| 1. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The spatial distribution and frequency of street, plot and building types across five European cities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning B-Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7, s. 1226-1242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies have always played an important role in urban planning and design practice and formal studies have been central to the field of urban morphology. These studies have predominantly been of a historical-qualitative nature and do not support quantitative comparisons between urban areas and between different cities, nor offer the precise and comprehensive descriptions needed by those engaged in urban planning and design practice. To describe contemporary urban forms, which are more diffuse and often elude previous historic typologies, systematic quantitative methods can be useful but, until recently, these have played a limited role in typo-morphological studies. This paper contributes to recent developments in this field by integrating multi-variable geometric descriptions with inter-scalar relational descriptions of urban form. It presents typologies for three key elements of urban form (streets, plots and buildings) in five European cities, produced using statistical clustering methods. In a first instance, the resulting typologies contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of streets, plots and buildings. In particular, the results offer insight into patterns between the types (i.e. which types are found in combination and which not) and provide a new large scale comparative analysis across five European cities. To conclude, a link between quantitative analysis and theory is established, by testing two well-known theoretical propositions in urban morphology: the concept of the burgage cycle and the theory of natural movement.
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| 2. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Multivariable measures of plot systems: describing the potential link between urban diversity and spatial form based on the spatial capacity concept
- 2017
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Ingår i: 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017, Lisbon, Portugal, 3-7 July 2017. - 9789729899447 ; , s. 47.1-47.15
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban diversity is a widely recognized concept used to describe vitality in cities and is often associated with cities that perform successfully both from an economic and social perspective. The concept of urban diversity was introduced to the broader public by Jane Jacobs, later inherited by the New Urbanism movement and has been extensively used in contemporary urban discourse. While theoretical definitions of urban diversity are manifold, measures that allow for a description of a more rigorous kind are less developed (Talen, 2006, 2008). The aim of this paper is to identify fundamental variables of spatial form that could potentially contribute to urban diversity and socio-economic performativity. In particular, the paper investigates the concept of spatial capacity, that is, the impact of plot systems (i.e. land division) on urban diversity (Marcus, 2000, 2010; Sayyar & Marcus, 2013) While the link to urban diversity is presented here as an essential starting point, the aim of this paper is to develop purely morphological measures of plot systems and to test if these measures can identify the difference among particular urban contexts. The study of the direct relation between spatial form and socio-economic performance is beyond the scope of this paper and will be presented in forthcoming studies. The first part of the paper presents a theoretical framework to establish the fundamental morphological parameters of plot systems that can potentially contribute to urban diversity. The second part of the paper describes an empirical study of selected areas in Stockholm, Sweden, where essential morphological aspects of plot systems are explored and measured, using the proposed parameters of the plot systems. Importantly, the plot systems are measured here in geometric terms, capturing size, openness and compactness of plots, and also in configurational terms through accessible number and diversity of plots using the Place Syntax Tool (Ståhle, 2008). The paper is set within the framework of a bigger project aimed at developing and testing sound methodologies for measuring central variables of spatial form: density, diversity and distance (Berghauser Pont et al. 2017; Berghauser Pont & Marcus, 2015; Marcus & Berghauser Pont, 2015).
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| 3. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Plot systems and property rights: morphological, juridical and economic aspects
- 2018
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Ingår i: 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. - 9788490485743 ; , s. 177-185
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of the plot (also referred to as ‘parcel’, ‘lot’ or ‘property’) as one of the fundamental elements of urban form is well recognized within the field of urban morphology. It has been described as a basic element in the pattern of land divisions that works as an organizational grid for urban form. A distinctive feature of the plot is its ambiguous character: it is at the same time a legal unit defining property rights, a spatially defined physical entity and an institutional tool designating land use in urban planning. In urban space, these dimensions act together to drive the evolution of built form. In this paper, we will investigate the entanglements of the morphological, juridical and economic definitions of the term. By resolving these we may better address and compare the vital layer of plot systems in different urban contexts and identify common fundamental aspects of the notion of plot systems and private properties. What we more specifically aim to capture with this comprehensive concept is the relation between urban form and legal and socio-economic space, where the plot can be identified as an element that creates a generic affordance for occupancy, in contrast to mobility, in cities of most kinds. The intended outcome of the paper is to contribute to unveiling the complex nature of the plot systems, bridging between spatial and non-spatial dimensions of cities, that is, more precisely, a potential to establish, not least, a stronger interface between the urban design and urban planning practices.
