| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Skog är mycket mer än virke
- 2014
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Ingår i: Future forests rapportserie. ; , s. 5-5
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Tätortsnära friluftsliv
- 2013
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Ingår i: Friluftsliv i förändring. Resultat från ett forskningsprogram. Slutrapport.. - : Naturvårdsverket. - 9789162065478
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Tätortsnära friluftsliv
- 2014
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Ingår i: Friluftsliv i förändring. Studier från svenska upplevelselandskap. - Stockholm : Carlsson Bokförlag. - 9789173316323 ; , s. 137-151
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Vad vill skogsägaren satsa på?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fakta. Skog. - 1400-7789.
-
Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 8. |
- Bläckberg, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Investigations of surface coatings to reduce memory effect in plastic scintillator detectors used for radioxenon detection
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 656:1, s. 84-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work Al(2)O(3) and SiO(2) coatings are tested as Xe diffusion barriers on plastic scintillator substrates. The motivation is improved beta-gamma coincidence detection systems, used to measure atmospheric radioxenon within the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. One major drawback with the current setup of these systems is that the radioxenon tends to diffuse into the plastic scintillator material responsible for the beta detection, resulting in an unwanted memory effect. Here, coatings with thicknesses between 20 and 900 nm have been deposited onto plastic scintillators, and investigated using two different experimental techniques. The results show that all tested coatings reduce the Xe diffusion into the plastic. The reduction is observed to increase with coating thickness for both coating materials. The 425 nm Al(2)O(3) coating is the most successful one, presenting a diffusion reduction of a factor 100, compared to uncoated plastic. In terms of memory effect reduction this coating is thus a viable solution to the problem in question.
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| 9. |
- Boman, Johan, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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PM2.5 at a semi-rural site near Beijing, China
- 2023
-
Ingår i: X-Ray Spectrometry. - 0049-8246 .- 1097-4539. ; 52:6, s. 447-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breathing clean air is a human right still not accessible to everyone. In most of the world, the air is polluted, which affects both the environment and human health. To investigate the air pollution situation in a semi-rural part of northern China, particles with a diameter below 2.5 & mu;m (PM2.5) were collected in Changping, 40 km northwest of Beijing in May and June 2016. The particles were analyzed for mass, trace elements, and black carbon (BC). The mean PM2.5 mass was 49 & mu;g/m(3), ranging from 3.1 to 266 & mu;g/m(3). S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb were determined by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). They constituted 4% of the PM2.5 mass, with BC adding another 3%. Enrichment factor evaluation identified S, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb as the main anthropogenic contributors to environmental impact. A pollution load index (PLI) of 0.03 showed that the site could not be considered as polluted by the trace elements in PM2.5. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for source apportionment of the PM2.5 content. The PMF analysis reveals that a mixture of mineral dust, fossil fuel combustion, industries, and salts were the main sources of air pollution. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were assessed, and both show a small health risk in the short study period. Following the development of PM2.5 concentrations over time in this part of China shows a decreasing trend of PM2.5 pollution, which is promising for the future.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Kitesurfing
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Friluftssport och Äventyrsidrott: Utmaningar för lärare, ledare och miljö i en föränderlig värld. - 9789144069135 ; , s. 194-199
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Moose Hunting Values in Sweden Now and Two Decades Ago : The Swedish Hunters Revisited
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 50:4, s. 515-530
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is based on two national contingent valuation studies dealing with the extent and economic values of hunting in Sweden. The first valuation study was conducted in 1987 and the second in 2006. Both the game resource and the hunter community have undergone changes in the two decades covered by the surveys. An important purpose of the latter survey was to repeat relevant parts of the former one, which created a rare opportunity to compare valuations covering a very long time span. Moose hunting value and its determinants were compared between the two studies, showing that significant changes have taken place. Our analysis suggests caution in using results from old contingent valuation studies for e.g. benefits transfer exercises.
