| 1. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Den moderna papparollen : Ett faderskap i förändring
- 2023
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Den ökade jämställdheten, både vad gäller ekonomi och föräldraansvar, har radikalt förändrat vad det innebär att vara pappa. Har då denna förändring haft någon påverkan på vilka män som blir pappor och vilka pappor som involverar sig aktivt i omsorgen om sina barn och tar ut föräldraledighet? Rapportförfattarna finner att mäns sociala kompetens har blivit viktigare för att bli pappa. De finner också att de fäder som inte tar ut föräldrapenningdagar i allt högre grad är låginkomsttagare och tjänar mindre än barnens mor. Resultaten tyder på att det behövs åtgärder med fokus på att stödja utvecklingen av sociala förmågor bland unga män, att stödja fäder med bristande ekonomiska resurser och att bryta traditionella könsnormer.
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| 2. |
- Bobilev, Roman, et al.
(författare)
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Women in the Top of the Income Distribution : What Can We Learn From LIS-Data?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Italian Economic Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-322X .- 2199-3238. ; 6:1, s. 63-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore the extent to which LIS-data can be used to shed light on the presence of women in the top of the income distribution. We show developments of the share of women in top groups (P90-100 and P99-100) of the labour income distribution for 28 countries and, when possible, compare to outcomes when including capital incomes. These turn out not to matter much for the share of women in top groups with some important exceptions. Relating our findings to the existing evidence on women in the top of the income distribution based on aggregate tax data, we find that LIS-data give a relatively accurate picture of the basic findings. However, we also note that once we divide the top1 group further, samples quickly become too small to allow further study. For countries where data allows such analysis, we find that having a partner and having children are positively associated with being in top income groups for men, but negatively associated for women. However, time interactions suggest that these differences have decreased over time. Also, top income men are more likely to have partners who are not in the top of the income distribution while this is not the case for top income women. All these results are surprisingly consistent across country groups.
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| 3. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Constructing Gender Differences in the Economics Lab
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 84:3, s. 741-752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effects of experimental design on male and female behavior in a dictator game. Following social identity we investigate how experimental procedure may affect outcome through gender priming, i.e. the activation of gender stereotypes specifying that women behave altruistically and men egoistically. We prime subjects by asking them to indicate their gender in a questionnaire, before playing the game. In our experiment, such gender priming is effective (i.e. creates a gender difference in generosity) in gender-mixed environments, but not in single-sex environments. Further, men are more sensitive to priming than women are.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Boschini, Anne, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Den moderna papparollen : – ett faderskap i förändring
- 2023
-
Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Den ökade jämställdheten, både vad gäller ekonomi och föräldraansvar, har radikalt förändrat vad det innebär att vara pappa. Rapportförfattarna har studerat om denna förändring har haft någon betydelse för vilka män som blir pappor och vilka pappor som involverar sig aktivt i omhändertagandet av sina barn och tar ut föräldraledighet. Med svenska data över mäns förmågor finner de att icke-kognitiv förmåga, enkelt beskrivet som social kompetens, har blivit viktigare för att bli pappa, oavsett inkomstnivå och om man har en partner eller inte. De finner också att de fäder som inte tar ut ledighet är i allt högre grad är låginkomsttagare och tjänar mindre än barnens mor. Resultaten tyder på att det behövs åtgärder med fokus på att stödja utvecklingen av sociala förmågor bland män, att stödja fäder med bristande ekonomiska resurser och att bryta traditionella könsnormer.
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| 6. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Det ojämlika faderskapet
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 46:4, s. 33-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Att barnlösheten är högre bland män än bland kvinnor är välbekant, men inte lika känt är att barnlösheten bland män har ökat på senare år medan den har minskat något bland kvinnor. Samtidigt pekar tidigare studier på att de flesta individer önskar få barn någon gång i livet. Barnlösheten är således till övervägande del ofrivillig. I den här artikeln ger vi en översikt av kunskapsläget vad gäller manlig barnlöshet utifrån samhällsvetenskapliga studier och beskriver de barnlösa männen i fråga om utbildning, inkomst och sysselsättning. Vi pekar också ut några viktiga kunskapsluckor.
