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- Inkinen, Magdalena
(författare)
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Mobilising the Lower Castes : The Rise of the Bahujan Samaj Party in India
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the rise of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), a party that represents the untouchable castes (Scheduled Castes or Dalits) in India. During the 1990s, the BSP emerged as a major political force in Uttar Pradesh, the largest state in India. The purpose of this study is to explain the remarkable electoral success of the BSP in Uttar Pradesh. In order to achieve this aim, I address two main questions. Firstly, is the BSP mainly supported by Scheduled Caste voters or by voters from different groups? Secondly, why have these voters shifted to the BSP? Based on previous research about voting behaviour, I argue that voters may choose to support a party for four distinct reasons: because they agree with the political programme of the party, because they believe that the party will implement policies that benefit the group they belong to, because they believe that it is important to follow the voting norm within their group, or because they expect to receive access to patronage if the party gains power. These explanations are tested with the use of voter surveys, government statistics, and interviews with politicians. In a first step, I investigate why a substantial share of the voters in Uttar Pradesh began to support the BSP in the 1990s, and then proceed to ask if the same factors also explain why the BSP has succeeded in Uttar Pradesh and not in any other Indian state, why support for the party varies across districts and villages in Uttar Pradesh, and why some individuals are more inclined than others to vote for the BSP. The empirical analysis shows that the rise of the BSP is primarily explained by an increased tendency of Scheduled Castes to vote in accordance with Dalit group interests. This change, in turn, is the result of several important changes from the 1970s onwards: the spread of education in combination with persisting socio-economic inequalities, the emergence of opposition parties that represent other caste categories, and the inclination of the BSP to present itself as a party that exclusively represents Dalits.
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- Lundin, Per, 1971-
(författare)
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Bilsamhället : Ideologi, expertis och regelskapande i efterkrigstidens Sverige
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the 1950s the number of cars in Sweden increased almost fivefold and the country attained the highest level of car ownership per capita in Europe. The rise and establishment of mass motoring was dramatically illustrated by the violent encounter between the car and the city. Despite the fact that congestion as well as road accidents were well-known, everyday occurrences, they reached previously unimagined heights through the growth of mass motoring. In this doctoral thesis Per Lundin focuses on the emergence of a group of planning experts as the key advocates of the idea of the “car society” as the solution to these problems. By fully adapting society to the car it would be possible to eliminate congestion and road accidents, thus affirming the continuing advance of the car. This ideal, which originated in the United States, became the goal and the dream of these experts.The general question addressed by Lundin is to what extent the actions and the ideologies of the experts interacted with the advent of mass motoring and the extensive urban building during the post-war period. In order to answer this question Lundin analyzes, firstly how the planning experts laid claim to the problems of congestion and road accidents, thereby restating them as exclusive planning problems, secondly how guidelines and standards for a car-conscious planning of cities and communities were developed based on the formulation of this problem and thirdly how, and to what extent, the guidelines and standards concerned were implemented in the town planning process.In the thesis Lundin argues that the dreams about a post-war Swedish society entirely adapted to the car by and large were realized. One important explanation of the fact that the physical adaptation of cities and societies to the car could proceed so quickly, on such a large scale and in similar forms all over the country, is found in the planning rules developed by the experts. The rules were the embodiment of the untroubled and unreflecting dreams nourished by the planning experts of the 1950s and the 1960s. Through the rules these ideological conceptions were reinforced and disseminated in a manner almost unable to stop. As the rules quickly were integrated with the planning instruments of administrative bodies locally, regionally and nationally, they set the tone for the extensive urban renewal of the following decades.
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- Wiberg, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Concentrations and enantiomer fractions of organochlorine compounds in Baltic species hit by reproductive impairment
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 21:12, s. 2542-2551
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concentrations and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in tissues of gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) and salmon (Salmo salar) originating from the Baltic Sea. The selected seal specimens ranged from starved to unstarved animals, and some of them suffered from a disease complex, while the salmon samples originated from individuals, which were known to produce offspring with and without the M74 syndrome. Significant differences in residue levels and EFs were found between seal groups but not between M74 salmon and non-M74 salmon. The relations between chemical and biological variables of seal samples were investigated with multivariate statistics. Poor health status correlated strongly with age, while bad nutrition condition was associated mainly with high pollution loads and distinctively nonracemic chiral OC compositions. High biotransformation rate (as indicated by fraction of chlordane metabolites in relation to total level of chlordanes) was also associated with large deviations from racemic values and high contaminant levels.
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