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| 17. |
- Boman, Mattias, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
Obtaining welfare bounds in discrete-response valuation studies : A non-parametric approach
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Land Economics. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0023-7639 .- 1543-8325. ; 75:2, s. 284-294
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Welfare change estimates obtained from discrete-response contingent valuation experiments normally assume a particular distribution of willingness-to-pay (WTP). Using conventional microeconomy theory, we derive upper and lower bounds on such estimates. These bounds are interpreted statistically in terms of non-parametric estimators of mean WTP and its variance. Two contingent valuation surveys illustrate the proposed bounds, and the performances of the variance estimators are scrutinized with a Monte Carlo simulation. All calculations can be made by hand, .simplifying communication among those involved in interpreting results from contingent valuation studies using discrete-response data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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| 18. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Outdoor recreation - A necessity or a luxury? : Estimation of Engel curves for Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-0780 .- 2213-0799. ; 3-4, s. 49-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Income constitutes one important constraint for the degree of participation in outdoor recreation. The effect of this constraint can be measured by the income elasticity of outdoor recreation demand, which is of policy interest when the distribution of recreation opportunities across socioeconomic groups is a concern. This study investigated income elasticity of expenditures for three types of outdoor recreation in Sweden, at the individual level: outdoor recreation as an aggregated composite good, outdoor recreation close to home (less than 100 km away from the permanent residence), and hunting. The findings indicated that outdoor recreation as a composite is a luxury good with elasticity in excess of unity (i.e. a relative increase in income will lead to a greater relative increase in demand). The elasticities of the specific activities were found to be lower. Outdoor recreation close to home was characterized as a necessity with elasticity less than unity (i.e. a relative increase in income will lead to a smaller relative increase in demand). The results further suggested that an increase in income could lead to either a decrease or an increase in the demand for hunting, indicating that hunting might be an inferior good or possibly a necessity. Management implications Based on data from national surveys in Sweden, this paper explores the relationship between income and demand for different types of outdoor recreation activities. The analysis reveals that: The total demand for outdoor recreation opportunities can be expected to increase with increasing income levels in society. An increase in total demand does, however, not imply that demand for all types of outdoor recreation will increase simultaneously.The relationship between income and outdoor recreation demand differs among various types of recreation activities. Outdoor recreation close to home and hunting provided two examples of such diverging patterns in this paper. This, in turn, leads to different policy implications.Policy measures should, therefore, be adapted to the specific type of outdoor recreation under consideration.Managers need to be aware of the underlying factors affecting demand, such as socioeconomic characteristics, substitutability, motivations and different types of constraints.Future analysis should consider also the following factors potentially affecting outdoor recreation demand:- The distinction between recreation enjoyed during overnight trips (i.e. tourism related), as opposed to day based recreation activities where income may be less important.- The time available for outdoor recreation and the family situation.- Recreational activities must be regarded within the regulatory national framework. For example hunting in Sweden is guided by bag limits, reduced mobility because of limited access to specific hunting grounds, and specific national management of hunting opportunities. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 19. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Pick a number, but not just any number: valuation uncertainty and maximum willingness to pay
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 6, s. 283-304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical results suggest that contingent valuation method (CVM) respondents are uncertain of their valuations, which has led critics of the method to raise issues about its validity. Alternative approaches to resolve the problem have been proposed, involving different willingness to pay (WTP) response formats allowing respondents to explicitly express uncertainty. This paper compares differences between certain and uncertain responses for four different response formats. The results suggested that mean and median (WTP) were not significantly different for respondents who were certain about their valuations. This was generally not the case for respondents who were uncertain about their valuations. However, the median WTP was not found to be significantly different for uncertain and certain respondents. A conclusion for a standard CVM application is that the sample median WTP value could serve as a proxy measure of population maximum mean WTP when uncertainty has been removed.
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| 20. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Skogens alternativa nyttjandeformer
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Statlig skog och skyddad mark. - Stockholm : Fritzes. - 9138216752 ; , s. 167-202
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
The hunting value of game in Sweden: Have changes occurred over recent decades?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 27, s. 669-674
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This short communication deals with the hunting value of all game in Sweden, specifically changes over time in value and value components, and differences between the northern and southern parts of the country. The investigation was based on two mail surveys, one conducted in 1987 and the other in 2006. The results suggested that the gross hunting value and the hunting cost share of this value increased over the two decades. The consumer surplus (net value) share decreased correspondingly, while the recreation share and the meat share of the hunting value were more stable over time. It appeared that in 1987 as well as in 2006 the southern Swedish hunters tended to value their hunting higher than the hunters in northern Sweden, especially when it came to the recreation. The results should be relevant in the context of game management, adaptive game management in particular.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Boman, Mattias
(författare)
-
To pay or not to pay for biodiversity in forests - What scale determines responses to willingness to pay questions with uncertain response options?