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| 7. |
- Boschini, Anne, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Fathers but not caregivers
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite multiple reforms aimed at encouraging fathers to take parental leave, a significant portion of fathers still choose not to take any leave. In this paper, we exploit quasi-experimental variation in parental leave reforms and in gender norms to provide a causal analysis of how the group of fathers with no parental leave uptake has changed over time using high-quality Swedish register data. To account for selection into fatherhood and general trends in the population of fathers, we study differences in traits relative to the average father. We find that while some of the non-leave taking fathers have poor health or criminal convictions, they are not very different in this regard from the total population of fathers. Instead, we observe a clear trend indicating that the non-leave taking fathers are increasingly facing economic constraints in terms of having a low income and earning less than the mother. We show that the fathers with weak labor market attachment are the least compliant with parental leave quotas and present suggestive evidence that non-leave taking fathers and mothers in couples with such fathers have become more likely to conform to traditional gender norms. The results suggest that reforms reserving additional months for each parent will have a limited impact on the fathers who do not take any parental leave. Instead, policies may need to target the lack of economic resources or gender norms of both the father and the mother.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and altruism in a random sample
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 77, s. 72-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study gender differences in altruism in a large random sample of the Swedish population using a standard dictator game. Beside a baseline treatment we implement a priming treatment where participants are reminded of their gender, and two treatments with known male and female counterpart respectively. We find suggestive evidence that women are more altruistic than men only in the priming treatment. A post-hoc analysis using data on interviewer gender to explore gender context effects indicates that priming affects behavior only in mixedgender contexts.
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| 10. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Gender, risk preference and willingness to compete in a random sample of the Swedish population
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Working paper.Experimental results from student or other non-representative convenience samples often suggest that men, on average, are more risk-taking and competitive than women. Here we explore whether these gender preference gaps also exist in a simple random sample of the Swedish adult population. Our design comprises four different treatments to systematically explore how the experimental context may impact gender gaps; a baseline treatment, a treatment where participants are primed with their own gender, and a treatment where the participants know the gender of their counterpart (man or woman). We look at willingness to compete in two domains: a math task and a verbal task. We find no gender differences in risk preferences or in willingness to compete in the verbal task in this random sample. There is some support for men being more competitive than women in the math task, in particular in the pooled sample. The effect size is however considerably smaller than what is typically found. We further find no consistent impact of treatment on (the absence of) the gender gap in preferences.
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| 11. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Gender, risk preferences and willingness to compete in a random sample of the Swedish population
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Experimental results from student or other non-representative convenience samples often suggest that men, on average, are more risk-taking and competitive than women. Here we explore whether these gender preference gaps also exist in a simple random sample of the Swedish adult population. Our design comprises four different treatments to systematically explore how the experimental context may impact gender gaps; a baseline treatment, a treatment where participants are primed with their own gender, and a treatment where the participants know the gender of their counterpart (man or woman). We look at willingness to compete in two domains: a math task and a verbal task. We find no gender differences in risk preferences or in willingness to compete in the verbal task in this random sample. There is some support for men being more competitive than women in the math task, in particular in the pooled sample. The effect size is however considerably smaller than what is typically found. We further find no consistent impact of treatment on (the absence of) the gender gap in preferences.
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| 12. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Gender, risk preferences and willingness to compete in a random sample of the Swedish population
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 83
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental results from student and other non-representative convenience samples often suggest that men, on average, are more risk taking and competitive than women. We explore whether these gender preference gaps also exist in incentivized tasks in a simple random sample of the Swedish adult population. Our design comprises four different conditions to systematically explore how the experimental context may impact gender gaps; a baseline condition, a condition where participants are primed with their own gender, and two conditions where the participants know the gender of their counterpart (man or woman). We further look at competitiveness in two domains: a math task and a verbal task. We find no gender gap in risk taking or competitiveness in the verbal task in this random sample. There is some support for men being more competitive than women in the math task in the pooled sample, but the effect size is small. We further find no consistent impact of the respective conditions on (the absence of) the gender gap in preferences.
