .- 1879-2944. ; 181:1, s. 227-231 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present MonteCUBES ("Monte Carlo Utility Based Experiment Simulator"), a software package designed to sample the neutrino oscillation parameter space through Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms. MonteCUBES makes use of the GLoBES software so that the existing experiment definitions for GLoBES, describing long baseline and reactor experiments. can be used with MonteCUBES. MonteCUBES consists of two main parts: The first is a C library, written as a plug-in for GLoBES, implementing the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to sample the parameter space. The second part is a user-friendly graphical Matlab interface to easily read, analyze, plot and export the results of the parameter space sampling.
41.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Neutrino portals to dark matter 2019 Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - : Springer. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 79:7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We explore the possibility that dark matter interactions with Standard Model particles are dominated by interactions with neutrinos. We examine whether it is possible to construct such a scenario in a gauge invariant manner. We first study the coupling of dark matter to the full lepton doublet and confirm that this generally leads to the dark matter phenomenology being dominated by interactions with charged leptons. We then explore two different implementations of the neutrino portal in which neutrinos mix with a Standard Model singlet fermion that interacts directly with dark matter through either a scalar or vector mediator. In the latter cases we find that the neutrino interactions can dominate the dark matter phenomenology. Present neutrino detectors can probe dark matter annihilations into neutrinos and already set the strongest constraints on these realisations. Future experiments such as Hyper-Kamiokande, MEMPHYS, DUNE, or DARWIN could allow to probe dark matter-neutrino cross sections down to the value required to obtain the correct thermal relic abundance.
42.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Neutrino Propagation in Matter 2013 Ingår i: Advances in High Energy Physics. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-7357 .- 1687-7365. ; 2013, s. 972485- Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract We describe the effects of neutrino propagation in the matter of the Earth relevant to experiments with atmospheric and accelerator neutrinos and aimed at the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy and CP violation. These include (i) the resonance enhancement of neutrino oscillations in matter with constant or nearly constant density, (ii) adiabatic conversion in matter with slowly changing density, (iii) parametric enhancement of oscillations in a multilayer medium, and (iv) oscillations in thin layers of matter. We present the results of semianalytic descriptions of flavor transitions for the cases of small density perturbations, in the limit of large densities and for small density widths. Neutrino oscillograms of the Earth and their structure after determination of the 1-3 mixing are described. A possibility to identify the neutrino mass hierarchy with the atmospheric neutrinos and multimegaton scale detectors having low energy thresholds is explored. The potential of future accelerator experiments to establish the hierarchy is outlined.
43.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Neutrinoless double beta decay in seesaw models 2010 Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We study the general phenomenology of neutrinoless double beta decay in seesaw models. In particular, we focus on the dependence of the neutrinoless double beta decay rate on the mass of the extra states introduced to account for the Majorana masses of light neutrinos. For this purpose, we compute the nuclear matrix elements as functions of the mass of the mediating fermions and estimate the associated uncertainties. We then discuss what can be inferred on the seesaw model parameters in the different mass regimes and clarify how the contribution of the light neutrinos should always be taken into account when deriving bounds on the extra parameters. Conversely, the extra states can also have a significant impact, canceling the Standard Model neutrino contribution for masses lighter than the nuclear scale and leading to unobservable neutrinoless double beta decay amplitudes even if neutrinos are Majorana particles. In particular, the decay rate is reduced by at least six orders of magnitude for masses of the extra states below 1MeV in absence of extra contributions. We also discuss how seesaw models could reconcile large rates of neutrinoless double beta decay with more stringent cosmological bounds on neutrino masses.
44.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Neutrinos from Kaluza-Klein dark matter in the Sun 2010 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing / SISSA. - 1475-7516. ; 2010:01, s. 018- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate indirect neutrino signals from annihilations of Kaluza-Klein dark matter in the Sun. Especially, we examine a five- as well as a six-dimensional model, and allow for the possibility that boundary localized terms could affect the spectrum to give different lightest Kaluza-Klein particles, which could constitute the dark matter. The dark matter candidates that are interesting for the purpose of indirect detection of neutrinos are the first Kaluza-Klein mode of the U(1) gauge boson and the neutral component of the SU(2) gauge bosons. Using the DarkSUSY and WimpSim packages, we calculate muon fluxes at an Earth-based neutrino telescope, such as IceCube. For the five-dimensional model, the results hat we obtained agree reasonably well with the results that have previously been presented in the literature, whereas for the six-dimensional model, we find that, at tree-level, the results are the same as for the five-dimensional model. Finally, if the first Kaluza-Klein mode of the U(1) gauge boson constitutes the dark matter, IceCube can constrain the parameter space. However, in the case that the neutral component of the SU(2) gauge bosons is the LKP, the signal is too weak to be observed.