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Forest Economics. - : Now Publishers. - 1104-6899. ; 15, s. 79-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In applied contingent valuation research, the so-called multiple-bounded dichotomous Choice (MBDC) willingness to pay (WTP) question Format allows respondents to express uncertainty about their valuations. Response data from Such questions are typically treated as ordinal. since the response scale is based on rank-ordered verbal expressions. Their probabilistic nature in combination with a review of empirical Survey results suggest, however, that WTP response data based on verbal expressions Of uncertainty reflect an underlying unmeasured variable at the ratio scale level. The implications were empirically analysed using data From a recent contingent valuation Study on forest land protection for biodiversity Purposes. The verbal response categories to the MBDC (WTP) question were recoded as probabilities. The effects of different probability recodings were analysed when the distribution Of uncertain WTP was assumed to be known. Taking uncertainty into account by means of the underlying probability of acceptance will make contingent Valuation results more meaningful and transparent for both analysts and users. (c) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Boman, Mattias
(författare)
-
Valuation of biodiversity protection across borders: Limits to the public good?
- 2014
-
Annan publikation (refereegranskat)abstract
- The international coordination of conservation policy and management is widely expected to reduce costs and increase effectiveness. An underlying assumption is that biodiversity protection is a global public good and specifically that the value of biodiversity protection is independent of the geographical and political jurisdiction of provision. We investigate if comparable biodiversity protection measures and outcomes in two countries are indeed valued as a global public good by the population in those same two countries. Using a choice experiment (CE), the individuals' marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for comparable biodiversity protection measures and outcomes across country borders were estimated for locations in Denmark and in southern Sweden. We were able to distinguish an effect of nationality from distance by exploring the extent to which willingness to pay for policy alternatives was affected by the nationality of and the distance to the protection location. We found a clear effect of both. WTP decreased by 152 DKK/year for a forest ecosystem improvement policy implemented in a foreign rather than home country. In addition the cost of bridge tolls was estimated as -397DKK and transport -2 DKK/km broadly similar to the actual cost. This suggests that respondents view biodiversity protection measures and outcomes more as a local than a global public good. Our findings, if extendable to broader settings, suggest that the cost-effectiveness approach to international coordination of biodiversity protection is not likely to be optimal from a welfare economic point of view.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Bostedt, Göran, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated natural resource management in Northern Sweden : An application to forestry and reindeer husbandry
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Land Economics. - 0023-7639 .- 1543-8325. ; 79:2, s. 149-159
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forests in northern Sweden are used for both timber production and reindeer grazing. Negative externalities and open access effects threaten the ability of the region to sustain economic benefits from these uses. A discrete time simulation for three municipalities in northern Sweden suggests that modifying forest harvest practices can enhance profits from reindeer production, with relatively low timber opportunity costs. Such efforts to sustain joint benefits from these boreal environments are more likely to be successful in combination with control of reindeer herd sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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| 30. |
- Bostedt, Göran, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Nonresponse in contingent valuation : Reducing uncertainty in value inference
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 8:1, s. 119-124
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on problems associated with nonresponse in Contingent Valuation surveys. The results from a telephone follow-up survey show that value inference can be considerably improved by information on nonrespondents' attitudes.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Carlsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Adaptiv förvaltning
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Vilt, människa, samhälle. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147094189 ; , s. 227-239
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
- Ellingson, Lindsey, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceived health state and willingness to pay for outdoor recreation: an analysis of forest recreationists and hunters
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 31, s. 611-617
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Outdoor recreation encompasses an array of activities carried out in a multitude of envrionments, including forests. An important motive for participating is the possible mental and physical health benefits gained. Currently, there is an absence of studies which have examined the economic aspects of the health effects from outdoor recreation. The main aim of this study was Ito use the contingent valuation method to compare the willingness to pay (WTP) for avoiding a hypothetical suspension of outdoor recreation among forest recreationists and hunters in Sweden. The second aim was to analyze the determinants of this WTP change, with emphasis on perceived health states obtained by means of a visual analogue scale. The results showed that changes in health state due to participation as well as visiting frequency were significant predictors of WTP. These findings suggest that health state measures may be useful for assessing health outcomes of outdoor recreation and associated WTP
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Ericsson, Göran, et al.