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| 13. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Gendered Trends in Income Inequality
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nordic Economic Policy Review. - 1904-4526 .- 1904-8092. ; :519, s. 100-127
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the gender dimension of income inequality in the Nordic countries. While income inequality is commonly studied at the household level, we examine individual-level inequality in order to measure differences between genders and within genders. We estimate Gini coefficients for men’s and women’s disposable and labour incomes separately, and study the trends in gender gaps at different percentile levels. Our results emphasize that important gender differences in inequality are not captured by the commonly used household inequality measures, but need to be assessed employing individual-level inequality measures.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Kvinnorna i toppen av den svenska inkomstfördelningen
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Betydligt färre kvinnor än män har höga inkomster. Men sedan 1970-talet har andelen kvinnor i toppen av inkomstfördelningen tredubblats och utgör nu runt 18 procent. En internationell jämförelse visar dock att utvecklingen går snabbare i många andra länder.Sverige är vi vana vid att vara bland de bästa i världen på jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män. Men ser man till den ekonomiska eliten är bilden en annan. De högsta positionerna i samhället innehas i betydligt större utsträckning av män än av kvinnor.Få kvinnor i toppen men andelen ökar stadigt. För att närmare förstå utvecklingen har tre nationalekonomer studerat balansen mellan könen i inkomstfördelningens topp sedan mitten av 1970-talet. Bilden som framträder är på många sätt positiv. Till exempel så har kvinnors representation i inkomsttoppen stadigt ökat och mest har det ökat i den absoluta toppen. I mitten av 1970-talet var andelen kvinnor i hundradelen av befolkningen med de högsta inkomsterna bara 6 procent. I dag är den runt 18 procent.Fler kvinnor har höga arbetsinkomster. En annan tydlig förändring är att kvinnor i högre utsträckning hamnar i toppen till följd av sin inkomst från arbete snarare än från kapital. Andelen änkor i toppen har också minskat.Kvinnorna i toppen är ofta gifta med höginkomsttagare. Forskarna har också studerat familjeförhållanden hos kvinnor och män med de högsta inkomsterna. Här finner de att de flesta män i toppen av inkomstfördelningen är gifta medan detta bara gäller ungefär hälften av kvinnorna. Dessutom är en majoritet av männen i toppen gifta med någon som inte befinner sig i inkomsttoppen, medan situationen är den omvända för kvinnorna i toppen.En anledning till att det ser ut så kan enligt författarna vara att villkoren för män och kvinnor i toppen av inkomstfördelningen ser mycket olika ut när det gäller möjligheterna att kombinera karriär med familjeliv.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Men among Men Don’t Take Norm Enforcement Seriously
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Journal of Socio-Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-5357 .- 1879-1239. ; 40, s. 523-529
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While there is ample evidence of a society-wide cooperation norm, it is not as clear who upholds this norm. In the present paper, we investigate whether there are gender differences with respect to norm enforcement. We let 1403 subjects play games of punishment and reward, individually or in groups with varying gender composition. Broadly, the results indicate that there are no clear gender differences: men are about as inclined as women to punish norm-breakers. However, behavior is context-dependent: men acting among other men are less inclined to uphold a cooperation norm than are women, or men in gender-mixed groups.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Boschini, Anne
(författare)
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Olika kön, olika lön – en ESO-rapport om diskriminering på arbetsmarknaden
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sverige är ett av världens mest jämställda länder med högt kvinnligt arbetskraftsdeltagande och kvinnor utbildar sig sedan länge mer än män. Ändå tjänar kvinnor mindre än män – även efter att hänsyn tagits till individuella val som till exempel utbildning, yrke och arbetstid. Varför är det så? I den här rapporten till ESO studerar Anne Boschini utvecklingen av det så kallade könslönegapet i Sverige och diskuterar olika typer av diskriminering som kan förekomma. Hon finner att löneskillnaderna förvisso har minskat över tid, men att ett oförklarat lönegap mellan män och kvinnor kvarstår. För att ge kvinnor och män mer likartade förutsättningar på arbetsmarknaden föreslår Anne fasta inträdeslöner för nyutexaminerade och reformering av den svenska föräldraförsäkringen.
