| 1. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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To Develop Viable Human Factors Engineering Methods for Improved Industrial Use
- 2011
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. ; 6769 LNCS:PART 1, s. 355-362
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human factors engineering methodology is important for design ofcomplex systems, such as control rooms and distributed control systems.Available methodologies are however seldom adapted to industrial needs,which limits the use of the existing human factors engineering research base. Inthis paper we argue that human factors engineering methods have to bedeveloped and adapted to the engineer working under industrial projectconstraints. Otherwise human factors engineering is unlikely to achieve a broadindustrial impact. The paper suggests how the industrial viability of methodscan be improved by applying a use centered approach to method development.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Visualisation of automatic sequences - integration with process mimic display
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Control Room Design. - 9780955422553 ; , s. 290-297
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents a generic conceptual interface to visualise automatic sequences in process industry applications exemplified by a feed water sub-system. The design is based on operators’ information need during use of automatic sequences. The information need was elicited using interviews with nuclear power, thermal power and pulp and paper plant operators. By integrating process mimics, time line and logical conditions, the observability of automatic sequences was improved. The interface has the potential to enhance operators’ ability to observe automatic system activity, avoid black box automation and thus reduce the possibility of out-of-the-loop effects.
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| 3. |
- Babapour Chafi, Maral, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Adoption of ergonomic features in a new reach truck cabin design – a usability study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815. ; 41:Supplement 1, s. 1486-1492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The task of handling reach trucks frequently involves poor working postures. The location of the steering wheel in most reach trucks is in front of the operator which requires the drivers to bend forward and stretch their hands for holding onto the steering wheel. To overcome visibility restrictions, this posture is aggravated by twisting and bending their torso sideways. This paper presents a usability study which was conducted to compare adoption of ergonomic features in a new reach truck cabin with the way they were intended to be employed for improving physical working conditions. Participants drove the reach truck on a test track performing tasks of varying complexity. Video recordings were utilized to facilitate the observations. The results indicate that improved ergonomics features of the reach truck are not used as intended. The test subjects instead adopted postures that they were accustomed to when driving common reach trucks. The possible contributing factors to this posture regression are discussed. The procedure used in this study is recommended for the companies to determine the effectiveness and adoption of ergonomics solutions.
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| 4. |
- Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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An Activity Centered Design framework for Determining Design Decision Levels in Production Systems
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 490, s. 455-463
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the ACD3-Production framework – a twodimensionalmodel whose purpose is to visualize and clarify the scope, impactand organizational position of design decisions. The abbreviation stands forActivity-Centered Design Decision Determination and is based on a similarframework for product development that supports design decision-making inproduct design. The framework characterizes design problems along the twodimensions of Abstraction levels and Design perspectives; it is postulated thatdesign decisions are made at the intersection of these, and that the productionsystem’s overarching purposes will propagate coherently down to the physicaldetailed design level if the design work follows the top-down process indicatedin the framework. ACD3-Production is visually represented in the form of amatrix that can facilitate discussions between design change agents, in order todetermine where in the production system there are problems, where specificeffects are desired, and where to implement a design change.
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| 5. |
- Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a stakeholder identification and analysis method for human factors integration in work system design interventions – Change Agent Infrastructure
- 2022
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Ingår i: Human Factors and Ergonomics In Manufacturing. - : Wiley. - 1520-6564 .- 1090-8471. ; 32:1, s. 151-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In any work system design intervention—for example, a physical workplace redesign, a work process change, or an equipment upgrade—it is often emphasized how important it is to involve stakeholders in the process of analysis and design, to gain their perspectives as input to the development, and ensure their future acceptance of the solution. While the users of an artifact or workplace are most often regarded as being the most important stakeholders in a design intervention, in a work‐system context there may be additional influential stakeholders who influence and negotiate the design intervention's outcomes, resource allocation, requirements, and implementation. Literature shows that it is uncommon for empirical ergonomics and human factors (EHF) research to apply and report the use of any structured stakeholder identification method at all, leading to ad‐hoc selections of whom to consider important. Conversely, other research fields offer a plethora of stakeholder identification and analysis methods, few of which seem to have been adopted in the EHF context. This article presents the development of a structured method for identification, classification, and qualitative analysis of stakeholders in EHF‐related work system design intervention. It describes the method's EHF-related theoretical underpinnings, lessons learned from four use cases, and the incremental development of the method that has resulted in the current method procedure and visualization aids. The method, called Change Agent Infrastructure (abbreviated CHAI), has a mainly macroergonomic purpose, set on increasing the understanding of sociotechnical interactions that create the conditions for work system design intervention, and facilitating participative efforts.
