| 1. |
- Abramsson, Alexandra, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
Defective N-sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans limits PDGF-BB binding and pericyte recruitment in vascular development
- 2007
-
Ingår i: GENES & DEVELOPMENT. - : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. - 0890-9369 .- 1549-5477. ; 21:3, s. 316-331
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During vascular development, endothelial platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) is critical for pericyte recruitment. Deletion of the conserved C-terminal heparin-binding motif impairs PDGF-BB retention and pericyte recruitment in vivo, suggesting a potential role for heparan sulfate (HS) in PDGF-BB function during vascular development. We studied the participation of HS chains in pericyte recruitment using two mouse models with altered HS biosynthesis. Reduction of N-sulfation due to deficiency in N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 attenuated PDGF-BB binding in vitro, and led to pericyte detachment and delayed pericyte migration in vivo. Reduced N-sulfation also impaired PDGF-BB signaling and directed cell migration, but not proliferation. In contrast, HS from glucuronyl C5-epimerase mutants, which is extensively N- and 6-O-sulfated, but lacks 2-O-sulfated L-iduronic acid residues, retained PDGF-BB in vitro, and pericyte recruitment in vivo was only transiently delayed. These observations were supported by in vitro characterization of the structural features in HS important for PDGF-BB binding. We conclude that pericyte recruitment requires HS with sufficiently extended and appropriately spaced N-sulfated domains to retain PDGF-BB and activate PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) signaling, whereas the detailed sequence of monosaccharide and sulfate residues does not appear to be important for this interaction.
|
|
| 2. |
- Aryal, Umesh R., 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
Correlates of smoking susceptibility among adolescents in a peri-urban area of Nepal: a population-based cross-sectional study in the Jhaukhel-Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1654-9880 .- 1654-9716. ; 7, s. 1-14
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Susceptibility to smoking is defined as an absence of firm commitment not to smoke in the future or when offered a cigarette by best friends. Susceptibility begins in adolescence and is the first step in the transition to becoming an established smoker. Many scholars have hypothesized and studied whether psychosocial risk factors play a crucial role in preventing adolescent susceptibility to smoking or discourage susceptible adolescents from becoming established smokers. Our study examined sociodemographic and family and childhood environmental factors associated with smoking susceptibility among adolescents in a peri-urban area of Nepal. Design: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study during October-November 2011 in the Jhaukhel-Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site (JD-HDSS) located in a peri-urban area near Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, where tobacco products are easily available. Trained local enumerators conducted face-to-face interviews with 352 respondents aged 14-16. We used stepwise logistic regression to assess sociodemographic and family and childhood environmental factors associated with smoking susceptibility. Results: The percentage of smoking susceptibility among respondents was 49.70% (95% CI: 44.49; 54.93). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that smoking susceptibility was associated with smoking by exposure of adolescents to pro-tobacco advertisements (AOR [adjusted odds ratio] = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.46-4.24), the teacher (2.45; 1.28-4.68), adolescents attending concerts/picnics (2.14; 1.13-4.04), and smoking by other family members/relatives (1.76; 1.05-2.95). Conclusions: Smoking susceptible adolescents are prevalent in the JD-HDSS, a peri-urban community of Nepal. Several family and childhood environmental factors increased susceptibility to smoking among Nepalese nonsmoking adolescents. Therefore, intervention efforts need to be focused on family and childhood environmental factors with emphasis on impact of role models smoking, refusal skills in social gatherings, and discussing harmful effects of smoking with family members and during gatherings with friends.