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| 4. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm
- 2019
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Ingår i: Urban Science. - : MDPI AG. - 2413-8851. ; 3:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plot systems (also referred to as "property", "parcel", or "lot") are generally recognised as the organisational framework of urban form that contributes to the economic performance of cities. However, studies that link the spatial form of plots to economic data are limited. The paper builds on the theory of Webster and Lai, which argues that the process of urbanisation is aligned with increased subdivision of property rights (increased division of land into plots, for example) due to the process of economic specialisation that is typical of cities. The aim of the paper is to test this theory by analysing whether there is a correlation between: (a) the shape and structure of plot systems, which are classified as types based on three plot metrics (size, compactness, and frontage index) and b) economic activity, measured as the concentration of retail and food activities per plot. The paper will use statistical analysis to relate plot types to economic activity in three European cities (London, Amsterdam, and Stockholm). The results provide empirical support for our initial hypothesis and Webster and Lai’s theory, which states that plots of smaller size, more regular shape, and smaller frontage generally correspond to a higher concentration of economic activity in cities.
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| 5. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988
(författare)
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Towards a theory of natural occupation: developing theoretical, methodological and empirical support for the relation between plot systems and urban processes
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Plot systems (or ‘plots’, ‘lots’, ‘parcels’, ‘land divisions’) is a commonly recognised structural component of urban form along with streets and buildings. They play a critical role in understanding urban processes in cities, not least of all because they link directly between the physical world and institutions, such as property rights. The role of plots and plot systems in urban processes is addressed in this thesis as the theory of natural occupation. The theory argues that the structure of plot systems is the driver of a process of economic concentration and diversification of economic activity in cities, as described in the burgage cycle concept (temporal evolution of built form) and the spatial capacity concept (link between plot shape and urban diversity). However, plot systems remain the least studied component of urban form, which this thesis contributes to on two levels. Firstly, by developing more precise quantitative descriptions of plots and plot systems by way of morphological measures and plot types. Secondly, by making use of these descriptions and empirically testing some central ideas in urban morphology, such as urban diversity. The thesis thus contributes to methodological and theoretical development in the field of urban morphology. However, it also demonstrates how these ideas on urban morphology can be a central contribution to theories in other fields addressing urban processes, such as urban planning and especially urban economics. The research design of the thesis involves the development of a generic method to spatially represent plot systems, the identification of three key morphological variables of plots based on extensive literature review in the field of urban morphology, the development of analytical plot types using statistical methods of data-driven classifications and finally, empirical testing of the theory of natural occupation (by correlating the morphological variables and plot types with the concentration and diversification of economic activity in five European cities). The empirical studies provide support for a direct relation between the shape and structure of plot systems and economic processes in cities and are an important contribution to urban design and planning practice.
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| 6. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Towards analytical typologies of plot systems: quantitative profile of five European cities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8091 .- 2399-8083. ; 48:4, s. 604-620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of the plot (also referred to as ‘property’) as one of the fundamental elements of urban form is well recognized within the field of urban morphology. Despite the fact that it is often described as the basic element in the pattern of land divisions, which are essential as organizational frameworks for urban form, studies offering comprehensive descriptions and classifications of plot systems are quite scant. The aim of the paper is to introduce a classification of plot systems into typologies based on five European cities, in order to distinguish particular spatial differences and similarities in terms of their plot structure. The proposed typologies are developed using unsupervised k-means cluster analysis based on numeric attributes derived from central theories in urban morphology. The introduced typologies are essentially configurational, allowing collective systematic properties of plot systems to be captured. Numeric attributes include plot differentiation (or plot size), plot frontage and compactness ratio, corresponding to essential qualities of plot systems such as the capacity to carry differences in space, the ability to operate as interface between street and building and providing a framework for evolution of built form over time. All three attributes are translated into configurational measures in order to capture the context of the plot system, rather than the parameters of individual plots. The combination of these deductively defined variables with algorithmically defined classification methods results in seven plot types that can be used to scale up traditional urban morphological analysis to whole city regions and conduct substantial comparison of patterns within, but also between these regions. Further, it also makes it possible to describe commonly recognized plot patterns and discover new ones.