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| 6. |
- Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Using the ACD3-ladder to manage multi-phase requirements on end-user products
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED. - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. - 9781904670872 ; 4:DS87-4, s. 425-434
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the development of any end-user product, a multitude of design decisions need to be made. But if design activities and decisions happen at the wrong time, or not at all, unintentional and sometimes negative design outcomes can be the result. Determining all requirements early in the product development is traditionally recommended, but may force design decisions to be made prematurely onthe basis of incomplete preconditions. Requirements at different degrees of resolution are useful and purposeful at different stages of the development process. To address these requirements management challenges, this paper proposes an approach for incrementally developing requirements in parallel with design, based upon a previously developed framework called ACD³, which draws on a combination of theoretically compatible ideas and concepts from Design Engineering, Human Factors/Ergonomics,Usability and Systems Theory. This approach helps designers identify and handle the possible interdependencies of design variables. The paper also theoretically motivates and demonstrates with an example how the different resolution levels of requirements relate within the framework.
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| 7. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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ACD³ - a new framework for activity-centered design
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign, NordDesign 2016. - 9781904670803 ; 2
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the design process of a product, a variety of design variables are gradually determined – this happens either intentionally when design decisions are made, or unintentionally when design variables are determined by limitations brought about by circumstances. At the same time, product development in teams complicates the design process if the interdependencies of design decisions are not transparent. If decisions are made at the wrong time, or not at all, the design may not end up being coherent with the product’s overall purpose, which negatively impacts the final result of the development. To address this problem, the present paper presents the ACD³-framework, a newly developed product development mapping tool that visualizes where design decisions can be coherently made through a clear structure, while allowing flexibility so as not to inhibit a design organization’s innovation and creativity. To map the interrelationship between several design aspects at once, the framework is made up of three dimensions of design (the D³ in ACD³): levels, perspectives and activities. The three dimensions provide a systemic and systematic framework that organises design work at different abstraction levels within a common structure. From this foundation, two coherent models that together make up the framework are derived: the ACD³-matrix and the ACD³-process. These models are useful for planning and carrying out the right activities, at the right level in the organization, at the right stage of the development work.
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| 8. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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ACD³ as a framework for design of ergonomic workplaces
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018). - 3319960989
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary work-life developments, such as shrinking and aging work populations, changes brought about by digitalized work tasks, and a continual evolution of physical and cognitive workplace conditions mean that workplace ergonomics remains as relevant and important as ever. Ergonomics and Human Factors (E/HF) has repeatedly been shown to succeed only if that expertise is involved early and consistently enough in the design of workplaces, otherwise it risks becoming a reactive, individual injury-focused concern brought in from a medical perspective. Therefore, E/HF experts must get involved in early and appropriate phases of the workplace design process. Such a process involves constraining the proposed design solution to an exact description of its structure and contents – in other words, design decisions are made. The aim of this paper is to describe the use of a systems-theoretical framework as a guide in collaborative workplace design, with particular focus on planning and documenting which activities should involve E/HF expertise. The ACD³-Production is used to structure this process and clarify the design decisions that are pertinent to ergonomics. The ACD³ framework is intended as an enabler of many types of design, including the design of work systems. It provides a framework s that allows all stakeholders to converge around design decisions that ensure that the work system is optimized to human characteristics and the activity to be performed. Different E/HF aspects may be in focus during different phases of designing the workplace, as the detail level over time becomes more granular.
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| 9. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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ACD³ as a framework for design of ergonomic workplaces. Ergonomics in a Global World
- 2019
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815. ; 62:1, s. 5-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Workplace Ergonomics and Human Factors (E/HF) remains as relevant and important as ever to respond to contemporary workplace design challenges. Therefore, E/HF expertise must be involved in early and appropriate phases of the workplace design process, in order to leverage user needs and requirements to constrain the proposed design solution. In this process, design decisions are made. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to describe the use of a systems-theoretical framework as a guide in collaborative workplace design, focussing on planning and documenting which decisions and activities should involve E/HF expertise. METHODS: As this …is a conceptual paper, its method is to synthesise a framework from a combination of design process methodology-, general systems theory- and sociotechnical systems literature. RESULTS: The framework organises the design decisions to be made into hierarchical abstraction levels and cross-cuts them into five perspectives from which the design problem can be viewed holistically. CONCLUSIONS: The ACD3 framework is intended as an enabler of many types of design, including the design of work systems. It provides a framework that allows all stakeholders to converge around design decisions that ensure that the work system is optimised to human characteristics and the activity to be performed.