|
|
| 3. |
- Asplund, Annika, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Hypoxia increases macrophage motility, possibly by decreasing the heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of leukocyte biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1938-3673 .- 0741-5400. ; 86:2, s. 381-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macrophages are recruited and retained in hypoxic sites in atherosclerotic lesions and tumors. Furthermore, macrophages are suggested to be a major source of HSPG synthesis in atherosclerotic lesions. HSPG are, among other things, known to regulate cell motility, cell adhesion, and receptor interaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypoxia on HSPG expression and macrophage motility. We also explored the potential regulation of HSPG by the transcription factor HIF-1alpha. The nondirected cell motility was increased in HMDM after 24 h exposure to hypoxia (0.5% O(2)) compared with normal cell culture condition (21% O(2)). Enzymatic degradation of HS GAG further increased the motility of the HMDM in hypoxia, indicating a role of reduced cell-associated HSPG in the increased HMDM motility. HMDM exposed to 24 h of hypoxia had lower mRNA expressions of syndecan-1 and -4 compared with cells exposed to normal cell culture conditions. Protein levels of syndecan-1 were also decreased significantly in response to hypoxia, and cells subjected to hypoxia had lower mRNA expression for key enzymes involved in HS biosynthesis. In addition, hypoxia was found to reduce the relative content of HS GAG. Transfecting THP-1 cells with siHIF-1alpha indicated that this transcription factor was not involved in the hypoxia-induced modifications of HSPG expression. Given the documented multiple functions of HSPG in macrophage behavior, the hypoxia-induced modifications of HSPG may be of relevance for the development of atherosclerotic lesions and tumor progression.
|
|
| 4. |
- Asplund, Annika, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Hypoxic regulation of secreted proteoglycans in macrophages.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2423 .- 0959-6658. ; 20:1, s. 33-40
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macrophages are prominent in hypoxic areas of atherosclerotic lesions, and their secreted proteoglycans (PG), such as versican, can modulate the retention of lipoproteins and the activity of enzymes, cytokines, and growth factors involved in atherogenesis. In this study, we report the effects of hypoxia on PG secreted by human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and the potential regulation by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha). We found that versican co-localized with HIF-1alpha in macrophage-rich areas in human advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Versican and perlecan mRNA expression increased after exposure to 0.5% O(2) (hypoxia) compared with 21% O(2) (control cells). Using precursors to GAG biosynthesis combined with immunoabsorption with a versican antibody an increased versican synthesis was detected at hypoxia. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in THP-1 cells showed that the hypoxic induction of versican and perlecan mRNA expression involved HIF signaling. Versican expression was co-regulated by HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha but expression of perlecan was influenced only by HIF-1alpha and not by HIF-2alpha knockdown. The results show that oxygen concentration is an important modulator of PG expression in macrophages. This may be a novel component of the complex role of macrophages in atherosclerosis.
|
|
| 5. |
- Asplund, Annika, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Macrophages exposed to hypoxia secrete proteoglycans for which LDL has higher affinity
- 2011
-
Ingår i: ATHEROSCLEROSIS. - 0021-9150. ; 215:1, s. 77-81
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macrophages are prominent in hypoxic areas of atherosclerotic lesions. Their secreted proteoglycans (PG) can modulate the retention of lipoproteins as well as the activity of enzymes, cytokines, and growth factors involved in atherogenesis. Versican appears to be one of the main extracellular matrix components binding LDL in the arterial intima. We have recently shown that hypoxia increases versican and perlecan expression in macrophages, and that this increase was regulated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Here we report effects of hypoxia on human monocyte-derived macrophage (HMDM) secreted glycosaminoglycans (GAG), and its interaction with LDL. After 24 h exposure to 0.5% O2 (hypoxia), metabolically labeled GAG of secreted PG had higher affinity for LDL compared to 21% O2 (control cells). GAG secreted by HMDM in hypoxia were found to be more sulfated and longer which might be responsible for the increased affinity of LDL for these GAG chains. These results indicate that hypoxia induced changes in macrophage GAG biosynthesis have important consequences for the interaction with LDL. If present in vivo, an augmented association of GAG with LDL might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in hypoxic intima.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bahramian, Nahid, et al.