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| 23. |
- Boschini, Anne, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The Constitutional Channels of the Resource Curse
- 2009
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Ingår i: Meeting global challenges in research cooperation. - Uppsala : The Collegium for Development Studies, Uppsala Centre for Sustainable Development, Uppsala University. - 9789197574198 ; , s. 449-456
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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The Resource Curse and its Potential Reversal
- 2013
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Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 43, s. 19-41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several recent papers suggest that the negative association between natural resource intensity and economic growth can be reversed if institutional quality is high enough. We try to understand this result in more detail by decomposing the resource measure, using alternative measures of both resources and institutions, and by studying different time periods. While an institutional reversal is present in many specifications, only ores and metals interacted with the ICRG measure of institutional quality consistently have a negative growth effect but a positive interaction that turns the curse around when institutions are good enough.
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| 26. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
The Resource Curse and its Potential Reversal
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several recent papers suggest that the negative association between natural resource intensity and economic growth can be reversed if institutional quality is high enough. We try to understand this result in more detail by decomposing the resource measure, using alternative measures of both resources and institutions, and by studying different time periods. While an institutional reversal is present in many specifications, only ores and metals interacted with the ICRG measure of institutional quality consistently have a negative growth effect but a positive interaction that turns the curse around when institutions are good enough.
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| 27. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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The share of women in top incomes
- 2020
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While the rising income share of top earners has received enormous attention in recent years, the share of women at the top has not been examined as closely. This column analyses income tax data from Sweden, where taxes are filed individually regardless of marital status. It finds that while the share of women among the wealthiest groups has steadily increased over time, women remain a clear minority, especially at the very top. Unlike top-income men, top-income women are much more likely to have partners who are also in the top of the income distribution.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Boschini, Anne, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Unbundling the Resource Curse
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper decomposes the resource curse and its potential reversal in three important dimensions; type of resource, type of institutional measure, and time. Studying components of primary exports we find that the curse is (to various degrees) present for all components but that its possible reversal is mainly driven by the interaction between institutions and ores and metals. With respect to institutional measures results are similar for outcome based measures and more durable rules. Changing sample starting dates gives qualitatively similar results, despite the fact that there is great variability in the importance of resources over time. Finally, we address the issue of institutions being determined by our resource measures and conclude that some resources certainly seem to influence institutional development, but that this is unlikely to drive our results. Our results also hold when instrumenting institutional quality.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Vetenskapliga sanningar och feministiska myter
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 39, s. 5-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I en nyligen publicerad bok presenterar och avfärdar samhällsdebattören Pär Ström vad han betraktar som sex olika "feministiska myter". I denna artikel granskas framställningen. Vi finner att den på en rad punkter vilar på en mycket svag empirisk grund. Pär Ström använder sig av statistik och citat på ett selektivt vis och verkligheten är mer komplicerad än vad han vill ge sken av.
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| 32. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Women in top incomes – Evidence from Sweden 1971–2017
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using yearly register data on the full population of Sweden we study gender differences in top incomes, down to the top 0.01 percentile group, over the period 1971–2017. We find that, while women are still a minority of the top decile, and typically make up a smaller share the higher up in the distribution we move, their presence has steadily increased in all top groups over the past half-century. At the beginning of the period, top income women relied more on capital incomes, but the rise in the share of top women is not due to the growing importance of capital. Instead, women have increased their presence in the top by gains in the top of labour incomes, while top income men have captured most of the growth in capital incomes. Studying gender differences in observable characteristics we find small gender differences in some respects, convergence in others, but also some important remaining differences. Overall, our results suggest that many findings in the top income literature have a clear gender component and that understanding gender equality in the top of the distribution requires studying not only earnings and labour market outcomes but also incomes from other sources, as well as family circumstances.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Är kön en social konstruktion?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 41:5, s. 37-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I en serie experiment har vi visat att människor lätt kan manipuleras att bete sig i enlighet med välkända könsstereotyper. I synnerhet är det män som låter sig påverkas av ”oskyldiga” förändringar i den experimentella miljön. Ett resultat visar att män omgivna av andra män blir mer förlåtande mot normbrytare. Ett annat resultat visar att män i könsblandade miljöer blir mindre generösa när de påminns om sitt kön. Slutsatsen är att könsspecifikt beteende till viss del är en social konstruktion.