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| 10. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976
(författare)
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ACD³ - Utvecklingsprocessen ur ett människa-maskinperspektiv
- 2015
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ACD3-processen är ett nyutvecklat ramverk för utvecklingsarbete som synliggör designbesluten genom en tydlig struktur, men som tillåter flexibilitet för att inte hämma nyskapande och innovation. ACD3-processen stödjer en växelverkan mellan designarbete och kravsättning och lyfter fram aktivitetens och användningens roll för utformningen. ACD3-processen bygger på vedertagna teorier och processer inom design, produktutveckling och human factors, men kombinerar ihop dem på ett samstämmigt sätt för att bättre stödja utvecklingsarbetet. ACD³ är en förkortning av AktivitetsCentrerad Design, och 3:an representerar de tre dimensioner som bygger upp processen: designnivåer, designperspektiv och designaktiviteter.Boken riktar sig både till studenter och till yrkesverksamma ingenjörer och designers.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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An analytical usability method for alarm message evaluation: Alarm-ECW
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 39th Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference, Oct 1-3 2007, Lysekil, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alarm systems are important for safe and efficient operation of many technical systems. However, it is vital that the design of the alarms and the alarm system matches the conditions and needs of the human operator. Today, there is a shortage of suitable methods for evaluation of alarm signal and presentation usability. This paper presents a method, Alarm Enhanced Cognitive Walkthrough for evaluating the usability of an alarm. The Alarm-ECW method is a combination of Norman’s Seven Stages of Action, established guidelines for alarm design, and the usability evaluation method Enhanced Cognitive Walkthrough. The Alarm-ECW method works by a question process that evaluates the alarm step-wise in the search for usability problems. The Alarm-ECW has been used in the evaluation of alarms in dialysis machines where it has demonstrated deficiencies inexisting alarms.
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| 13. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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CCPE: Methodology for a Combined Evaluation of Cognitive and Physical Ergonomics in the Interaction between Human and Machine
- 2014
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Ingår i: Human Factors and Ergonomics In Manufacturing. - : Wiley. - 1520-6564 .- 1090-8471. ; 24:6, s. 685-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation methods of today often focus on cognitive ergonomics (such as mental workload or usability) or physical ergonomics (such as physical workload or body posture). This article describes an analytical methodology of a joint systematic search for potential deficiencies in the human-machine interaction; such as high physical and mental workload, use errors, usability problems, and physical ergonomic errors. The purpose with the joint search is to achieve a more holistic evaluation approach and make the evaluation cost more effective than when using separate evaluation methods for cognitive and physical ergonomic aspects. The methodology is task-based, which makes it possible to use both with focus on the device design, as in development projects; as well as with focus on the procedure, in the operative organization.
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| 14. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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CCPE – the use of an analytical method to evaluate safety and ergonomics in maintenance of forest machinery
- 2019
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Ingår i: Australian Forestry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0004-9158 .- 2325-6087. ; 82:1, s. 29-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many of the hazards in forestry are due to the handling of large trees and large machinery in rough terrain and remote areas. Activities such as maintenance and repair work have been identified as especially hazardous in the highly mechanised cut-to-length method. Accidents are underreported, which emphasises the need for a systematic approach for accident prevention. A possible procedure is the use of an analytical evaluation method to identify presumptive hazardous situations and ergonomic issues before accidents can occur. Safety-critical sectors such as nuclear power and health care have invested many resources in these types of methods. The aim of this paper is to put one of those methods to test in a forestry context in a study evaluating maintenance of forest machinery. A framework for evaluation, Combined Cognitive and Physical Evaluation, known as CCPE, was selected and adapted for the study. The evaluation was successful in systematically predicting what could happen in hazardous situations with regard to use error and ergonomic issues.