(författare)
-
Fatty acids induce increased granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor secretion through protein kinase C-activation in THP-1 macrophages.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Lipids. - 0024-4201. ; 39:3, s. 243-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with elevated circulating levels of nonesterified FA (NEFA) and lipoprotein remnants. The dyslipidemia is an important contributor to the excess arterial disease associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms involved are elusive. In the present study we examined the effect of NEFA on macrophages. For this purpose, we utilized human macrophages, prepared by treating THP-1 monocytes with phorbol ester. We found that albumin-bound NEFA at physiological levels increase the secretion of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by the THP-1 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was registered as an increase in mRNA, and the amount of GM-CSF secreted correlated with the accumulation of TAG and DAG in the cell. The NEFA-induced rise in GM-CSF appeared to be mediated by activation of protein kinase C, probably acting on extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and being calcium dependent. We speculate that increased secretion of GM-CSF by resident macrophages in the intima exposed chronically to high levels of NEFA, such as those present in insulin resistance, may contribute to a proatherogenic response of arterial cells.
|
|
| 7. |
- Igumbor, Jude O., et al.
(författare)
-
Effective supervision of doctoral students in public and population health in Africa: CARTA supervisors’ experiences, challenges and perceived opportunities
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Global Public Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-1692 .- 1744-1706. ; 17:4, s. 496-511
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The quality and success of postgraduate education largely rely on effective supervision. Since its inception in 2008, the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA) has been at the forefront of providing training to both students and supervisors in the field of public and population health. However, there are few studies on supervisors’ perceptions on effective doctoral supervision. We used a mostly descriptive study design to report CARTA-affiliated doctoral supervisors’ reflections and perceptions on doctoral supervision, challenges and opportunities. A total of 77 out of 160 CARTA supervisors’ workshop participants responded to the evaluation. The respondents were affiliated with 10 institutions across Africa. The respondents remarked that effective supervision is a two-way process, involving both supervisor and supervisee’s commitment. Some reported that the requirements for effective supervision included the calibre of the PhD students, structure of the PhD programme, access to research infrastructure and resources, supervision training, multidisciplinary exposure and support. Male supervisors have significantly higher number of self-reported PhD graduates and published articles on Scopus but no difference from the females in h-index. We note both student and systemic challenges that training institutions may pursue to improve doctoral supervision in Africa.
|
|
| 8. |
- Lindén, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Serum triglycerides and HDL cholesterol--major predictors of long-term survival after coronary surgery.
- 1994
-
Ingår i: European heart journal. - 0195-668X. ; 15:6, s. 747-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of pre-operative serum lipid levels on late clinical outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery was analysed in 83 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery for stable angina pectoris. The mean follow-up period for surviving patients was 105 +/- 33 months (range 65-133). Twenty-two patients (27%) had died during follow-up, of whom 14 had sustained a fatal myocardial infarction and four had succumbed to other cardiovascular causes. Thirty-one patients sustained 35 cardiac events, defined as either fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction, or reoperation, or PTCA during the follow-up period. With univariate analysis, pre-operative serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly related to cardiac events, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively. In a Cox proportional analysis, cardiac mortality and total mortality were related to serum triglycerides and HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). Eighty-five percent of the patients with triglycerides < 2.0 mM.l-1 survived for 10 years, while only 48% of patients with triglycerides > 2.0 mM.l-1 remained alive for that period. Figures were similar for subjects with HDL cholesterol > 1.0 mM.l-1 or HDL cholesterol < 1.0 mM.l-1, at 89 and 38%, respectively. Only 28% of the patients with the combination triglycerides > 2.0 mM.l-1 and HDL cholesterol < 1.0 mM.l-1 were alive 10 years after surgery. These data suggest that dyslipidaemia, especially the combination of high serum triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, is an important factor influencing long-term clinical outcome after coronary bypass surgery.
|
|
| 9. |
- Lustig, Florentina, 1948, et al.
(författare)
-
Alternative splicing determines the binding of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA) to glycosaminoglycans.