45.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Neutrinos from WIMP annihilations in the Sun including neutrino oscillations 2011 Ingår i: The Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 37-38 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The prospects to detect neutrinos from the Sun arising from dark matter annihilations in the core of the Sun are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on new work investigating the effects of neutrino oscillations on the expected neutrino fluxes.
46.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Neutrinos from WIMP annihilations in the Sun including neutrino oscillations 2006 Ingår i: Physica Scripta. - : IOP Publishing. - 0031-8949 .- 1402-4896. ; T127, s. 19-21 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The prospects for detecting neutrinos from the Sun arising from dark matter annihilations in the core of the Sun are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on new work investigating the effects of neutrino oscillations on the expected neutrino fluxes.
47.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Neutrinos from WIMP annihilations obtained using a full three-flavor Monte Carlo approach 2008 Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; :1, s. 21- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are one of the main candidates for making up the dark matter in the Universe. If these particles make up the dark matter, then they can be captured by the Sun or the Earth, sink to the respective cores, annihilate, and produce neutrinos. Thus, these neutrinos can be a striking dark matter signature at neutrino telescopes looking towards the Sun and/or the Earth. Here, we improve previous analyses on computing the neutrino yields from WIMP annihilations in several respects. We include neutrino oscillations in a full three-flavor framework as well as all effects from neutrino interactions on the way through the Sun (absorption, energy loss, and regeneration from tau decays). In addition, we study the effects of non-zero values of the mixing angle theta(13) as well as the normal and inverted neutrino mass hierarchies. Our study is performed in an event-based setting which makes these results very useful both for theoretical analyses and for building a neutrino telescope Monte Carlo code. All our results for the neutrino yields, as well as our Monte Carlo code, are publicly available. We find that the yield of muontype neutrinos from WIMP annihilations in the Sun is enhanced or suppressed, depending on the dominant WIMP annihilation channel. This effect is due to an effective favor mixing caused by neutrino oscillations. For WIMP annihilations inside the Earth, the distance from source to detector is too small to allow for any significant amount of oscillations at the neutrino energies relevant for neutrino telescopes.
48.	Blennow, Mattias, et al. (författare) Non-standard Hamiltonian effects on neutrino oscillations 2007 Ingår i: The European Physical Journal C. - : Springer-Verlag / Società Italiana di Fisica. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 49:4, s. 1023-1039 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate non-standard Hamiltonian effects on neutrino oscillations, which are effective additional contributions to the vacuum or matter Hamiltonian. Since these effects can enter in either the flavor or mass basis, we develop an understanding of the difference between these bases representing the underlying theoretical model. In particular, the simplest of these effects are classified as "pure" flavor or mass effects, where the appearance of such a "pure" effect can be quite plausible as a leading non-standard contribution from theoretical models. Compared to earlier studies investigating particular effects, we aim for a top-down classification of a possible "new physics" signature at future long-baseline neutrino oscillation precision experiments. We develop a general framework for such effects with two neutrino flavors and discuss the extension to three neutrino flavors, and we demonstrate the challenges for a neutrino factory to distinguish the theoretical origin of these effects with a numerical example as well. We find how the precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters can be altered by non-standard effects alone (not including non-standard interactions in the creation and detection processes) and that the non-standard effects on Hamiltonian level can be distinguished from other non-standard effects (such as neutrino decoherence and decay) if we consider the specific imprint of the effects on the energy spectra of several different oscillation channels at a neutrino factory.
49.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980-, et al. (författare) Non-standard interaction effects on astrophysical neutrino fluxes 2009 Ingår i: Physical Review D. - 1550-7998 .- 1550-2368. ; 80:6, s. 065009- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate new physics effects in the production and detection of high-energy neutrinos at neutrino telescopes. Analyzing the flavor ratios ϕμ/ϕτ and ϕμ/(ϕτ+ϕe), we find that the standard model predictions for them can be sensibly altered by new physics effects in the case of pion sources. However, the experimental precision required to see the effects would be very difficult to obtain.
50.	Blennow, Mattias, 1980- (författare) Non-standard interactions using the OPERA experiment 2008 Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - 1824-8039. ; NUFACT08 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We discuss the interplay of non-standard interactions between neutrinos and charged fermions and their impact on the currently running OPERA experiment. We show that, due to the relatively short distance between CERN and the Gran Sasso laboratory, the neutrino oscillation probabilities can be expanded in the baseline length. This results in a rather simple understanding of numeric simulations, which we perform using the GLoBES software. © owned by the author.

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