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| 15. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluation of workplaces
- 2015
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Ingår i: Creating Sustainable Work Environments. - : NEHF (Norwegian society for Ergonomics and Human Factors). - 9788299574754 ; , s. A3-11-A3-15
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluating workplaces. The comparison focus on differences in the comments when evaluation with 2D and 3D models. The results make strong indication that overall layout, line of sight and space are perceived differently in 2D and 3D models.
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| 16. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluation of workplaces
- 2015
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Ingår i: NORDIC ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluating workplaces. The comparison focus on different given in the comments when evaluation with 2D and 3D models. The results make strong indication that overall layout, line of sight and space are perceived differently in 2D and 3D models.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Developers as Users: Exploring the Experiences of Using a New Theoretical Method for Usability Assessment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Advances in Human-Computer Interaction. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-5907 .- 1687-5893. ; 2017
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a need for appropriate evaluation methods to efficiently identify and counteract usability issues early in the development process. The aim of this study was to investigate how product developers assessed a new theoretical method for identifying usability problems and use errors. Two cases where the method had been applied were selected and the users of the method in them were asked to fill in a questionnaire and were then interviewed about their experiences of using the method. Overall, the participants (students and professionals) found the methods useful and their outcome trustworthy. At the same time, the methods were assessed as difficult to learn and as cumbersome and tedious to use. Nevertheless, both students and professionals thought that the methods would be useful in future development work. Suggestions for further improvement included provision of further instructions, for example, on how to adapt the methods and development of an IT-support tool.
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| 19. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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EBooks as course literature in ergonomics and human factors
- 2015
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Ingår i: 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne Australia.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper concerns how to use electronic books (eBooks) as course literature, whether eBooks can replace the traditional paper book, and what to consider when using eBooks as course literature? The presented study is based on four MSc courses that used eBooks as course literature. The students' points of view were investigated with a survey, while the course examiners were interviewed. The result shows that eBooks have advantages like being free for the students and easy to access thought the internet (via the University Library), and disadvantages like being harder to read on the computer/tablet screen and harder to get an overview of the content compared to paper books. The main reflection from the authors is: since ergonomics and human factors are an interdisciplinary subject, eBooks give a better opportunity to combine multiple sources for the particular type of application area that is interesting in a specific course. Practitioner Summary: To make eBooks as course literature a successful enterprise, the study indicates the following two main recommendations: Be very careful in the selection of literature, since the format makes it more difficult for the student to scan the contents and get an overview. For the same reasons, provide the students with clear reading guidelines. In many courses at university level one fundamental element is the course literature, often in the form of a paper text book. Courses based on a well-suited book generally succeed in achieving a good match between course content and book content. In our area, ergonomics and human factors, we see two main problems with traditional paper text books. The first is that it can be hard to find one book that covers the diverse subjects in the course, so you therefore often need more than one book if you do not want to limit the course content. This stems from the fact that the research area is relatively young and basic content is still evolving. The second problem is in the relation to the students. The books in our area are often rather expensive, which means that the students hesitate to buy them, especially if they require more than one book. The books can sometime also be hard to retrieve and if they do have good subject coverage, many are heavy to carry around (which may be quite ironic in an ergonomic course). In recent years more books have been published also as electronic books (eBooks), and libraries have increased the free accessibility – for example, Chalmers library subscribes to them. One feasible solution to the problems stated above is therefore to use eBooks instead of paper books. Then you as a teacher more easily can select parts from different books, and the students have easy and free access to the literature on computers and tablets. 2. Questions and objectives This paper presents a study regarding the use of eBooks as course literature at university level. The research questions were if eBooks can replace the traditional paper book, and what to consider when using eBooks as course literature. The chosen approach was an empirical study with the objectives to (1) study students' reactions and attitudes towards eBooks as course literature, (2) study teachers' relation to the use of use eBooks as course literature, and (3) develop a short guideline for how to use eBooks as course literature.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced Cognitive Walkthrough: Development of the Cognitive Walkthrough Method to Better Predict, Identify, and Present Usability Problems
- 2013
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Ingår i: Advances in Human-Computer Interaction. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-5907 .- 1687-5893. ; 2013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To avoid use errors when handling medical equipment, it is important to develop products with a high degree of usability. This can be achieved by performing usability evaluations in the product development process to detect and mitigate potential usability problems. A commonly used method is cognitive walkthrough (CW), but this method shows three weaknesses: poor high-level perspective, insufficient categorisation of detected usability problems, and difficulties in overviewing the analytical results. This paper presents a further development of CW with the aim of overcoming its weaknesses. The new method is called enhanced cognitive walkthrough (ECW). ECW is a proactive analytical method for analysis of potential usability problems. The ECW method has been employed to evaluate user interface designs of medical equipment such as home-care ventilators, infusion pumps, dialysis machines, and insulin pumps. The method has proved capable of identifying several potential use problems in designs.