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 35:37, s. 12077-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have shown previously that the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and a synthetic oligopeptide, corresponding to the basic carboxyl-terminal amino acid extension of the long PDGF-A isoform, bind to heparin. Here, we have expressed the long (rA125) and the short (rA109) variants of PDGF A-chains in Escherichia coli and produced the functional homodimers. Surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that while the dimeric rA125 bound with high affinity to low molecular weight heparin, the rA109, lacking the basic extension, did not. This strongly indicated that high affinity binding is due to the carboxyl-terminal extension. Investigations of kinetics and thermodynamics suggested an allosteric binding mechanism. Thus, dimeric rA125 contains two equivalent binding sites. Following low affinity binding of heparin to one binding site, the dimer undergoes a conformational change, increasing the affinity for heparin about 40 times. This positive cooperativity requires the basic amino acid extension in both monomers of the dimeric PDGF molecule. Thermodynamics of the reaction, showing an entropy-driven endothermic process, suggest the involvement of hydrophobic interactions in this rearrangement. Three amino acids in the basic carboxyl-terminal extension were essential for the interaction: the basic residues Arg111 and Lys116, and the polar Thr125. We also found that other glycosaminoglycan species, corresponding to those produced by human arterial smooth muscle cells, bound to dimeric rA125 and that heparan sulfate showed the highest affinity.
|
|
| 10. |
- Lustig, Florentina, 1948, et al.
(författare)
-
Processing of PDGF gene products determines interactions with glycosaminoglycans.
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Journal of molecular recognition : JMR. - 0952-3499. ; 12:2, s. 112-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), a mitogen for mesenchymal cells, may be bound to and inhibited by heparin and other glycosaminoglycans. PDGF is a homo- or heterodimer of A- and B-chains. They occur as short (A109 and B110) and long (A125 and B160) isoforms. The latter contain basic carboxyl-terminal extensions. Dimeric A125 binds to heparin through its basic extension in a two-step reaction. The mechanism involves a conformational change and is consistent with a Monod-Wyman-Changeux allosteric model. Previous indirect experiments suggested that three critical amino acids (basic R111, K116 and polar T125) might be involved. Here, direct binding experiments using dimeric full-length mutants in surface plasmon resonanse analysis showed that all three critical amino acids in an R(X)4K(X)8T-motif contributed in a concerted manner to the high affinity binding. Mutations of these amino acids to alanine resulted in large thermodynamic changes, loss of the allosteric mechanism and order(s) of magnitude lower binding affinity. The binding mechanism and affinity of long dimeric rB were similar to the mutants. Short dimeric rA109 and rB110 showed 100 times lower binding affinity than rA125. Consequently, interactions with glycosaminoglycans in tissues varies between PDGF isoforms and may influence their local accumulation and activity.
|
|
| 11. |
- Mattsson Hultén, Lillemor, 1951, et al.
(författare)
-
Expression of lipoprotein lipase mRNA and secretion in macrophages isolated from human atherosclerotic aorta.
- 1993
-
Ingår i: The Journal of clinical investigation. - 0021-9738. ; 92:4, s. 1759-65
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA and the LPL activity were studied in macrophages (CD14 positive) from human atherosclerotic tissue. Macrophages were isolated after collagenase digestion by immunomagnetic isolation. About 90% of the cells were foam cells with oil red O positive lipid droplets. To analyze the mRNA expression, PCR with specific primers for LPL was used. Arterial macrophages were analyzed directly after isolation and the data showed low expression of LPL mRNA when compared with monocyte-derived macrophages. To induce the expression of LPL mRNA in macrophages, PMA was used. When incubating arterial macrophages with PMA for 24 h we could not detect any increase in LPL mRNA levels. Similarly, the cells secreted very small amounts of LPL even after PMA stimulation. In conclusion, these studies show a very low expression of LPL mRNA in the CD14-positive macrophage-derived foam cells isolated from human atherosclerotic tissue. These data suggest that the CD14-positive cells are a subpopulation of foam cells that express low levels of lipoprotein lipase, and the lipid content could be a major factor for downregulation of LPL. However, the cells were isolated from advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and these findings may not reflect the situation in early fatty streaks.
|
|
| 12. |
- Mattsson Hultén, Lillemor, 1951, et al.
(författare)
-
Oxysterols present in atherosclerotic tissue decrease the expression of lipoprotein lipase messenger RNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages.