(författare)
-
Viltet och människan
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Vilt, människa, samhälle. - 9789147094189 ; , s. 169-182
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 36. |
- Ezebilo, Eugene Ejike, et al.
(författare)
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Preferences and willingness to pay for close to home nature for outdoor recreation in Sweden
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 58, s. 283-296
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden there is a strong tradition of using nature areas for outdoor recreation. This paper reports on a study which explored preferences and willingness to pay for outdoor recreation close to home (<= 100km away from home and <= 24hours stay at a recreation site) using the contingent valuation method. The data originated from a mail survey that involved Swedish residents who were randomly selected from a national register. An ordinary least squares regression model was used to account for factors influencing willingness to pay. The results showed that approximately 50% of the respondents used nature areas close to their home for recreation and their average frequency of visits to these areas was 74times annually. Areas dominated by forests were the most preferred, followed by water. The respondents were willing to pay approximately 7200 SEK (US$1080) annually. Their willingness to pay was influenced by factors such as type of nature area, distance to and time spent at the recreation site and income. The results provide one input to the land use planning process by considering the demand for nature-based outdoor recreation close to home.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Filyushkina, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Applying the Delphi method to assess impacts of forest management on biodiversity and habitat preservation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 409, s. 179-189
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study applied a structured expert elicitation technique, the Delphi method, to identify the impacts of five forest management alternatives and several forest characteristics on the preservation of biodiversity and habitats in the boreal zone of the Nordic countries. The panel of experts consisted of a number of scientists in the field. The data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire distributed via e-mail in two rounds. Our findings demonstrated that an increase in management intensity for timber production is likely to have a negative effect on the biodiversity and habitats with intense management alternatives such as a "clear-cutting system" resulting in the strongest adverse impact. The presence of deadwood, mixture of trees of different sizes and increase in stand age were expected to promote preservation of biodiversity and habitats. However, there was little agreement between experts regarding the functional form that relationships between preservation of biodiversity and forest characteristics take. The Delphi method was found useful in investigating the existing knowledge base and capable of contributing to a more comprehensive assessment for decision support as a valuable addition to on-going empirical and modeling efforts. The findings could assist forest managers in developing forest management strategies that generate benefits from timber production while taking into account the trade-offs with biodiversity goals.
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| 39. |
- Filyushkina, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Non-market forest ecosystem services and decision support in Nordic countries
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 31, s. 99-110
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The need to integrate non-market ecosystem services into decision-making is widely acknowledged. Despite the exponentially growing body of literature, trade-offs between services are still poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of published literature in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland) on the integration of non-market forest ecosystem services into decision-making. The aim of the review was two-fold: (1) to provide an overview of coverage of biophysical and socio-economic assessments of non-market ecosystem services in relation to forest management; (2) to determine the extent of the integration of biophysical and socio-economic models of these services into decision support models. Our findings reveal the need for wider coverage of non-market ecosystem services and evidence-based modelling of how forest management regimes affect ecosystem services. Furthermore, temporal and spatial modelling of ecosystem impacts remains a challenge. We observed a few examples of multiple non-market services assessments. Integration of non-market services into decision support was performed with either biophysical or socio-economic models, often using proxies and composite indicators. The review reveals that there is scope for more comprehensive and integrated model development, including multiple ecosystem services and appropriate handling of forest management impacts.