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| 7. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988
(författare)
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Utopia and crisis of the post-socialist city: historical transformations of the 19th and 20th century Moscow
- 2018
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Ingår i: Urban form and social context: from traditions to newest demands. Proceedings of the 25th International Seminar on Urban Form. ; , s. 221-229
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The urban history of Moscow, as well as the history of its masterplans, has been thoroughly described in many studies, not least in relation to the political processes of the 20th century that had an immense influence on the formation of cities in the post-socialist block. In this paper, the logic behind the historical evolution of Moscow in the 19th and 20th century will be discussed; the aim here is to introduce another perspective of looking at Moscow’s urban transformations. It is proposed, that the evolution of the city is the constant alternative process between the state of utopia and the state of crises. The state of utopia is usually featured by new visions intending to solve the existing urban problems of that time. The state of crisis that often follows, is marked by the externality effects of realized visions and usually results in urban problems on a different level of scale: again marking the necessity of new visions. Technological developments are integral to these processes; they are used as instruments to solve urban problems, but at the same time, they cause unexpected outcomes that have to be dealt with. To demonstrate this concept, three key periods of Moscow urban evolution in 19th and 20th century will be studied, including the General Plan of 1935.
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| 8. |
- Marcus, Lars, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Cities as Accessible Densities and Diversities – Adding Attraction Variables to Configurational Analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium, 2017 Lisbon. ; , s. 167.1-167.12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The central variables in any urban model are distance and attraction (Wilson 2000). Space syntax research has contributed to the development of new geometric descriptions and measures of distance that have proven successful when it comes to capturing pedestrian movement (Hillier & Iida 2005). However, the description and measurement of attractions has not been central to the field. An important exception is the development of Place Syntax analysis, which concerns new methodologies and software that opens for analysis not only of different kinds of accessibilities in the street network in itself, but also analysis of the accessibility within the network to different forms of attractions, for instance, residents or retail (Ståhle et al 2005). Importantly, these analyses are able to use the novel distance measures developed in space syntax.Place Syntax analysis is a generic form of analysis, why we may choose to analyse the accessibility to particular socio-economic attractions, such as residents or retail, but we may also conceive of a model of ‘pure’ spatial form – a kind of architectural model of the city – where we substitute socio-economic attractions for attractions of spatial form. For instance, Place Syntax analysis has been applied in different kinds of density analysis, transforming density measures from area-based measures to location-based measures (Ståhle 2008). Such density analyses can concern density of socio-economic attractions such as residents or retail. But it can also concern analysis of density of built form, for instance transforming densities of floor space to accessibility to floor space (Ståhle 2008, Berghauser Pont & Marcus 2014).In this paper, we extend such spatial attraction to not only include the variable of density but also diversity. Earlier empirical studies have shown strong indications that there is a correlation between the degree of land division into parcels (plots) and the diversity of socio-economic content, such as residents and retail. This can be measured as area-based measures, such as parcel density (Marcus 2000, 2001), but also as location-based measures, such as parcel accessibility (Marcus 2005). Importantly, in the latter case this can be analysed using place syntax analysis and space syntax measures of distance. Finally, we present preliminary results from an empirical study of Stockholm, Sweden, where we test these measures both combined and individually, paving the way for more substantial empirical investigations.
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| 9. |
- Marcus, Lars, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Location-based density and differentiation - adding attraction variables to Space Syntax
- 2018
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Ingår i: 24TH ISUF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: CITY AND TERRITORY IN THE GLOBALIZATION AGE. - 9788490485743 ; , s. 1379-1389
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The central variables in any urban model are distance and attraction (Wilson 2000). Space Syntax research has contributed to the development of new geometric descriptions and measures of distance that have proven successful when it comes to capturing pedestrian movement. However, the description and measurement of attractions has not been central to the field. An important exception is the development of Place Syntax analysis, which concerns new methodologies and software that opens for analysis not only of different kinds of accessibilities in the street network in itself but also analysis of the accessibility within the network to different forms of attractions, for instance, residents or retail (Stahle et al 2005). Place Syntax analysis is a generic form of analysis, why we may choose to analyse the accessibility to particular socio-economic attractions, but we may also conceive of a model of 'pure 'spatial form - a kind of architectural model of the city. For instance, Place Syntax analysis has been applied in different kinds of density analysis, transforming density measures from area-based measures to location-based measures (Stahle et al 2005). In this paper, we extend such spatial attraction to not only include the variable of density but also diversity and present results from an extensive empirical study including four European cities, paving the way towards a more complete architectural model of the city including both the analysis of distance and attractions.