- 1996
-
Ingår i: The Journal of clinical investigation. - 0021-9738. ; 97:2, s. 461-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of oxysterols in macrophages isolated from atherosclerotic tissue and the effect of oxysterols on the regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA were studied. Both rabbit and human macrophages, freshly isolated from atherosclerotic aorta, show about the same distribution of oxysterols, analyzed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry, except that all three preparations of human arterial-derived macrophages contained high levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol, which was not found in rabbit macrophages. To determine if oxysterols regulate LPL expression, human monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with different oxysterols. Incubation with 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol resulted in a 70-75% reduction of LPL mRNA, analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Cholesterol and other tested oxysterols showed no effect on macrophage LPL mRNA expression compared with control. LPL activity in the medium was also reduced after exposure of the macrophages to 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol. In conclusion, we have demonstrated accumulation of oxysterols in macrophage-derived foam cells isolated from atherosclerotic aorta. There was suppression of LPL mRNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages after incubation with 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol. It is tempting to suggest that an exposure to oxysterols may explain our earlier observation of a low level of LPL mRNA in arterial foam cells.
|
|
| 13. |
- Morelli, Paula I, et al.
(författare)
-
IFNgamma regulates PDGF-receptor alpha expression in macrophages, THP-1 cells, and arterial smooth muscle cells.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9150 .- 1879-1484. ; 184:1, s. 39-47
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) contributes to inflammation and development of intimal hyperplasia during atherosclerosis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen for SMC, signalling through PDGF-receptor subunits alpha (Ralpha) and beta (Rbeta). We have previously found that interferon gamma (IFNgamma) upregulates PDGF-Ralpha mRNA expression in human MDM (hMDM) which causes an increased migration towards PDGF. In the present study, we found that IFNgamma mediated an upregulation of PDGF-Ralpha mRNA also in THP-1 cells. The induction of PDGF-Ralpha in both hMDM and THP-1 cells was caused by STAT1 binding to the PDGF-Ralpha promoter. In human ASMCs, IFNgamma again stimulated a transient STAT1-binding to the PDGF-Ralpha promoter. However, this was not followed by an upregulation of PDGF-Ralpha mRNA. IFNgamma-stimulation resulted in augmented expression of PDGF-Ralpha protein in differentiated hMDM. Early hMDM only expressed an immature and not fully glycosylated form of the PDGF-Ralpha protein. In contrast, THP-1 cells did not synthesize PDGF-Ralpha protein, implying further posttranscriptional inhibition. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the complex regulation of PDGF-Ralpha expression and how proinflammatory factors may contribute to PDGF-related hyperplasia in vascular diseases.
|
|
| 14. |
- Nguyen, Huong T, et al.
(författare)
-
Factors associated with physical growth of children during the first two years of life in rural and urban areas of Vietnam
- 2013
-
Ingår i: BMC Pediatrics. - 1471-2431. ; 13:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Background Differences between urban and rural settings can be seen as a very important example of gaps between groups in a population. The aim of this paper is to compare an urban and a rural area regarding child growth during the first two years of life as related to mother’s use of antenatal care (ANC), breastfeeding and reported symptoms of illness. Methods The studies were conducted in two Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites, one rural and one urban in Hanoi, Vietnam. Results We found that children in the urban area grow faster than those in the rural area. There were statistical associations between growth and the education of the mother as well as household resources. There were positive correlations between the number of ANC visits and child growth. We also saw a positive association between growth and early initiation (first hour of life) of breastfeeding but the reported duration of exclusive breastfeeding was not statistically significantly related to growth. Reporting symptoms of illness was negatively correlated to growth, i.e. morbidity is hampering growth. Conclusions All predictors of growth discussed in this article, ANC, breastfeeding and illness, are associated with social and economic conditions. To improve and maintain good conditions for child growth it is important to strengthen education of mothers and household resources particularly in the rural areas. Globalization and urbanization means obvious risks for increasing gaps not least between urban and rural areas. Improvement of the quality of programs for antenatal care, breastfeeding and integrated management of childhood illness are also needed in Vietnam.
|
|
| 15. |
- Nguyen, Thi Hong, 1962, et al.