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| 40. |
- Fredman, Peter, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic values in the Swedish nature-based recreation sector : a synthesis
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Tourism Economics. - London : IP Publishing. - 1354-8166 .- 2044-0375. ; 18:4, s. 903-910
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research synthesis reports the main findings from a review of economic values associated with nature-based recreation in Sweden. The purpose of the work was to support policy and to identify areas for future research. Data came from over 150 scientific publications and other public sources. The authors find inter alia a lack of systematic data for several recreation activities (including naturebased tourism), a significant growth in the outdoor equipment industry and a relatively modest economic involvement by the public sector. The information is structured under different categories to illustrate the significance and range of different economic values. The authors conclude that there is a need for more comprehensive and systematically collected data, methodological development and interdisciplinary research.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Fredman, Peter, et al.
(författare)
-
Friluftslivet i samhällsekonomin
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Friluftsliv i förändring. - : Naturvårdsverket. - 9789162065478 ; , s. 161-174
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Hallquist, Mattias, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of organic substances and trace elements in aerosol samples using Fourier transform infra-red and total reflection X-ray fluorescence methods, initial experiments
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0584-8547. ; 59:8, s. 1193-1197
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ann of this study was to find a way to analyze trace elements as well as organic functional groups in the same aerosol sample. Size segregated aerosol particles were produced under laboratory conditions. The particles contained known amounts of inorganic and organic compounds and were analyzed using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy for their inorganic and organic content, respectively. A linear relation was obtained between the inorganic content from the TXRF analysis and specific organic functional groups evaluated by FTIR, although a transfer of the sample from quartz plates to zincselenide plates was necessary. The linear relation can be used for quantification of organic functional groups of other aerosol samples. Further improvements and possible applications of the combined techniques are discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Hallquist, Mattias, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Photochemical smog in China: scientific challenges and implications for air-quality policies
- 2016
-
Ingår i: National Science Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2095-5138 .- 2053-714X. ; 3:4, s. 401-403
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In large areas of China severe air pollution events pose a significant threat to human health, ecosystems and climate. Current reduction of primary emissions will also affect secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), but the magnitude of the effects is uncertain. Major scientific challenges are related to the formation of O3 and secondary particulate matter including Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA). Large uncertainties also remain regarding the interactions of soot, SOA and O3 under the influence of different SO2, NOX and VOC concentrations. To improve the understanding of these secondary atmospheric interactions in China, scientific areas of central importance for photochemically induced air pollutants have been identified. In addition to the scientific challenges, results from research need to be synthesized across several disciplines and communicated to stakeholders affected by air pollution and to policy makers responsible for developing abatement strategies. Development of these science-policy interactions can benefit from experience gained under the UN ECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
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| 47. |
- Helldin, Jan Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Viltet i samhället
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Vilt, människa, samhälle. - 9789147094189 ; , s. 135-168
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Jonsson, Ragnar, et al.
(författare)
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Leakage implications for European timber markets from reducing deforestation in developing countries
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907. ; 3, s. 736-744
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest management strategies and policies such as REDD (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) may have unintentional implications for forest sectors in countries not targeted by such policies. The success of a policy effort like REDD would result in a significant reduction in deforestation and forest degradation and an ensuing reduction in the supply of natural forest timber production within participating countries. This could in turn result in price increases, inducing a supply response outside project boundaries with possible implications for forest management as well as global carbon emissions. This paper reviews the literature to discern potential timber market implications for countries sourcing wood products from developing countries affected by REDD related conservation efforts. The literature reviewed shows varying degrees of market effects leakage—policy actions in one place creating incentives for third parties to increase timber harvesting elsewhere through the price mechanism—ranging from negligible to substantial. However, wood products in the studies reviewed are dealt with on quite an aggregated scale and are assumed to be more or less perfect substitutes for wood products outside conservation effort boundaries. The review suggests that a thorough mapping of the end-uses of tropical timber is needed to comprehensively analyze impacts on wood-product markets in regions such as Europe from conservation efforts in tropical developing countries. The types of tropical timber expected to be affected, in which applications they are used, which are the most likely substitutes and where they would be sourced, are issues that, along with empirical analysis of supply and demand price elasticities and degree of substitutability, should be investigated when assessing the overall effectiveness of REDD.
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| 50. |
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