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| 35. |
- Boström, Charlotta, 1976-
(författare)
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Education, skills and gender : The impact of a grading reform and the business cycle on labor market outcomes
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays in economics, all concerned with different aspects of education and labor market outcomes. The abstracts of the three studies are as follows.A flight of hurdles? Effects on graduation and long-term labor market outcomes of a nationwide grading reform.In the academic year 1994/1995, a grading reform was implemented in Swedish upper secondary schools. The reform replaced norm-referenced grading with criteria-referenced grading that raised the hurdle to graduate on time. By exploiting exogenous variation in exposure to the reform due to exact date of birth coupled with implementation date, the effects on upper secondary school completion and subsequent long-term labor market outcomes are explored in a difference-in-discontinuity design. Results indicate that the probability to graduate from upper secondary school decreased throughout the ability distribution, with the strongest effects at the left tail. Furthermore, many of these individuals still lack a degree at age 33. Nevertheless, the grading reform does not seem to have had any clear effects on long-term labor market outcomes.The effects of graduating from college in a recession: The case of SwedenThis paper studies the long-term labor market consequences of graduating college into the Swedish economic crises of the 1990s. I use a sample of Sweden born men who graduated college between the years 1985 and 1998. I estimate the effects of labor market conditions at the time of graduation on labor market outcomes using a panel covering 12 years post-graduation. Since the timing of graduation might be affected by economic conditions, I instrument the unemployment rate at graduation using the unemployment rate at age 25, which is the modal age of graduation. I find a significant negative effect on real annual earnings that last up to 5 years after graduation before fading out. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that graduates in the lower end of the distribution of cognitive abilities experience a substantial earnings loss that persists for at least eight years before fading out, while individuals with high cognitive ability are unaffected. Furthermore, I find that graduates well-endowed with noncognitive abilities, individuals we would expect to perform well on the labor market, also experience significant earnings losses.Gender and field of study: The impact of graduating college into a recession. The aim of this paper is to investigate if there are gender differences from entering the labor market during an economic downturn. Using a sample of Swedish college graduates who completed their first college degree between 1996 and 2007, I estimate short- and medium-term effects of graduating into adverse labor market conditions on a range of labor market outcomes such as annual earnings, nonemployment and skill-mismatch. I find that the overall differences between the genders of graduating college into a recession are driven by the choice of field of study and the fact that females outnumber male graduates with degrees aimed towards occupations in the public sector. The analysis shows only small differences between the genders when I compare outcomes within Business, Law and Engineering graduates, degrees leading to occupations that typically require workers to maintain a high degree of labor market attachment.
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| 36. |
- Dujeancourt, Erwan, et al.
(författare)
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Wealth, gender and sexual orientation : evidence from siblings
- 2024
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Ingår i: Socio-Economic Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 1475-1461 .- 1475-147X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using Swedish administrative data, this study investigates the link between wealth and sexual orientation across genders, focusing on nearly 4400 individuals who have ever been in a same-sex legal union and their siblings who had been exclusively in different-sex relationships. Employing unconditional quantile regressions and sibling fixed effects, we show that the wealth gap by gender and sexual orientation varies across the wealth distribution. Men in same-sex couples (SSCs) experience a wealth penalty below the 70th percentile but a premium above it. For women, the wealth penalty persists until the 95th percentile. Similar patterns hold for the wealth subcomponents, with men in SSCs holding more financial resources, real estate and debt at the top of the distributions, while women in SSCs hold more financial resources but less real estate and total debt. Additional analysis highlights the positive marginal effects of urban residency and years of schooling on these patterns.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Muren, Astri, et al.