(författare)
-
Physical growth during the first year of life. A longitudinal study in rural and urban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Bmc Pediatrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2431. ; 12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Good infant growth is important for future health. Assessing growth is common in pediatric care all over the world, both at the population and individual level. There are few studies of birth weight and growth studies comparing urban and rural communities in Vietnam. The first aim is to describe and compare the birth weight distributions and physical growth (weight and length) of children during their first year in one rural and one urban area of Hanoi Vietnam. The second aim is to study associations between the anthropometric outcomes and indicators of the economic and educational situations. Methods: Totally 1,466 children, born from 1st March, 2009 to June 2010, were followed monthly from birth to 12 months of age in two Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites; one rural and one urban. In all, 14,199 measurements each of weight and length were made. Birth weight was recorded separately. Information about demographic conditions, education, occupation and economic conditions of persons and households was obtained from household surveys. Fractional Polynomial models and standard statistical methods were used for description and analysis. Results: Urban infants have higher birth weight and gain weight faster than rural infants. The mean birth weight for urban boys and girls were 3,298 grams and 3,203 grams as compared to 3,105 grams and 3,057 grams for rural children. At 90 days, the urban boys were estimated to be 4.1% heavier than rural boys. This difference increased to 7.2% at 360 days. The corresponding difference for girls was 3.4% and 10.5%. The differences for length were comparatively smaller. Both birth weight and growth were statistically significantly and positively associated with economic conditions and mother education. Conclusion: Birth weight was lower and the growth, weight and length, considerably slower in the rural area, for boys as well as for girls. The results support the hypothesis that the rather drastic differences in maternal education and economic conditions lead to poor nutrition for mothers and children in turn causing inferior birth weight and growth.
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
- Rodríguez-Lee, Mariam, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Fatty acids cause alterations of human arterial smooth muscle cell proteoglycans that increase the affinity for low-density lipoprotein.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. - 1524-4636. ; 26:1, s. 130-5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The dyslipidemia of insulin resistance, with high levels of albumin-bound fatty acids, is a strong cardiovascular disease risk. Human arterial smooth muscle cell (hASMC) matrix proteoglycans (PGs) contribute to the retention of apoB lipoproteins in the intima, a possible key step in atherogenesis. We investigated the effects of high NEFA levels on the PGs secreted by hASMCs and whether these effects might alter the PG affinity for low-density lipoprotein. METHODS AND RESULTS: hASMC exposed for 72 hours to high concentrations (800 micromol/L) of linoleate (LO) or palmitate upregulated the core protein mRNAs of the major PGs, as measured by quantitative PCR. Insulin (1 nmol/L) and the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone (10 micromol/L) blocked these effects. In addition, high LO increased the mRNA levels of enzymes required for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis. Exposure to NEFA increased the chondroitin sulfate:heparan sulfate ratio and the negative charge of the PGs. Because of these changes, the GAGs secreted by LO-treated cells had a higher affinity for human low-density lipoprotein than GAGs from control cells. Insulin and rosiglitazone inhibited this increase in affinity. CONCLUSIONS: The response of hASMC to NEFA could induce extracellular matrix alterations favoring apoB lipoprotein deposition and atherogenesis.
|
|
| 19. |
- Skantze, H B, et al.
(författare)
-
Endothelial injury in vivo: a technical and statistical approach to the study of aortic integrity.
- 1996
-
Ingår i: The American journal of physiology. - 0002-9513. ; 270:5 Pt 2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The endothelium can be a link connecting risk factors with the development of cardiovascular disease, and methods for studying endothelial integrity are therefore important. We describe a method of studying endothelial injury in vivo by combining immunohistochemistry with an improved technique of producing "enface" preparations (Häutchens) aortic endothelium of rabbits and guinea pigs. These Häutchens enabled the study of large numbers of endothelial cells and adherent cells (probably leukocytes) at different locations along the aorta. The statistical distributions of the number of injured endothelial cells and adherent cells in a visual field were also investigated, and both closely followed a log-normal distribution. Based on this distribution, a method to estimate endothelial injury by grouping the cell count data, instead of exact counting, was developed. The grouped cell count data were then used to calculate the grouped mean and grouped standard deviation for each animal. The improvements of the technical and statistical methods offer good opportunities to study various aspects of endothelial integrity in a time efficient manner.