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| 10. |
- Marcus, Lars, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Location-based density and diversity – adding attraction variables to space syntax
- 2017
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Ingår i: ISUF 2017 XXIV international conference: City and territory in the globalization age, Seville.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The central variables in any urban model are distance and attraction (Wilson 2000). Space syntax research has contributed to the development of new geometric descriptions and measures of distance that have proven successful when it comes to capturing pedestrian movement. However, the description and measurement of attractions has not been central to the field. An important exception is the development of Place Syntax analysis, which concerns new methodologies and software that opens for analysis not only of different kinds of accessibilities in the street network in itself, but also analysis of the accessibility within the network to different forms of attractions, for instance, residents or retail (Ståhle et al 2005).Place Syntax analysis is a generic form of analysis, why we may choose to analyse the accessibility to particular socio-economic attractions, but we may also conceive of a model of ‘pure’ spatial form – a kind of architectural model of the city. For instance, Place Syntax analysis has been applied in different kinds of density analysis, transforming density measures from area-based measures to location-based measures (Ståhle et al 2005). In this paper, we extend such spatial attraction to not only include the variable of density but also diversity and present results from an extensive empirical study including four European cities, paving the way towards a more complete architectural model of the city including both the analysis of distance and attractions.References:Berghauser Pont, M., and Marcus, L., 2014 “Innovations in measuring density. From area and location density to accessible and perceived density”, Nordic Journal of Architectural Research.Marcus, L (2001) The impact of land-division on long-term occupation. In Peponis J., (ed.), Proceedings, Third international space syntax symposium, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA.Ståhle, A, Marcus, L, & Karlström, A (2005) Place Syntax: Geographic accessibility with axial lines in GIS. In Proceedings, Fifth international space syntax symposium, ed. van Nes, A., Delft: Techne Press, 2005, 131-144.Wilson, A., 2000, Complex spatial systems, Prentice Hall, Harlow, UK.
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| 11. |
- Marcus, Lars, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial configuration of plot systems and urban diversity: empirical support for a differentiation variable in spatial morphology
- 2019
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Ingår i: 12th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2019.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The central variables in any urban model are distance and attraction. Space syntax research has contributed to the development of new geometric descriptions and measures of distance that have broken new ground, not least when it comes to capturing pedestrian movement. However, the description and measurement of attractions has not been central to the field. In this paper we extend measurement of attractions to the variable of differentiation. Earlier empirical studies have shown strong indications that there is a correlation between the degree of land division into plots (parcels) and the diversity of socio-economic content, such as residents and economic activity (Marcus et al., 2017; Cantarino & Netto, 2017). Building on this, we present results from an extensive empirical study of Stockholm, in the aim to pave the way towards a spatial variable of differentiation in spatial morphology, with direct impact on socio- economic diversity. The investigation concerns a correlation analysis between, on the one hand, measures of the configuration of plot systems, and on the other hand, categories of economic activity, measured using Simpson Diversity Index. Special attention has been payed to the demands in studies of this kind for close scrutiny of, on the one hand, the definition of the urban scale the study concerns, and on the other hand, the categorisation of economic activity related to this. Diversity in economic activity can be found at different urban scales. For instance, on the district level, the retail category ‘clothes’ may be part of creating diversity together with ‘food’ and ‘computers’, while on the street level, we may find retail related only to ‘clothes’, implying no diversity. In addition, on the city level, areas that have variety of basic services (retail, public and cultural facilities), but homogeneous in terms of retail categories, can be also considered as generally diverse. Hence, the question ‘diversity of what’ and ‘diversity on what urban scale’, and sensitive categorisations in accordance with this, are central issues, for this study. The twofold aim of the paper includes first, presenting an overview of complex issues behind diversity concept with the focus on categorisation and scale, and second, empirical studies that support the proposed impact of variable of differentiation on urban diversity.
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