(författare)
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Constructing Gender in the Economics Lab
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several experimental studies on altruism have found women to be more generous than men. We investigate whether observed gender gaps in generosity can be explained by experimental setting, where some settings are more conducive than others to activating gender identity and social norms. In a dictator game we study priming along two dimensions: 1) some subjects enter their gender on the first page of the questionnaire (Pre) while others enter their gender on the last page (Post) and 2) some subjects are seated in single-sex rooms (Homogeneous) while others are seated in gender-mixed rooms (Mixed). It turns out that gender differences occur (women are more generous than men) only for the combination Pre and Mixed. The effect is driven by males: men are sensitive to priming, while women are not.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Pettersson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Resource Curse or not : A Question of Appropriability
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 109:3, s. 593-617
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether natural resources are good or bad for a country's development are shown to depend on the interaction between institutional setting and, crucially, the types of resources possessed by the country. Some natural resources are, for economical and technical reasons, more likely to cause problems such as rent-seeking and conflicts than others. This potential problem can, however, be countered by good institutional quality. In contrast to the traditional resource curse hypothesis, we show the impact of natural resources on economic growth to be non-monotonic in institutional quality, and increasingly so for certain types of resources. In particular, countries rich in minerals are cursed only if they have low-quality institutions, while the curse is reversed if institutions are sufficiently good. Furthermore, if countries are rich in diamonds and precious metals, these effects—both positive and negative—are larger.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Tallås Ahlzén, Malin, 1986-
(författare)
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Essays in Swedish Family Policy
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Parental Leave Quotas: Peer Effects and Workplace Related CostsIn this paper, I estimate whether the introduction and expansion of parental leave quotas in Sweden triggered spillovers at the workplace level. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that the introduction of the quota did not affect the uptake of parental leave of male coworkers. However, the expansion of the reform appears to increase the days of parental leave taken by male coworkers when the child is relatively young. For both reforms, the response is similar across workplaces that differ in terms of costs of parental leave. The lack of spillovers from the first reform is consistent with the introduction of the quota being more distorting.Human Capital Effects of Opportunities for One-on-one Time with Parents: Evidence from a Swedish Childcare Access ReformWe study the effects of increased opportunities for one-on-one time with a parent during infancy on the human capital formation of children. To this end, we exploit a nationwide reform that mandated Swedish municipalities to offer childcare access for infants' older siblings, while parents were on parental leave to care for their infants. Survey data on childcare enrollment show that the reform had a significant impact on the childcare enrollment of older siblings. Using rich administrative data, we estimate intention-to-treat effects in a differences-in-differences setting, comparing infants with and without siblings of childcare age, pre- and post-reform, in municipalities that were affected by the reform. We find no robust overall effects on the children's sixth grade test scores, but we find evidence of positive effects on test scores for boys, driven by sons of less than university educated mothers. There is no corresponding overall effect for girls, but we find suggestive evidence of positive effects for daughters of highly educated mothers. Exploring potential pathways, we find no evidence of changes in quantity of parental time during infancy, pointing instead towards the role of improved quality of parent-child interactions as a result of less competition for parental time. We also find that improvements in physical and mental health in school age may have contributed to the positive effect for boys.Seasonality of Childcare EnrollmentIn this paper, I establish that childcare enrollment varies systematically over the year, which translates into differences in the age at childcare enrollment. The pattern aligns with the seasonal variation in childcare supply, implied by the institutional structure of the childcare system. I find the strength of the seasonality in childcare enrollment to differ with the socioeconomic status of the parents. High-status parents exhibit more variation in enrollment across the year, likely because their financial resources allow them to wait for peaks in supply when higher quality childcare is available. I examine possible consequences of these results for household and child outcomes and discuss equality implications.
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