|
|
| 20. |
- Thomsen, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Bringing evidence to policy to achieve health-related MDGs for all: justification and design of the EPI-4 project in China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1654-9880 .- 1654-9716. ; 6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- have shown substantial improvements in many countries. These statistics may be misleading, however, and may divert resources from disadvantaged populations within the same countries that are showing progress. The purpose of this article is to set out the relevance and design of the ‘‘Evidence for Policy and Implementation project (EPI-4)’’. EPI-4 aims to contribute to the reduction of inequities in the achievement of health-related MDGs in China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam through the promotion of researchinformed policymaking. Methods: Using a framework provided by the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), we compare national-level MDG targets and results, as well as their social and structural determinants, in China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam. Results: To understand country-level MDG achievements it is useful to analyze their social and structural determinants. This analysis is not sufficient, however, to understand within-country inequities. Specialized analyses are required for this purpose, as is discussion and debate of the results with policymakers, which is the aim of the EPI-4 project. Conclusion: Reducing health inequities requires sophisticated analyses to identify disadvantaged populations within and between countries, and to determine evidence-based solutions that will make a difference. The EPI-4 project hopes to contribute to this goal.
|
|
| 21. |
- Thu, Huong Nguyen, et al.
(författare)
-
Breastfeeding practices in urban and rural Vietnam.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: BMC public health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 12:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe and compare breastfeeding practices in rural and urban areas of Vietnam and to study associations with possibly influencing person and household factors. This type of study has not been conducted in Vietnam before. METHODS: Totally 2,690 children, born from 1st March 2008 to 30th June 2010 in one rural and one urban Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, were followed from birth to the age of 12 months. Information about demography, economy and education for persons and households was obtained from household surveys. Standard statistical methods including survival and regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Initiation of breastfeeding during the first hour of life was more frequent in the urban area compared to the rural (boys 40% vs. 35%, girls 49% vs. 40%). High birth weight and living in households with large number of assets significantly increased the probability for early initiation of breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding at three months of age was more commonly reported in the rural than in the urban area (boys 58% vs. 46%, girls 65% vs. 53%). The duration of exclusive breastfeeding as well as of any breastfeeding was longer in the rural area than in the urban area (medians for boys 97 days vs. 81 days, for girls 102 days vs. 91 days). The percentages of children with exclusive breastfeeding lasting at least 6 months, as recommended by WHO, were low in both areas. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly shorter for mothers with three or more antenatal care visits or Caesarean section in both areas. High education level of mothers was associated with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the rural area. No significant associations were found between duration of exclusive breastfeeding and mother's age, household economy indicators or household size. CONCLUSION: Intervention programs with the aim to promote breastfeeding are needed. Mothers should particularly be informed about the importance of starting breastfeeding early and to prolong exclusive breastfeeding. In order to reach the WHO recommendation of six months exclusive breastfeeding, we propose an extended maternity leave legislation to at least six months.
|
|
| 22. |
- Tran, T.K., et al.
(författare)
-
DodaLab: An urban health and demographic surveillance site, the first three years in Hanoi, Vietnam
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 40:8, s. 765-772
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale: Health and demographic surveillance sites (HDSSs) are important sources for health planning and policy in many low and middle income countries. Almost all HDSSs are in rural settings. The article aims to present the experiences and some concrete results for the first three years of operation of an urban HDSS in Hanoi, Vietnam, and discuss advantages and disadvantages of conducting health studies in HDSSs. Design, population and sample size: The DodaLab urban HDSS was established in 2007 in three communes at different economic levels in Dong Da district, Hanoi, Vietnam. Demographic, social and economic information about 10,000 households and their 37,000 persons was obtained through household interviews. Quarterly follow-up was initiated to provide information about vital events, birth, death and migration. A new household survey was undertaken in 2009. The existing rural HDSS FilaBavi, started in 1999, with 12,000 households and 52,000 persons, was used as the blueprint. Conclusions: It was possible to establish and run an urban HDSS with experiences from the rural site. The urban and rural contexts are different and demographically, economically and socially complex, but the use of HDSSs can facilitate research beyond very simplified models for comparisons. General statements about external validity of results from the HDSS cannot be made. This issue has to be considered specifically in every situation as an integral part of the research so that the results can be made useful outside the researched HDSS and in performing relevant comparisons.
|
|
| 23. |
- Tran, Toan K, et al.