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| 22. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Ergonomics activities in the product development process
- 2017
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Ingår i: NORDIC ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE. ; , s. 224-231
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ergonomics and human factors (E/HF) has an important role throughout the whole product development process, but the scope and content of E/HF work differs depending on the phase of the project. The aim of this paper is to describe ergonomics activities in the product development process, with special focus on the purpose of ergonomics activities in different parts of the process. As a base for the description the ACD³-framework is used.
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| 23. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating usability problems and use errors in ergonomic products: comparing analytical methods and usability test
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics. - 2045-7804 .- 2045-7812. ; 5:1, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In product design, it is important to consider presumptive usability problems and use errors. A number of evaluation methods are available, analytical as well as empirical. This study aimed to investigate how well the results from the two analytical methods, enhanced cognitive walkthrough (ECW) and predictive use error analysis (PUEA), match the results of a usability test. A vacuum cleaner and an office chair were used in the evaluations. The ECW predicted 90% of the usability problems and the PUEA predicted 58% of the use errors that were identified in the usability test. For the ECW, the difference is that the method only investigates the correct way to perform a task, whereas for the PUEA the difference depends on the chosen user as well as the evaluator's creativity in making and predicting errors. To conclude, these methods are valuable tools in early phases of the product development process.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976
(författare)
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Increasing automation and design of a user interface to improve the physical working situation for band saw blades straightening
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference - Wellbeing and Innovation Through Ergonomics. - 9789514295416 ; , s. 146-150
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The manual work of straightening band saw blade includes tasks of poor physical ergonomics, since the needs to bend and twist the back and neck to be able to see the horizontal line of the blade. This paper presents a case study of how a physical manual work task successfully can be transferred to be machine operated, by developing agraphical user interface, and thereby improving the physical working conditions of the operators.
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| 27. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Långtidsstudie av upplevda effekter av VDS (Volvo Dynamic Steering) hos bussförare på linje 55
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trög styrning är ett återkommande problem bland tunga fordon och bussar, vilket kan orsaka besvär i axlar och armar hos förarna. Något som underlättar för förarna är servostyrning och en avancerad vidareutvecklad variant av detta är VDS (Volvo Dynamic Steering). Sommaren 2017 installerades VDS på bussar på linje 55 i Göteborg. Syftet med studien presenterad i den här rapporten var att undersöka hur bussförares upplevda fysiska besvär påverkades över tid av införande av VDS. Studien genomfördes som en longitudinell enkätstudie (fyra enkäter över 1,5 år) kompletterad med intervjuer. I medeltal deltog 14 förare i varje enkätomgång och sex förare kunde följas över alla fyra enkäterna. I samband med enkät 2 och 3 intervjuades också förarna. Resultaten visar tydligt på att de upplevda fysiska besvären i arm, armbåge, handled och hand har minskat under tiden för studien, både sett generellt över hela förargruppen och för de förare som kunde följas genom alla enkätomgångarna. För den senare gruppen hade alla förare som skattade måttliga till mycket starka besvär (tre stycken), en klar minskning till svaga eller inga besvär vid enkät 4. För de övriga tre förarna fanns ingen ökning av skattade besvär för arm, armbåge, handled och hand. Intervjuerna visade att förarna generellt var väldigt nöjda med VDS och att det var ett mycket uppskattat tillskott för bussarna. Beskrivningar så som ’Guld’ och ’Perfekt’ förekom hos flera förare. Flera av förarna uttryckte också att de fått mindre problem med smärtor i exempelvis axlar och armar sedan VDS installerades. Några konstaterade också att smärtorna återkom så snart de körde andra bussar. Önskemål fanns dock från några förare om att manuellt kunna välja olika grader av hjälp från VDS-systemet. En faktor som troligen påverkat resultatet var att förarna också kört bussar utan VDS under tidsperioden för studien, både på linje 55 och andra linjer. Om förarna enbart hade kört bussar med VDS kunde det ha vara rimligt att anta att de skattade besvären hade minskat. Men det är också möjligt att de positiva omdömena om VDS hade varit lägre eftersom förarna inte kunnat göra så direkta jämförelser med bussar utan VDS. Ett grundkrav för en bra förarmiljö är att den inte ska orsaka fysiska besvär. Studien har givit tydliga indikationer om att VDS inte ger upphov till fysiska besvär, och dessutom har användandet av systemet lett till en förbättring för de förare som redan hade besvär. Slutsatsen av studien stärker därför hypotesen att VDS har en positiv inverkan på bussförares arbetsmiljö och upplevda fysiska besvär. Den främsta begränsningen i studien har varit antalet deltagande förare och därför behövs ytterligare studier för att validera sambandet. En möjlig fortsättning är att studera om förare som kör mycket med VDS utvecklar färre och mindre allvarliga fysiska besvär än förare som inte kör med VDS.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology for a Combined Evaluation of Cognitive and Physical Ergonomics Aspects of Medical Equipment
