| 1. |
- Cárdenas, Paco, et al.
(författare)
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Sponge Systematics Facing New Challenges
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in Marine Biology. - 0065-2881 .- 2162-5875. ; 61, s. 79-209
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systematics is nowadays facing new challenges with the introduction of newconcepts and new techniques. Compared to most other phyla, phylogenetic relationships among sponges are still largely unresolved. In the past 10 years,the classical taxonomy has been completely overturned and a review of thestate of the art appears necessary. The field of taxonomy remains a prominent discipline of sponge research and studies related to sponge systematics werein greater number in the Eighth World Sponge Conference (Girona, Spain,September 2010) than in any previous world sponge conferences. To understand the state of this rapidly growing field, this chapter proposes to review studies, mainly from the past decade, in sponge taxonomy, nomenclature andphylogeny. In a first part, we analyse the reasons of the current success of this field. In a second part, we establish the current sponge systematics theoretical framework,with the use of (1) cladistics, (2) different codes of nomenclature (Phylo-Code vs. Linnaean system) and (3) integrative taxonomy. Sponges are infamous for their lack of characters. However, by listing and discussing in a third part all characters available to taxonomists, we show how diverse characters are and that new ones are being used and tested, while old ones should be revisited.We then review the systematics of the four main classes of sponges (Hexactinellida, Calcispongiae, Homoscleromorpha and Demospongiae), each time focusing on current issues and case studies. We present a review of the taxonomic changes since the publication of the Systema Porifera (2002), and point to problems a sponge taxonomist is still faced with nowadays. To conclude,we make a series of proposals for the future of sponge systematics. In the light of recent studies, we establish a series of taxonomic changes that the sponge community may be ready to accept. We also propose a series of sponge new names and definitions following the PhyloCode. The issue of phantom species (potential new species revealed by molecular studies) is raised, and we show how they could be dealt with. Finally, we present a general strategy to help us succeed in building a Porifera tree along with the corresponding revised Porifera classification.
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| 2. |
- Horton, Tammy, et al.
(författare)
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Improving nomenclatural consistency: a decade of experience in the World Register of Marine Species
- 2017
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Ingår i: European journal of taxonomy. - : Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle. - 2118-9773. ; 389, s. 1-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The World Register of Marine species (WoRMS) has been established for a decade. The early history of the database involved compilation of existing global and regional species registers. This aggregation, combined with changes to data types and the changing needs of WoRMS users, has resulted in an evolution of data-entry consistency over time. With the task of aggregating the accepted species names for all marine species approaching completion, our focus has shifted to improving the consistency and quality of data held while keeping pace with the addition of > 2000 new marine species described annually. This paper defines priorities and longer-term aims that promote standardisation within and interoperability among biodiversity databases, provides editors with further information on how to input nomenclatural data in a standardised way and clarifies for users of WoRMS how and why names are represented as they are. We 1) explain the categories of names included; 2) list standard reasons used to explain why a name is considered ‘unaccepted’ or ‘uncertain’; 3) present and explain the more difficult situations encountered; 4) describe categories of sources and notes linked to a taxon; and 5) recommend how type material, type locality and environmental information should be entered.
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| 3. |
- Morrow, Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera : Demospongiae)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0024-4082 .- 1096-3642. ; 187:1, s. 31-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reinforces and extends the findings of previous molecular studies showing that there is a dose relationship between species assigned to the sponge genera Halicnemia, Higginsia, Paratimea and Stelligera and that the family Heteroxyidae is polyphyletic. The present study has led to the description of one new species of Halicnemia and six new species of Paratimea, the resurrection of Halicnemia gallica and a better understanding of the characters uniting Stelligeridae. A new species of Heteroxya is also described. We demonstrate that many of the taxa assigned to Heteroxyidae are more closely related to other families, and we propose several changes to the classification of Heteroscleromorpha. Desmoxyidae is resurrected from synonymy and transferred to Poecilosclerida; Higginsia anfractuosa is transferred to Hymedesmiidae, and a new genus, Hooperia, is erected for its reception; Higginsia durissima is returned to Bubaris (Bubaridae); Higginsia fragilis is transferred to Spanioplon (Hymedesmiidae); Hemiasterella camelus is transferred to Paratimea; and Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis and Ceratopsion axiferum are transferred to Adreus (Hemiasterellidae).
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