(författare)
-
Urban - rural disparities in antenatal care utilization: a study of two cohorts of pregnant women in Vietnam.
- 2011
-
Ingår i: BMC health services research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6963. ; 11:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The use of antenatal care (ANC) varies between countries and in different settings within each country. Most previous studies of ANC in Vietnam have been cross-sectional, and conducted in rural areas before the year 2000. This study aims to compare the pattern and the adequacy of ANC used in rural and urban Vietnam following two cohorts of pregnant women. METHODS: A comparative study with two cohorts comprising totally 2132 pregnant women were followed in two health and demographic surveillance sites, one rural and one urban in Hanoi province, Vietnam. The women were quarterly interviewed using a structured questionnaire until delivery. The primary information obtained was the number and the content of ANC visits. RESULTS: Almost all women reported some use of ANC. The average number of visits was much lower in the rural setting (4.4) than in the urban (7.7). In the rural area, 77.2% of women had at least three visits and 69.1% attended ANC during the first trimester. The corresponding percentages for the urban women were 97.2% and 97.2%. Only 20.3% of the rural women compared to 81.1% of the urban women received all core ANC services. As a result, the adequate use of ANC was 5.2 times in the urban than in the rural setting (78.3% compared to 15.2%). Nearly all women received ultrasound examination during pregnancy with a mean value of 6.0 scans per woman in the urban area and 3.5 in the rural. Most rural women used ANC at commune health centres and private clinics while urban women mainly visited public hospitals. Expenditure related to ANC utilization for the urban women was 7.1 times that for the urban women. CONCLUSION: The women in the rural area attended ANC later, had fewer visits and received much fewer services than urban women. The large disparity in ANC adequacy between the two settings suggests special attention for the ANC programme in rural areas focusing on its content. Revision and enforcement of the national guidelines to improve the behaviour and practice of both users and providers are necessary. Key words: Antenatal care, adequacy, disparities, urban - rural comparison, Vietnam.
|
|
| 24. |
- Wiklund, Olov, 1943, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of controlled release/extended release metoprolol on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with hypercholesterolemia. A 3-year randomized study
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Stroke. ; 33:2, s. 572-577
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Beta-adrenergic blockade has in several studies been shown to improve survival after myocardial infarction. In animal experiments beta-blockers have also shown an antiatherosclerotic effect. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the beta-blocker metoprolol succinate controlled release/extended release (CR/XL), when given to patients with hypercholesterolemia on concomitant lipid-lowering therapy, provides an additional antiatherosclerotic effect to that provided by the statins, measured as carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single center trial to compare the effect of metoprolol CR/XL (100 mg once daily) and placebo on the progression of carotid IMT during 36 months of treatment in patients with hypercholesterolemia and signs of early atherosclerosis in the carotid artery. Most patients were prescribed lipid-lowering treatment with statins. RESULTS: A highly significant difference in the progression rate of the composite variable of carotid bulb IMT+common carotid IMT was observed between the metoprolol CR/XL and placebo groups after 1 year of treatment (-0.08 versus -0.01 mm; P=0.004), an effect that was sustained after 3 years of follow-up (-0.06 versus +0.03 mm; P=0.011). The patients had high levels of total cholesterol at randomization: 9.4 mmol/L in the metoprolol CR/XL group and 8.6 mmol/L in the placebo group. During the study the 2 randomization groups were treated with lipid-lowering drugs, mainly statins, to a similar extent, and total cholesterol was reduced to 6.4 mmol/L at end of follow-up in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study in patients with hypercholesterolemia under concomitant lipid-lowering therapy are the first clinical data to show an antiatherosclerotic effect of beta-blockade as additional therapy to statins. The data indicate that statin treatment and treatment with beta-blockers affect different mechanisms in the atherosclerotic process and have additive beneficial effects.
|
|
| 25. |
- Wiklund, Olov, 1943, et al.
(författare)
-
German Camejo (1936-2021)
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. - 1524-4636. ; 42:3, s. 241-242
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