- 2010
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare. - 9781439834985 ; , s. 834-843
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To achieve efficient use and high patient safety in work with medical equipment, it is important to evaluate both physical and cognitive ergonomics aspects of the devices. The aim of this paper is to describe an analytical methodology of a joint systematic search for potential deficiencies in the human-machine interaction; such as high physical and mental workload, use errors, usability problems, and physical ergonomic errors. The methodology is task-based, which makes it possible to use both with focus on the device design, as in development projects; as well as with focus on the procedure, as in a hospital setting. The methodology has successfully been tested in the development process of a dialysis machine.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived industrial usefulness of the ACD³-matrix - an interview study with product developers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign: Design in the Era of Digitalization, NordDesign 2018.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, a large number of tools are available to support the organization and documentation of product development. However, a tool is not successful merely by virtue of being available; it is in the actual use of the tool that its utility and value emerges. To increase the probability that a tool is used, it is also important for it to be perceived as useful by its potential users. The ACD³ (Activity Centred Design)-matrix is a product development mapping tool based on systems theory. It visualizes how design decisions can be made coherently, through a clear hierarchical structure that visualizes logical chains of interdependent design decisions, yet allows flexibility so as not to inhibit a design organization’s innovation and creativity. This paper presents a study of how potential users perceive the ACD³-matrix. Seventeen product developers were introduced to the ACD³-matrix and then interviewed about how they perceived the tool; the interview probed what strengths and weaknesses were perceived, the tool’s usefulness in relation to the interviewees’ practices now and in the future, and whether they saw opportunities to implement the matrix in their business operations. The main identified perceived advantages were that the ACD³-matrix could be a good tool for identifying knowledge gaps within a project, and that ACD³ could provide a common structure and language throughout the whole project, facilitating communication between different competencies and domains within the work organisation. The main disadvantages interviewees perceived were that the terminology and contents of the matrix cells need to be adapted to the terms used at the specific company and that the matrix might seem difficult at first to understand. The study showed that there was an interest in the industry for the ACD³-matrix tool and all participants saw opportunities (to varying degrees) to implement the matrix in their own practice. The study also provided good insight into how product developers reacted initially when introduced to the ACD³-matrix. The input provided by the product developers is valuable for the further development ACD³-matrix and how to introduce the tool in organisations.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976
(författare)
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Prediction of Medical Device Usability Problems and Use Errors - An Improved Analytical Methodical Approach
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of medical care is to make people healthier, and this is pursued with great success today. Unfortunately, medical care also entails injuries to certain patients. Some of these injuries are caused by use errors. Research has shown that lack of usability of medical equipment is a strongly contributing cause of use errors. One way of counteracting use errors and usability problems with medical equipment is to investigate these proactively during the product development process of the equipment. If they are identified early, it is possible to undertake measures in the design to counteract them. This licentiate thesis focuses on the investigation of use errors and usability problems that arise with medical equipment. The purpose of the work was to improve methods for identifying usability problems and use errors in the development process. The goal was to, based on existing methods, develop an improved Human Factors Engineering method for predicting, identifying and presenting presumed use errors and usability problems.The method development has been conducted through analysis of user interfaces in real product development projects for medical equipment. Two efforts constituted the method development: formulation of requirements on the new method, and a further refinement of it. These efforts have been made in parallel. The resultant requirements are that the method must be formative, analytical and question-based, and must yield qualitative and semi-quantitative data. The method responds to four questions in the analysis of the interaction between user and equipment: (1) Will the user act correctly? (2) Why does the user act correctly? (3) Which errors can the user commit? (4) Why does the user act incorrectly?When choosing a method for further refinement, there was no single method that fulfilled the formulated requirements. Hence two methods were selected, Cognitive Walkthrough (CW) and Predictive Human Error Analysis (PHEA). These were modified on the basis of weaknesses and deficiencies identified by personal studies. The method development resulted in two new methods: Enhanced Cognitive Walkthrough (ECW) and Predictive Use Error Analysis (PUEA). The ECW method works by employing a clearly detailed procedure for simulating the user’s problem-solving process in each step of the interaction with the device. Throughout the interaction, it is checked whether the user’s established goal and previous experience will lead to the next correct action. PUEA employs a detailed process for breaking down the user’s tasks in steps and, for each step, identifying and investigating potential errors of use and their connection to the user’s cognitive processes. Both ECW and PUEA employ matrixes to show the outcome of the analysis. The methods have been applied with expected results (prediction and identification of use errors and usability problems) in analysis of dialysis machines and home care ventilators in real development projects.The greatest strength of ECW and PUEA is that they can discover presumed use errors and usability problems before any empirical trials with real users are conducted. This simplifies the work in the development process. The principal weakness of ECW and PUEA is that they are more tedious and complicated than the original methods. Nonetheless, ECW and PUEA yield more comprehensive and easily overviewed results when the analysis is finished than do CW and PHEA. To conclude, the method development has resulted in two Human Factors Engineering methods for predicting, identifying and presenting presumed use errors and usability problems.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Predictive use error analysis – Development of AEA, SHERPA and PHEA to better predict, identify and present use errors
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8219 .- 0169-8141. ; 44:1, s. 153-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In health care, the use of technical equipment plays an integral part. To achieve a high level of patient safety, it is important to avoid use errors when handling equipment. Use errors can be mitigated by performing analyses of potential use errors during the design process. One proactive analytical method for use error analysis is Predictive Use Error Analysis (PUEA), which is a further development of the methods Action Error Analysis (AEA), Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) and Predictive Human Error Analysis (PHEA). PUEA employs a detailed process for breaking down the user's tasks into steps and then identifying and investigating potential errors of use for each step. Compared with other methods, it is significant in its use of two question levels, greater inclusion of human cognition theory and that the results of the analysis are presented in matrixes. Relevance to industry: The PUEA method is useful to the industry for evaluating existing products or serving as an evaluation tool during the design process. For instance, the PUEA method has been used to evaluate user interface designs of home-care ventilators and dialysis machines. In addition, PUEA can be applied as a final risk assessment method assessment method in the product development process.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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PU2B-modellen - En introduktion till Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) utifrån användarcentrerad systemdesign
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Idén till PU2B-modellen uppstod under en god måltid där författarna konstaterat att det trots mycket kunskap, saknas effektiva former för tillämpningar när det kommer till ämnesområdena Human Factors och Systems engineering. Då vi båda nu varit verksamma tillräckligt länge för att själva anse oss ha tagit del av både teoretiska och praktiska aspekter av ämnesområdena, kunde det konstateras att det visst fanns riktigt bra metoder för både teoretiker och praktiker men att det saknades en enkel brygga mellan de två världarna.Denna rapport presenterar den nya PU2B-modellen, vilken är ett försök i att på ett enkelt sätt möjliggöra en start av modellering på ett sätt som ska vara lättillgänglig och användbart. PU2B-modellen är också tänkt att överbrygga traditionella områden som marknad, användarnytta, användbarhet och teknisk lösning.Fokus för skrivande av rapporten har varit att skapa ett material som presenterar modellen i ett sammanhang och visar på hur den kan användas praktiskt. Detta fokus har medfört att exemplen kanske ur vissa perspektiv inte presenteras formellt korrekt i alla delar. Om du kommit så här lång borde resten gå lätt, vi hoppas du har nytta av PU2B-modellen. Självklart tar vi gärna feedback!
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The Human Factors Engineering (HFE) process, usability quality and use safety for medical equipment
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 39th Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference, Oct 1-3 2007, Lysekil, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To enable increased efficiency, effectiveness and safe handling of medical equipment, applicable frameworks are needed that support evaluation work during the product development process A use centred design approach formedical devices has been developed, resulting in a framework consisting of three parts: (1) A Human Factors Engineering process, (2) Usability Quality and (3) Use Safety. In the framework different methods for datacollection and evaluation of use errors and usability problems are proposed. To develop safe, usable and efficient products, the framework should be integrated with the overall product development process of the medical equipment.
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| 42. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The power of the dollhouse : Comparing the use of full-scale, 1:16-scale and virtual 3D-models for user evaluation of workstation design
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 68, s. 344-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The benefits of having users evaluate product or workplace design during the development process are well known. This is often achieved by letting users interact with one or more models of the design proposal, in order to elicit feedback. The issue for product developers is to choose what type(s) of models to use (from paper drawings to physical or virtual mock-ups or fully working prototypes) and when to use them in the development process, while making optimal use of resources like time, money and personnel.This paper compares three types of simple three-dimensional (3D) models (1:1 scale, 1:16 scale and CAD) representing a ship bridge workstation, examining what kind of feedback they elicit in a design evaluation with representative users. Participants were asked to assess the proposed design and to compare the models' relative merits. The study found that while all three types of 3D models elicited several types of useful design feedback, there were differences in both quantity and content of the feedback elicited by each model type. The physical models elicited more feedback than the CAD model, both regarding content richness (direct and indirect design feedback) and quantity. The tangibility of the models seems to greatly influence acceptance and credibility.
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| 43. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The use of an analytical method to evaluate safety and ergonomics in service of forest machinery
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The many hazards in forestry are due to the handling of large trees and large machinery in rough terrain and remote areas. Activities such as maintenance and repair work has been pointed out as especially hazardous in the highly mechanized cut to length method. Accidents are underreported, which emphasizes the need for a systematic approach for accident prevention. A possible procedure is the use of an analytical evaluation method to identify presumptive hazardous situations and ergonomic issues before accidents can occur. Previously, these type of methods have mainly been used in safety-critical branches such as in nuclear power and health care. To test them in a forestry context a study was performed on the service of forest machinery. A framework for evaluation, called CCPE (Combined Cognitive and Physical Evaluation) was selected and adapted for the study. The evaluation was successful in systematically unveiling what could happen in hazardous situations with regard to use error and ergonomic issues.
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| 44. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Transfer of control system interface solutions from other domains to the thermal power industry
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815. ; 41:Supplement 1/2012, s. 2859-2865
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a thermal power plant the operators’ roles are to control and monitor the process to achieve efficient and safe production. To achieve this, the human-machine interfaces have a central part. The interfaces need to be updated and upgraded together with the technical functionality to maintain optimal operation. One way of achieving relevant updates is to study other domains and see how they have solved similar issues in their design solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present how interface design solution ideas can be transferred from domains with operator control to thermal power plants. In the study 15 domains were compared using a model for categorisation of human-machine systems. The result from the domain comparison showed that nuclear power, refinery and ship engine control were most similar to thermal power control. From the findings a basic interface structure and three specific display solutions were proposed for thermal power control: process parameter overview, plant overview, and feed water view. The systematic comparison of the properties of a human-machine system allowed interface designers to find suitable objects, structures and navigation logics in a range of domains that could be transferred to the thermal power domain.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Use of Classic Risk Analysis in Usability Engineering Work with Trams and Elderly
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 39th Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference, Oct 1-3 2007, Lysekil, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the work with usability for the traffic environment, safety aspects are crucial, especially for the elderly population. This paper presents the use of a classical risk analysis method, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), when analysing usability aspects in two case studies regarding trams and elderly users. In these studies, the FTA-method was used as an analysis tool for empirical collected data from observations and interviews. The method worked well for formation of data as well as for showing connections and relations between data. To conclude, the use of a classical risk analysis method has shown to give adequate results to usability engineering design.
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| 48. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Using 2D and 3D models as tools during a workplace design process : a question of how and when
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference. - Copenhagen, Denmark : Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, DTU. ; , s. 799-804
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The benefits of involving users in a development process are well described. This paper describes a procedure for using 2D and 3D models in a workplace design process, which is based on three rounds of user studies within the maritime domain. The process includes various kinds of models that can be used in order to elicit design feedback in a cost-effective manner. Design teams can greatly benefit from using such mediating objects to draw out the users’ previous experiences. It was found that different model types allow different levels of reflection and questioning of the design from the prospective users.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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